Deborah Walton v. Claybridge Homeowners Association, Inc.

United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted May 16, 2022*
Decided May 18, 2022
Before
MICHAEL S. KANNE, Circuit Judge
DAVID F. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge
THOMAS L. KIRSCH II, Circuit Judge
No. 21-2968
DEBORAH WALTON,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
CLAYBRIDGE HOMEOWNERS
ASSOCIATION, INC., et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District
Court for the Southern District of Indiana,
Indianapolis Division.
No. 1:21-cv-01313-JMS-MJD
Jane Magnus-Stinson,
Judge.
O R D E R
Deborah Walton challenges the dismissal of her complaint under 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983, in which she alleged that various persons and entities trespassed on her
property, removed a tree, and installed a camera to report her actions to the police in
* We have agreed to decide the case without oral argument because the brief and
record adequately present the facts and legal arguments, and oral argument would not
significantly aid the court. F ED. R. A PP . P. 34(a)(2)(C).
NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with F ED. R. APP . P. 32.1

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violation of her rights under the Constitution and state law. The district court explained
that she did not adequately allege that the defendants—all private—acted under “color
of state law,” nor did she provide any basis for the court to retain jurisdiction over her
state-law claims. We affirm.
We accept as true the facts alleged in Walton’s complaint. See Lax v. Mayorkas,
20 F.4th 1178, 1181 (7th Cir. 2021). Late one night, workers from an unidentified tree
removal company entered Walton’s property and, without her consent, cut down a tree.
Two days later, members of her homeowners association and employees of a security
company came onto her property—again without her permission—and installed a
security camera. In doing so, Walton alleged, they were “acting as a Quasi-
Governmental Agency” by “collecting information on [her] and sharing it with the State
and Local Police Agencies.” She further asserted that most of the defendants, like her,
reside in Indiana.
Walton sued “Tree Service Unknown,” the homeowners association, some of its
members, as well as the security company and several of its employees. She contended
that, by installing and maintaining a camera on her property without her consent, the
defendants violated her rights under the Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Fourteenth
Amendments. She added that the defendants encroached on her rights under state law
when they trespassed on her property and installed a camera to surveil her. See I ND.
C ODE §§ 35-43-2-2(b); 35-46-8.5-1. The defendants, in two groups, moved to dismiss the
complaint. See F ED. R. C IV. P. 12(b)(1)–(2), (4)–(6).
The district court granted the motions to dismiss. First, the court concluded that
Walton failed to adequately allege that any defendant acted under “color of state law,”
as required by § 1983. The court further ruled that it lacked diversity jurisdiction over
the state-law claims, and then, explaining that minimal resources had been expended in
federal court and that no party would be prejudiced, it relinquished supplemental
jurisdiction over them. For similar reasons, the court ruled that discovery to identify the
tree removal company was unnecessary. Finally, the court concluded that amendment
would be futile because Walton could not plead that the defendants were state actors or
provide grounds for keeping the state-law claims in federal court.
On appeal, where our review is de novo, Lax, 20 F.4th at 1181, Walton first
contends that the district court improperly applied § 1983 to the claims that she says
arise exclusively under the United States Constitution. But § 1983 is the correct vehicle
for constitutional claims against non-federal actors in federal court. See Livadas v.

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No. 21-2968 Page 3
Bradshaw, 512 U.S. 107, 132 (1994); First Midwest Bank v. City of Chicago, 988 F.3d 978, 986
(7th Cir. 2021).
Therefore, the district court correctly determined that, to state a claim, Walton
had to allege that the defendants committed the alleged constitutional deprivation
under “color of state law.” 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Because the defendants are not government
employees, Walton needed a plausible allegation of “concerted effort” between the
private parties and some state actor. See Spiegel v. McClintic, 916 F.3d 611, 616 (7th Cir.
2019) (quoting Fries v. Helsper, 146 F.3d 452, 457 (7th Cir. 1998)). Walton’s complaint,
however, says nothing about any state actor’s involvement in the allegedly
unconstitutional acts. She generally asserts that the defendants were acting as a
“[q]uasi-[g]overnmental agency” by “collecting” and “sharing” her information with
police departments. But providing information to law enforcement officers is not
enough to allege joint state action. See Spiegel, 916 F.3d at 617. And Walton alleges
nothing to suggest that discovery might reveal that the unknown tree removal company
was a state actor. Thus, Walton failed to state any claim under § 1983.
Next, Walton insists that the district court had subject-matter jurisdiction over
her state-law claims. But even if we view her allegations of residency as assertions of
citizenship and accept her contention on appeal that she met the amount in controversy
requirement, Walton still does not say enough to establish diversity jurisdiction. See 28
U.S.C. § 1332. The statute commands complete diversity, see Lincoln Prop. Co. v. Roche,
546 U.S. 81, 89 (2005), and Walton asserts that, like her, at least five defendants were
residents (and, we will assume, citizens) of Indiana.
Walton also fails to demonstrate that the court should have retained
supplemental jurisdiction. When all federal claims are resolved short of trial, a
presumption favoring relinquishment arises. See Refined Metals Corp. v. NL Indus. Inc.,
937 F.3d 928, 935 (7th Cir. 2019). Thus, once the district court dismissed the federal
claims, it properly exercised its discretion not to entertain her state-law claims. The
court reviewed the applicable factors and reasonably concluded that judicial economy,
convenience, fairness, and comity supported relinquishment. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c);
RWJ Mgmt. Co. v. BP Prods. N. America, Inc., 672 F.3d 476, 480 (7th Cir. 2012).
Finally, Walton contends that the district court should have allowed her to
amend her complaint. But, after recognizing that pro se plaintiffs should generally
receive at least one chance to re-plead, the court correctly concluded that any
amendment here would be futile. Walton has not identified any allegations she could
add to her complaint that could overcome the problems with stating a federal claim or

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establishing diversity jurisdiction. See F ED. R. C IV. P. 15(a); Kiebala v. Boris, 928 F.3d 680,
684 (7th Cir. 2019).
AFFIRMED

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