Daniel Hawk v. REBECCA BURR and BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted September 15, 2022*
Decided September 21, 2022
Before
FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge
THOMAS L. KIRSCH II, Circuit Judge
CANDACE JACKSON-AKIWUMI, Circuit Judge
No. 22-1526
DANIEL HAWK,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
REBECCA BURR and BUREAU OF
INDIAN AFFAIRS,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District
Court for the Eastern District of
Wisconsin.
No. 21-C-1301
William C. Griesbach,
Judge.
O R D E R
Daniel Hawk has been living on land in the Stockbridge-Munsee Indian
Reservation in Wisconsin that is held in trust by the United States. Hawk believes that
his neighbor wants the Bureau of Indian Affairs to evict him. He sued his neighbor and
the Bureau in federal court, seeking to prevent an as-yet unfiled eviction action. The
* We have agreed to decide the case without oral argument because the briefs and
record adequately present the facts and legal arguments, and oral argument would not
significantly aid the court. F ED. R. A PP . P. 34(a)(2)(C).
NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with F ED. R. APP . P. 32.1

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district court correctly dismissed Hawk’s suit because his claim is not ripe; thus, we
affirm.
The following facts we accept from Hawk’s well-pleaded allegations, drawing all
reasonable inferences in his favor. See Bultasa Buddhist Temple of Chi. v. Nielsen, 878 F.3d
570, 573 (7th Cir. 2017). Hawk began camping out on a plot of trust land after his
mother asked him to take care of a garage there. Rebecca Burr, who lives nearby, found
Hawk’s presence threatening. She went to tribal court seeking an injunction against
Hawk’s occupation, alleging that Hawk had trespassed on her land and tried to set a
boobytrap to kill her. The tribal court dismissed the case for insufficient evidence. Burr
then petitioned a state court for a similar injunction, but that court dismissed the second
case on preclusion grounds.
Meanwhile, the tribal president of the reservation wrote to Diane Baker at the
Bureau of Indian Affairs requesting an investigation into Hawk’s occupation of the trust
land. Two months later, the Bureau issued a “Notice of Trespass—Order to Cease and
Desist” to Hawk. Baker signed the notice and informed Hawk that he was trespassing
on trust land, that he had 30 days to vacate the land, and that the Bureau “may” take
action to recover possession. The notice invited Hawk to submit “evidence that this
Notice was issued in error,” and concluded that if the Bureau “determine[s] this Notice
was issued in error, we will withdraw the Notice.”
Hawk responded to the Bureau’s notice by suing Burr and Baker in federal court.
He alleged that Baker issued the notice at Burr’s behest in an illegal attempt to sidestep
what he calls his tribal and state-court victories. Hawk asked the district court to
enforce the tribal court’s order and prevent Burr and Baker from trying to evict him.
The district court granted Baker’s motion to dismiss because the case was not
ripe. It first reasoned that the claim against Baker was best construed as a premature
challenge to a federal administrative action under the Administrative Procedure Act,
5 U.S.C. §§ 551–59. Because the notice said that eviction was only possible, the court
ruled that the notice was not a “final agency action” under 5 U.S.C. § 704 and thus a
claim under the Act was not ripe. The court then concluded that it had to dismiss the
claim against Burr for lack of federal jurisdiction.
On appeal, Hawk unpersuasively insists that his claim against Baker is ripe.
Hawk has not identified a basis for a claim against her personally. Rather, he appears to
be contesting the Bureau’s decision to issue the notice. As the district court rightly
observed, a federal agency’s decision can put the Administrative Procedure Act in play,

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but “a challenge to agency conduct is ripe only if it is filed after the final agency action.
5 U.S.C. § 704.” Citizens for Appropriate Rural Roads v. Foxx, 815 F.3d 1068, 1079 (7th Cir.
2016). A final action is not “tentative or interlocutory;” it is “one by which rights or
obligations have been determined, or from which legal consequences will flow.”
Menominee Indian Tribe of Wis. v. Env’t Prot. Agency, 947 F.3d 1065, 1070 (7th Cir. 2020)
(quoting Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154, 177–78 (1997)). The notice that the Bureau gave
Hawk, however, does not reflect a final agency decision. It is provisional because it
advises that, although the Bureau “may” take action to evict him as an alleged
trespasser, it will “withdraw” the notice if he proves to the Bureau his right to occupy
the land. Because by its own terms this notice was not a final agency action, Hawk’s
claim for relief from the notice was not ripe for judicial review.
Hawk responds that his challenge to the notice is ripe because an eviction will
impose a severe hardship. To determine if a case is ripe, courts consider “both the
fitness of the issues for judicial decision and the hardship to the parties of withholding
court consideration.” Sweeney v. Raoul, 990 F.3d 555, 560 (7th Cir. 2021) (quoting Abbott
Lab’ys v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136, 149 (1967)). Our focus, though, is not on the hardship of
an eviction—which may never occur—but on the hardship of withholding adjudication
of the Bureau’s notice. Hawk will not face hardship if the federal courts allow that
notice—and its invitation to Hawk to furnish evidence to the Bureau that he is entitled
to occupy the land—to stand. And, contrary to Hawk’s allegation, the notice did not
ignore any court ruling, because neither the tribal court nor state court ruled that Hawk
is entitled to occupy the land.
Finally, on appeal Hawk does not seem to dispute the dismissal of Burr.
Nonetheless, to be complete, we agree with the district court that Hawk failed to plead
a basis for federal jurisdiction for a claim against Burr. The party asserting jurisdiction
has the burden of establishing it. Ware v. Best Buy Stores, L.P., 6 F.4th 726, 731 (7th Cir.
2021). Hawk has identified no jurisdictional basis for a claim against Burr, and none is
apparent. We also deny Hawk’s pending motion to stay the case.
AFFIRMED

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