United States of America v. Luis H. Garcia

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-2434
U NITED S TATES OF A MERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
LUIS H. GARCIA,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 1:18-cr-00688-1 — John J. Tharp, Jr., Judge.
____________________
A RGUED S EPTEMBER 8, 2022 — DECIDED A UGUST 24, 2023
____________________
Before WOOD, S T. EVE, and JACKSON -A KIWUMI , Circuit
Judges.
JACKSON -A KIWUMI , Circuit Judge. Luis Garcia provided lo-
gistical assistance while another man unloaded items from a
secret compartment on an empty bus. The items turned out to
be controlled substances. Based on his involvement in the af-
fair, Garcia was convicted of possession with the intent to dis-
tribute controlled substances, and conspiracy to do the same.
On appeal, Garcia raises two issues stemming from his trial.

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2 No. 21-2434
First, he challenges the district court’s denial of his motion for
a judgment of acquittal. The court rejected his argument that,
although he may have known the bus contained unspecified
contraband, the government failed to prove that he knew the
contraband was drugs specifically. Second, he challenges the
court’s denial of his motion for a new trial based on notes that
jurors submitted to the court during trial. The notes, Garcia
argues, suggest jurors were deliberating prematurely and
otherwise not following the court’s instructions.
We affirm. When viewed in the light most favorable to the
government, there was evidence that Garcia knew the bus
contained controlled substances. And although the multiple
juror notes show something strange was happening with the
jury, we cannot say the district court abused its discretion con-
cluding that the strangeness did not rise to the level of mis-
conduct.
I
A. The Offense
The events underlying Garcia’s prosecution took place
over a weekend in November 2017 at a truck wash run by
Francisco Navarro. On Friday, a business associate told Na-
varro that someone with the pseudonym “Polivoz” would
contact Navarro to coordinate receipt of a shipment of drugs
from Mexico. Later that day, Garcia introduced himself as
“Polivoz” to Navarro. Garcia told Navarro that Garcia needed
to use the garage at the truck wash to park and unload an in-
tercity coach bus, which Navarro understood would be carry-
ing drugs. Garcia said it would take all night to unload the

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No. 21-2434 3
bus and that during that time only Garcia and the person who
arrived with the bus could access Navarro’s garage.
Meanwhile, Luis Espindola-Michel was traveling from
Mexico to Navarro’s garage on the bus. His job was to unload
the drugs from the bus. They were hidden in secret compart-
ments (“traps”) on the sides of the bus between the walls and
the ceiling. Accessing the traps was a time-consuming pro-
cess; someone had to remove all the seats on the bus by hand
and then remove the metal plates covering the traps.
Later on Friday, when the bus arrived at Navarro’s garage,
Garcia was there to meet it. After Navarro and his employees
left, Espindola began dismantling the bus to access the traps.
Garcia was not allowed on the bus to see how the traps
worked, but he helped Espindola by bringing him tools, food,
and luggage to transport the contents of the traps. Ultimately
the project took longer than expected; Espindola worked
overnight and into early Saturday morning.
When Navarro showed up to his garage Saturday morn-
ing, he did not expect to find the bus still there. The prosecu-
tor asked Navarro what he asked Garcia after seeing that the
bus was still there:
Q. [D]id you have another conversation with
the defendant?
A. Yes.
Q. And what did you discuss with him?
A. About the same thing. He needed more time
because he had not been able to remove the
drugs.

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4 No. 21-2434
Espindola completed unloading the drugs later that morn-
ing and then needed a way to deliver them for a sale. He told
Garcia that he (Espindola) wanted to purchase a car with the
proceeds of the sale of the unloaded items. Garcia then ar-
ranged for Espindola to buy a car without any down pay-
ment. On Saturday afternoon, Espindola used that car to sell
some of the drugs from the bus. As it turned out, the customer
was an undercover law enforcement officer who arrested
Espindola.
Espindola eventually agreed to cooperate and made rec-
orded phone calls. One of the calls was to Garcia, who at this
point believed that law enforcement was merely trailing
Espindola. Garcia told Espindola to “relax” because the just-
purchased car, Garcia believed, no longer contained the cargo
unloaded from the bus. Espindola responded by expressing
concern that the luggage with the remaining drugs was still
on the bus. Garcia then wanted to clarify whether the luggage
was inside the bus, as opposed to the garage, because if it was
in the bus it was locked up where no one could see it. At the
end of the call, Espindola asked Garcia to go back to the bus
to get a backpack containing Espindola’s clothes. Garcia re-
sponded, “Screw that, right now we cannot go near there.”
The next day, Sunday, Navarro needed to get a customer’s
car out of the garage. Navarro coordinated with Garcia, who
was skeptical about going back to the garage because the area
was “hot,” referring to law enforcement. Indeed, as Navarro
testified at trial, Garcia did not want Navarro to go back be-
cause the drugs were still there:
Q. What did you discuss with [Garcia] on the
phone?

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No. 21-2434 5
A. Well, he was not in agreement that I take the
car out from there.
Q. Okay. So did you tell the defendant that you
needed to go in and get the car?
A. Yes.
…
Q. Do you remember what he said?
A. Yes.
Q. What did he say?
A. That the drugs had been lost, that he did not
know what was happening, that it was not a
good thing for me to go back into that garage.
On Sunday evening, law enforcement obtained a warrant,
entered the garage, searched the bus, and seized the remain-
ing drugs. A grand jury indicted Garcia with conspiring to
possess and to distribute heroin and methamphetamine,
see 21 U.S.C. § 846, and with possessing the same drugs with
intent to distribute, see id. § 841(a)(1).
At trial, the government introduced testimony from Na-
varro and Espindola, who had agreed to cooperate as part of
their plea deals. The government also introduced recordings
and transcripts of Garcia’s calls and text messages, along with
Garcia’s phone records—which showed he had frequent con-
tact with Espindola, Navarro, and other members of the con-
spiracy during the relevant dates. Garcia rested without pre-
senting any evidence and moved for a judgment of acquittal.

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6 No. 21-2434
See F ED. R. C RIM . P. 29. The district court summarily denied
Garcia’s motion.
B. The Juror Notes
The district court began the trial with a lengthy set of in-
structions for the jury. Part of those included admonitions for-
bidding the jury from discussing the case with anyone—in-
cluding their fellow jurors—until deliberations began. The
court reminded the jurors of this prohibition before every
break during the trial.
Over the course of the three-and-a-half-day trial, the court
received four notes from jurors. The first note was from Ms.
Mantis, an alternate juror, who submitted it on the first day of
evidence. She wanted to hear Garcia’s voice to know what he
sounded like and what mannerisms he used: “[C]an we hear
Garcia speak before watching videos to know what he sounds
like? … [T]o the defendant’s lawyer: How would you know
about his mannerism if he doesn’t talk at least to us?” The
court solicited the parties for suggestions on how to respond
to Mantis’s note but deferred deciding until the next day.
The following morning (day two of evidence), the court
sent a note to only Mantis saying that the court cannot com-
ment on the evidence: “The Court has received your note but
cannot comment on or respond to your questions. The jury’s
verdict may be based only on the evidence introduced at trial
and the instructions of law that the Court provides.”
Later that day, Mantis submitted her second note. She
asked if a witness had forged his signature on one of the ex-
hibits the government had entered. “Obviously,” the court
commented to the parties outside the presence of the jury,
“Mantis did not get the message … .” The parties agreed the

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No. 21-2434 7
best approach would be to repeat the first message—that the
court could not comment on the evidence—but this time to
the entire jury.
The court did so the next day (the third and final day of
evidence). Later that day, Ms. Barter, a different juror, submit-
ted a note. Her note concerned the fact that Garcia used the
pseudonym “Polivoz,” but there was another person in-
volved in the operation with a similar name: “Polo.” Barter
worried there might be confusion caused by the similar mon-
ikers:
This is a question in regards to yesterday’s wit-
ness. The jury got a quick explanation that
“Polo,” another individual involved in the
crime, has the same name as the defendant, Luis
Garcia. This occurred when the evidence of the
photograph of “Polo” was projected towards
the jury and the witness on the stand answered
that “Polo” was Luis Garcia. We would, I would
want to make sure that everyone is aware that
that is irrelevant towards the evidence with the
defendant’s name listed on paper. Is there a way
that could be clarified?
(emphasis added). At this point, the district judge was a little
exasperated when he spoke with the parties about the note:
I am more concerned about the evolving pattern
here. … I never received a note from a juror in
any trial I participated in directly or as a judge
where the juror was asking or making substan-
tive commentary on the evidence entered. So I
don’t know why we’re having this phenomenon

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8 No. 21-2434
in this trial. Every response we have given has
been calculated to try to stop that, but appar-
ently even the admonition this morning was not
enough.
Garcia worried that the use of the word “we” indicated that
the jurors had been discussing the case. The government
agreed that this was a concern. So, the court repeated to the
entire jury both admonitions that the court cannot comment
on the evidence and that jurors were forbidden from deliber-
ating until the close of the evidence.
But later that day, Mantis—the alternate juror and author
of the first two notes—submitted her third note. This time, she
shared that she saw an interaction between Garcia and a wit-
ness right after the witness had finished testifying. At this
point, Garcia sought to remove Mantis from the jury. The gov-
ernment did not object, and the court granted the motion be-
cause, it said, “She clearly doesn’t get it.”
After closing arguments, the jury began deliberations.
About fifty minutes later, the jury submitted a note saying
they needed technological support, and court staff assisted.
Nearly three hours after deliberations began, the jury sent a
note saying they had reached a verdict. The jury found Garcia
guilty of both counts. The jury specifically found that Garcia’s
possession, and the conspiracy, involved one or more kilo-
grams of heroin and fifty or more grams of methampheta-
mine.
Garcia later moved for a new trial, see F ED. R. C RIM . P. 33,
arguing that the use of the word “we” in the third juror note,
coupled with the short length of deliberations, meant that the

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No. 21-2434 9
jury had prematurely deliberated and deprived Garcia of a
fair trial.
The district court denied this motion. First, the court
found that the use of the word “we” did not necessarily mean
the jury had prematurely deliberated. Other explanations in-
cluded the possibility that the single juror speculated that
other jurors might be confused about the pseudonyms or that
a few jurors had expressed that confusion. The court reasoned
that it required too great a leap from either scenario to con-
clude that the jury had begun debating the merits of the case.
Second, even if premature deliberations had happened, that
would not be grounds for a new trial because Garcia was not
prejudiced. The note, the court reasoned, actually helped Gar-
cia because it caused him later that day to enter a stipulation,
to which the government agreed, clearing up any confusion
about the difference between Polivoz and Polo. The court also
rejected Garcia’s argument that the jury deliberations were
too fast.
II
Under our de novo review of a defendant’s motion for a
judgment of acquittal, we look at the trial record in the light
most favorable to the government and ask whether any ra-
tional trier of fact could have found, beyond a reasonable
doubt, the essential elements of a crime. United States v. Ar-
menta, 883 F.3d 1005, 1008 (7th Cir. 2018). An essential element
of possession with intent to distribute and a related conspir-
acy is that defendants must know that what they are pos-
sessing, or the object of the conspiracy into which they have
entered, is a controlled substance. United States v. Hamdan,
910 F.3d 351, 356 (7th Cir. 2018) (citing McFadden v. United

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10 No. 21-2434
States, 576 U.S. 186, 188–89 (2015)) (possession); United States
v. Garcia, 580 F.3d 528, 535 (7th Cir. 2009) (conspiracy). (For
the sake of simplicity, we refer only to conspiracy, but our
analysis applies to the possession charge as well.) In this cir-
cuit, the government must provide evidence that the defend-
ant knew the object of the conspiracy was related to a con-
trolled substance specifically, as opposed to a generalized or
some other illicit purpose. See United States v. Cardena,
842 F.3d 959, 995 (7th Cir. 2016); United States v. Salinas,
763 F.3d 869, 877 (7th Cir. 2014); accord United States v. Sliwo,
620 F.3d 630, 633–34 (6th Cir. 2010).
Thus, the issue on appeal is whether the government in-
troduced enough evidence for a rational jury to conclude that
Garcia knew he was conspiring to possess and distribute
drugs, not just something illegal. In a controlled-substances
prosecution, the government can meet its burden of produc-
tion with evidence of conversations that suggest the defend-
ant knew the goal was related to drugs plus other suspicious
behavior that can be connected to drug trafficking. In Cardena,
the defendant made a nearly identical argument to the one
Garcia makes: He argued that there was insufficient evidence
that he knew he conspired to steal cocaine, as opposed to just
conspiring to steal something. 842 F.3d at 995. We rejected
this argument because the defendant previously had two con-
versations—one with co-conspirators (where they told him
the group would be stealing drugs) and one with a law en-
forcement officer (where he admitted to stealing drugs). Id.
This was enough for a jury to conclude that the defendant
knew the object of the conspiracy was drugs. Salinas provides
another example. There, law enforcement pulled over a de-
fendant and found cash in hidden compartments in a tractor
trailer. 763 F.3d at 873–74. The defendant argued that the

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No. 21-2434 11
government failed to prove the money was linked to con-
trolled substances. Id. at 878. We concluded the government’s
evidence was sufficient because of the defendant’s communi-
cations with a known drug trafficker and expert testimony
that the specific method the defendant used to hide the
money was often used by drug traffickers. See id.
Turning to the facts of this case, two pieces of evidence
show Garcia knew the object of the conspiracy was drugs, as
opposed to some general illicit end. First, the day the bus ar-
rived, Garcia told Navarro that he would need Navarro’s gar-
age only for that night. Come the next morning, the bus was
still there, and Navarro testified that Garcia said “[h]e [refer-
ring to either Garcia or Espindola] needed more time because
he had not been able to remove the drugs.” Second, the next
day, an unrelated customer needed to get a car out of the gar-
age, but Garcia would not let Navarro get the car for the cus-
tomer. Navarro summarized Garcia’s refusal by testifying
that Garcia explicitly mentioned drugs: “[Garcia said t]hat the
drugs had been lost, that he did not know what was happen-
ing, that it was not a good thing for me to go back in that gar-
age.” Garcia grapples with only the first quote and dismisses
it by arguing that it was ambiguous whether Garcia said the
word “drugs” or if Navarro assumed that Garcia knew it was
drugs and then Navarro added an appropriate gloss to his tes-
timony. We, however, review the evidence in the light most
favorable to the government, Armenta, 883 F.3d at 1008, and
thus must assume that Garcia, at least twice, explicitly
acknowledged that he knew there were drugs on the bus.
See Cardena, 842 F.3d at 995.
Once we assume that these two conversations were about
drugs, there was enough evidence for a reasonable jury to

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12 No. 21-2434
convict Garcia because the government’s evidence also
showed other suspicious activity. Garcia took over a garage
of a person he had just met, and assisted Espindola through-
out the night by providing tools, food, and luggage while
Espindola unloaded items stashed in hidden panels of the
bus. Garcia also helped secure a car for the first “sale” of the
unloaded items. And after he learned that Espindola had in-
teracted with law enforcement, Garcia refused to let anyone
go near or into the garage because the place was “hot,” refer-
ring to law enforcement. And during this entire time, he was
in constant communication with several people who orches-
trated the transport or sale of illegal drugs. See Salinas,
763 F.3d at 878.1
III
The second issue Garcia argues on appeal is that the dis-
trict court abused its discretion in denying his motion for a
new trial based on potential premature jury deliberations.
See United States v. Maclin, 915 F.3d 440, 444 (7th Cir. 2019)
1 The government stressed in its brief and oral argument that another
suspicious fact the jury could have relied on was the fact that the bus came
from Mexico, “a country,” as the government put it, “commonly known
as a source of narcotics.” But plenty of legal products are shipped across
the Mexican border. See generally B UREAU OF I NDUSTRY & S ECURITY , U.S.
DEP ’T OF COM., U.S. TRADE WITH M EXICO 3 (2021),
https://www.bis.doc.gov/index.php/documents/technology-evalua-
tion/ote-data-portal/country-analysis/3028-2021-statistical-analysis-of-u-
s-trade-with-mexico/file (listing top imports from Mexico, including ma-
chinery and agricultural products). The government’s argument does not
fare better if we assume that Garcia knew something illegal was afoot: The
fact that illegal contraband from Mexico could be (or even most likely
could be) controlled substances is not enough alone to infer beyond a rea-
sonable doubt that it was drugs.

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No. 21-2434 13
(motions for a new trial reviewed for abuse of discretion).
Criminal defendants have the right to a trial by “an impartial
jury.” U.S. C ONST. amend. VI. Premature deliberations risk
the jury losing that impartiality, United States v. Morales,
655 F.3d 608, 632 (7th Cir. 2011), and that loss would be
grounds for a new trial, see United States v. Van Eyl, 468 F.3d
428, 436 (7th Cir. 2006); F ED. R. C RIM . P. 33(a). Garcia points to
three parts of the trial that he believes definitively showed the
jury deliberated prematurely:
1. Four total notes from the jury asking the dis-
trict judge to comment on the evidence, even
though, after every note, the judge said he
cannot do that;
2. The use of the word “we” in the third note,
suggesting that the jury had discussed the
evidence and was confused about a part of
it; and
3. The government’s and judge’s concession
that this repeated and unprecedented inabil-
ity to understand instructions may suggest
the jurors were deliberating.
When determining if the jury deliberated prematurely, we
must start with the presumption that it did not. The court
opened the trial with a lengthy admonition to the jury not to
discuss the case with anyone, including their fellow jurors,
until deliberations began. The court then repeated this prohi-
bition before every break throughout the trial. There is a re-
buttable presumption that the jury followed these instruc-
tions. United States v. Marchan, 935 F.3d 540, 548 (7th Cir.
2019).

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14 No. 21-2434
Although we, like the district court, agree that something
exceedingly unusual happened during the trial, there is not
enough evidence to rebut the presumption under our court’s
demanding standard. A defendant can overcome the pre-
sumption by showing there is an “overwhelming probability”
that the jury did not or could not follow an instruction. United
States v. Gallardo, 497 F.3d 727, 736 (7th Cir. 2007). Garcia is
correct that Barter’s use of the word “we” could suggest the
jury had discussed the case. There is, however, an alternative,
equally plausible explanation: Barter was confused and
merely expressed worry that her fellow jurors would be con-
fused too. We do not suggest that this alternative explanation
is what in fact happened. Rather, it is plausible, and the exist-
ence of a plausible alternative makes it impossible to find an
“overwhelming” case of premature deliberations.
We have held before that a plausible alternative explana-
tion does not overcome the presumption that the jury did not
follow instructions. In Gallardo, defense counsel pointed out
that one juror had a noticeable number of documents with
him in the courtroom. Id. at 734. Counsel worried that they
could be external material about the case or irrelevant reading
material, distracting the juror. Id. The district court denied
counsel’s request to dismiss the juror or inspect the papers
and instead instructed the jury that the only papers they could
possess were their trial notes. Id. at 735. This court affirmed,
concluding that the evidence was not overwhelming because
defense counsel had nothing but speculation that the juror’s
documents were problematic. Id. at 736. They could have eas-
ily been “grocery lists, calendars, bus schedules, or love let-
ters.” Id.

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No. 21-2434 15
To be sure, Barter’s use of the word “we” did not occur in
a vacuum: Besides her note, there were three other episodes
of another juror’s inability to follow rules, and all of this kept
happening right up until the end of trial. (Indeed, the district
court and the government both conceded at trial that the con-
tinued confusion suggested the possibility of premature de-
liberations.) But again, our standard is a demanding one—we
have held that even stronger evidence suggesting multiple in-
stances of rule breaking was insufficient. In Morales, a juror
submitted a note disclosing that other “loud and boisterous
jurors [were] making remarks about witnesses and [attor-
neys] and discussing the case. Jokes and other inferences
about the case were made.” 655 F.3d at 629 (cleaned). The dis-
trict court denied defendant’s motion for a mistrial, and we
affirmed because the juror’s note did not reveal the details of
the discussion: The “note only suggested the possibility of
premature deliberations (as opposed to jokes, idle comments,
or other generalized discussions).” Id. at 632; accord United
States v. Baker, 899 F.3d 123, 131–32 (2d Cir. 2018). Thus, even
in a case where a juror had evidence suggesting other jurors
had not followed instructions several times, the evidence’s
slight ambiguity was enough to have the presumption hold.
Garcia also argues that the relative speed of the jury’s de-
liberations is evidence of premature deliberations. The jury
deliberated at most three hours, but potentially less if one dis-
counts time for the technical difficulties the jury encountered.
True, we have dicta that the speed of deliberations can be a
factor in deciding whether to grant a new trial. See United
States v. Cunningham, 108 F.3d 120, 123–24 (7th Cir. 1997). But
Garcia skips a step. The speed of deliberations can be evi-
dence that a defendant was prejudiced by a jury’s failure to
follow instructions. Id. at 124. This, in turn, requires some

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16 No. 21-2434
predicate misconduct by the jury, see id., of which there is in-
sufficient evidence in Garcia’s case, as we have explained.
In sum, we presume the jury followed the instructions not
to deliberate prematurely because the juror notes, while trou-
bling, are not “overwhelming” evidence that would over-
come the presumption. Accordingly, we cannot say the dis-
trict court abused its discretion in concluding that the jury did
not engage in misconduct.
IV
The district court properly denied both Garcia’s motions
for a judgment of acquittal and a new trial. Therefore, we
AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.

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