Angela Sudholt, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated v. Country Mutual Insurance Company

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 23-2507
A NGELA S UDHOLT, individually and on behalf of all others
similarly situated, et al.,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
C OUNTRY M UTUAL I NSURANCE C OMPANY , et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Southern District of Illinois.
No. 3:22-cv-3064-DWD — David W. Dugan, Judge.
____________________
A RGUED S EPTEMBER 11, 2023 — DECIDED O CTOBER 2, 2023
____________________
Before W OOD, HAMILTON , and S CUDDER , Circuit Judges.
S CUDDER , Circuit Judge. We accepted this interlocutory ap-
peal to determine whether either of two exceptions to the fed-
eral jurisdiction otherwise supplied by the Class Action Fair-
ness Act requires remanding this case to Illinois state court.
The question arises in a lawsuit brought by policyholder
members of Country Mutual Insurance Company alleging
that the firm accumulated and retained excess surplus of over

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2 No. 23-2507
$3.5 billion—profits resulting from premium revenues ex-
ceeding the cost of claims—and thereby failed to supply those
policies at cost. The plaintiff policyholders attribute the excess
surplus accumulation to Country Mutual’s directors and of-
ficers seeking to enrich themselves with excessive compensa-
tion and related benefits, in violation of fiduciary duties and
other legal obligations applicable to policies issued by a mu-
tual insurance company.
This case belongs in state court under CAFA’s internal-
affairs exception. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(9)(B). Each of the
plaintiffs’ four claims sounds in allegations of corporate
mismanagement that not only reflect transgressions of
fiduciary duties owed by current and former directors, but
also breaches of contract, unjust enrichment, and a violation
of the Illinois Consumer Fraud Act. We see no way to
adjudicate any of these claims without immersion into the
boundaries of the discretion afforded by Illinois law to
officers and directors of a mutual insurance company to set
capital levels and make related decisions about surplus
distributions to policyholder members.
We likewise see the case as falling within CAFA’s home-
state controversy exception, see 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(4)(B), as
the individual defendant whose citizenship creates minimal
diversity is not a “primary defendant” in the overall litigation.
Under this exception too, then, we return the case to Illinois
state court.
I
A
This appeal arises out of a class action lawsuit filed in St.
Clair County, Illinois against Country Mutual and 46 of its

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No. 23-2507 3
current and former officers and directors. The plaintiffs are
current or former holders of policies issued by Country Mu-
tual or one of its affiliates, with every member of the proposed
class being an Illinois citizen for purposes of the jurisdictional
analysis required by CAFA. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2). Head-
quartered in Bloomington, Country Mutual likewise is an Il-
linois citizen. And 45 of the individual director and officer de-
fendants are also Illinois citizens. The 46th individual defend-
ant, Robert Bateman, is a citizen of Massachusetts.
The plaintiffs brought four claims—three against Country
Mutual (Counts I, II, and III) and one against the individual
defendants (Count IV). Suffice it for now to observe that
Count I advanced a breach of contract claim, Count II a claim
under the Illinois Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business
Practices Act, and Count III a claim for unjust enrichment un-
der Illinois law. Count IV names only the individual directors
and officers and alleged a claim for breach of fiduciary duty.
Based on the size of the putative class, the amount in con-
troversy, and the minimal diversity created by individual de-
fendant Robert Bateman’s Massachusetts citizenship, Coun-
try Mutual invoked CAFA and removed this case from St.
Clair County to federal district court in southern Illinois. See
28 U.S.C. §§ 1332(d); 1453(b). The plaintiffs then moved to re-
mand, contending that the action satisfies at least one of three
exceptions to the federal jurisdiction otherwise supplied by
CAFA: the internal-affairs exception in § 1332(d)(9)(B), the
home-state controversy exception in § 1332(d)(4)(B), and the
local controversy exception in § 1332(d)(4)(A).

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4 No. 23-2507
B
The district court denied the motion to remand, conclud-
ing that no exception applies. Regarding the internal-affairs
exception and relying on our decision in LaPlant v. Northwest-
ern Mutual Life Insurance Co., 701 F.3d 1137 (7th Cir. 2012), the
district court determined that the breach of contract, con-
sumer fraud, and unjust enrichment claims do not relate
solely to matters of corporate governance and thus do not fit
within the exception.
Turning to the home-state controversy exception, the dis-
trict court concluded that the plaintiffs targeted not only
Country Mutual, but also Robert Bateman (a Massachusetts
citizen and the sole non-Illinois defendant) as a “primary de-
fendant.” The fact that Bateman was not a citizen of Illinois—
the state in which the plaintiffs filed their action—meant that
the class action did not qualify as a home-state controversy,
making jurisdiction proper in federal court.
The district court also rejected the plaintiffs’ argument un-
der the local controversy exception—a ruling not challenged
on appeal.
In its final analysis, the district court denied the plaintiffs’
motion to remand. We then accepted the plaintiffs’ interlocu-
tory appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1453(c).
II
Congress enacted CAFA with the primary objective of
“ensuring ‘Federal court consideration of interstate cases of
national importance.’” Standard Fire Ins. Co. v. Knowles, 568
U.S. 588, 595 (2013) (quoting Class Action Fairness Act, Pub.
L. No. 109-2, § 2(b)(2), 119 Stat. 5 (2005)). The enactment did
so by amending the diversity jurisdiction statute to authorize

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No. 23-2507 5
federal courts to hear a class action if the proposed class has
more than 100 members, the parties are minimally diverse,
and the amount in controversy exceeds $5 million. See 28
U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2), (d)(5)(B). CAFA also loosened removal re-
quirements. See 28 U.S.C. § 1453(b). The Supreme Court has
since emphasized that there is “no antiremoval presumption
attend[ing] cases invoking CAFA,” as Congress “enacted [the
statute] to facilitate adjudication of certain class actions in fed-
eral court.” Dart Cherokee Basin Operating Co., LLC v. Owens,
574 U.S. 81, 89 (2014).
All agree that the class action brought by the plaintiffs
satisfies CAFA’s general requirements for federal jurisdiction.
The question therefore is whether the action fits within
either of two exceptions—internal-affairs or home-state
controversy—requiring a remand to Illinois state court.
A
Congress housed the internal-affairs exception in
§ 1332(d)(9) and framed it by stating that the jurisdiction
otherwise supplied by CAFA in § 1332(d)(2) “shall not apply
to any class action that solely involves a claim … that relates
to the internal affairs or governance of a corporation or other
form of business enterprise and that arises under or by virtue
of the laws of the State in which such corporation or business
enterprise is incorporated or organized.” Id. § 1332(d)(9),
(d)(9)(B). (The same limitation appears in CAFA’s removal
provisions in 28 U.S.C. § 1453(d)(2).) The party requesting
remand—here the plaintiffs—must show that the exception
provision applies. See Appert v. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter,
Inc., 673 F.3d 609, 619 (7th Cir. 2012).

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6 No. 23-2507
By its terms, the exception requires determining whether
the class action “solely involves a claim” pertaining to a cor-
poration’s “internal affairs or governance.” The “solely in-
volves” limitation means that the class action cannot include
a claim that does not “relate to” internal affairs or corporate
governance. To put the point in affirmative terms, each claim
advanced in the class action must concern a corporation’s in-
ternal affairs or governance. This formulation gives effect to
Congress’s combined (though perhaps awkward) use of the
terms “solely involves” and “relat[ing] to” in delineating the
exception. See Greenwich Fin. Servs. Distressed Mortg. Fund 3
LLC v. Countrywide Fin. Corp., 603 F.3d 23, 32 (2d Cir. 2010)
(employing similar reasoning and explaining that “the phrase
‘solely involves’ ensures that federal jurisdiction under CAFA
cannot be defeated by adding a claim that falls within a
§ 1332(d)(9) exception to a class action complaint advancing
one or more other claims”).
While Congress did not supply a definition of “internal
affairs” or “corporate governance,” we know from other
language within the exception—specifically, the requirement
that the plaintiff’s claim be one that “arises under or by virtue
of the laws of the State in which such corporation or business
enterprise is incorporated or organized”—that the focus is on
state corporate law. That conclusion follows even more from
the recognition that the term “internal affairs” has a well-
established meaning in choice of law doctrine—the “internal
affairs doctrine”— “which recognizes that only one state
should have the authority to regulate a corporation's internal
affairs—the state of incorporation.” VantagePoint Venture
Partners 1996 v. Examen, Inc., 871 A.2d 1108, 1113 (Del. 2005).
The doctrine owes its existence to the principle that the law of
the state of incorporation should govern “the entire gamut of

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No. 23-2507 7
internal corporate affairs,” id., most especially the
“relationships among a corporation and its officers, directors,
and shareholders,” id. at 1115. See also McDermott Inc. v.
Lewis, 531 A.2d 206, 215 (Del. 1987) (explaining the internal
affairs doctrine and defining “matters peculiar to
corporations” as “those activities concerning the relationships
inter se of the corporation, its directors, officers and
shareholders” (emphasis in original)).
These conclusions find only further reinforcement in
CAFA’s legislative history. The Senate Report accompanying
CAFA explained that the statute employs the term “internal
affairs” the same way the Supreme Court did in Edgar v. MITE
Corp., 457 U.S. 624 (1982). See S. Rep. No. 109-14, at 45 (2005).
Albeit in the context of a constitutional dispute, the Court in
Edgar observed (in response to an argument pressed by one
of the parties) that internal affairs, when used within the
realm of conflicts of law doctrine, addresses “matters peculiar
to the relationships among or between the corporation and its
current officers, directors, and shareholders.” Id. at 645.
All of this leaves us with no doubt that Congress intended
CAFA’s internal-affairs exception to carry this same core
meaning. The exception aims to exclude from CAFA’s juris-
diction class actions whose claims concern the governance of
a corporate enterprise, including through the exercise of fidu-
ciary duties by directors and officers—matters on which state
courts have the final word under state law. In this way, then,
the inclusion of an internal-affairs exception tells us that Con-
gress wanted to leave in state court (and withhold federal ju-
risdiction over) class actions concentrated on matters of cor-
porate governance, where uniform and definitive

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8 No. 23-2507
interpretations of the legal duties governing management of
the enterprise facilitate commercial activity.
Returning to the case before us, our task is clear. We must
discern whether the plaintiffs’ claims relate to the internal af-
fairs or governance of Country Mutual. We conclude that they
do.
In filing their complaint in the St. Clair County Circuit
Court, the plaintiffs had to adhere to Illinois’s requirement of
fact pleading. See Marshall v. Burger King Corp., 856 N.E.2d
1048, 1053 (Ill. 2006) (explaining that Illinois law requires a
plaintiff to allege facts sufficient to bring a claim within a le-
gally recognized cause of action). To our eye, the plaintiffs ad-
hered to this obligation, and their doing so lessens the diffi-
culty of our review. Indeed, the complaint leaves us of the
firm conviction that each of the plaintiffs’ four claims turns
upon common allegations that Country Mutual and its direc-
tors and officers managed the company to benefit themselves
at the expense of the policyholder members—in violation of
the fiduciary obligations governing the affairs of an Illinois
mutual insurance company. At every turn, the complaint al-
leges mismanagement, director and officer self-enrichment as
well as disregard of alleged duties to return excess surplus to
policyholders.
It matters not that the plaintiffs cast only one of their
claims in terms of a breach of fiduciary duty and the others as
a breach of contract (Count I), a violation of the Illinois Con-
sumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act (Count II),
and unjust enrichment (Count III). It is the substance of each
claim that matters. In reading the factual allegations support-
ing Counts I, II, and III, it is clear that each claim rests on the
same foundation—the contention that Country Mutual’s

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No. 23-2507 9
directors and officers failed to manage the firm as a mutual
insurance company and instead accumulated, if not hoarded,
excess surplus to enrich themselves at the expense of the pol-
icyholder members. Here are a few representative samples of
the plaintiffs’ allegations:
• Factual Allegations: “[I]f a mutual insurance com-
pany’s board of directors is acting within its author-
ity to provide policyholders with insurance cover-
age at cost, the board is not permitted to unreason-
ably retain excessive premiums.” Compl. ¶ 130.
• Count I—Breach of Contract: While “Country Mutual
is permitted to exercise discretion in its determina-
tion of when it must return to its policyholders the
excess of paid premiums over the cost of providing
insurance coverage,” Compl. ¶ 259, “Country Mu-
tual’s legal duty to return to its policyholders the
excess of paid premiums over the cost of providing
insurance coverage is incorporated into all of its
contractual agreements with its policyholders,”
Compl. ¶ 256.
• Count II—Violation of the Illinois Consumer Fraud and
Deceptive Business Practices Act: “Country Mutual
unfairly and deceptively retained the premiums
paid by Country Mutual members.” Compl. ¶ 284.
• Count III—Unjust Enrichment: “By using premiums
paid by Country Mutual members to support finan-
cial incentives of its subsidiaries, Country Mutual
breached its obligation to its members to provide
insurance at cost and unjustly enriched itself and its
affiliates.” Compl. ¶ 296.

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10 No. 23-2507
• Count IV—Breach of Fiduciary Duty: “Individual De-
fendants breached their fiduciary duties to Country
Mutual policyholders by willfully retaining profits
and revenue derived from policyholder premiums
to accumulate a surplus that is grossly excessive.”
Compl. ¶ 314.
Without offering any views on the merits, we see no way
to resolve any of the plaintiffs’ claims without determining
whether Country Mutual retained excess capital and, by ex-
tension, failed to return an amount of surplus to its policy-
holder members. Every claim hinges on the answer to that
threshold question. Even more, the answer—as the plaintiffs
seem to acknowledge—will depend on an assessment of how
Country Mutual’s directors and officers exercised the discre-
tion they have to determine capital requirements and to make
related dividend (surplus) distribution decisions. The neces-
sary analysis must account for the complexity of insuring
losses. Put another way, the ultimate resolution of each of the
plaintiffs’ claims will come not from Excel spreadsheet calcu-
lations or interpreting a particular provision in one or another
insurance policy but from a qualitative assessment of busi-
ness judgments made by Country Mutual management. See
Hill v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 166 Cal. App. 4th 1438,
1448–49, 1469–76 (Cal. Ct. App. 2008) (applying Illinois law in
the context of a nationwide class action alleging that a mutual
insurance company breached a duty to pay dividends by re-
taining excessive surplus and emphasizing the broad discre-
tion directors have to make business judgments about capital
retention and distributions to policyholders).
To restate our conclusion in the language Congress em-
ployed in CAFA, the plaintiffs’ complaint “solely involves”

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No. 23-2507 11
claims that root themselves in allegations that “relate to”
Country Mutual’s “internal affairs” or “corporate govern-
ance”—in contentions that directors and officers exercised the
discretion they have to set capital levels and determine divi-
dend distributions in impermissible ways that benefited
themselves and harmed policyholder members. Id.
§ 1332(d)(9)(B).
Our conclusion finds reinforcement in our reasoning in
LaPlant v. Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Co., 701 F.3d 1137
(7th Cir. 2012). There we concluded that a breach of contract
claim did not fit within CAFA’s internal-affairs exception
because resolving the claim required no more than
interpreting the terms and conditions of the annuity policy at
issue. See id. at 1140. In reasoning to that conclusion, we took
care to explain that the situation would have been altogether
different if the plaintiffs’ claim had related to something
“discretionary with the board”—like a dividend payment. Id.
Just so here: the plaintiffs’ complaint—through and
through—hinges recovery on showing that Country Mutual’s
management exceeded the bounds of permissible discretion
in making capital-retention and surplus-distribution
decisions.
One final point warrants attention. Country Mutual sug-
gests that CAFA’s internal-affairs exception applies only to
claims against current—but not former—directors and offic-
ers. We cannot agree. It is easy to envision claims against for-
mer directors (say, for example, for violating a duty of loyalty)
who allegedly looted a company and then resigned or retired.
The whole case would be about corporate governance, yet
Country Mutual would position such a claim outside of
CAFA’s internal-affairs exception simply because former

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12 No. 23-2507
directors committed fiduciary breaches. We see no indication
that Congress intended for employment status to serve as the
gating mechanism for applying CAFA’s internal-affairs ex-
ception.
Because the internal-affairs exception applies, federal ju-
risdiction is lacking and this case must return where it origi-
nated, to the Circuit Court in St. Clair County, Illinois.
B
The home-state controversy exception provides an inde-
pendent reason for remanding this suit to Illinois state court.
And once again we begin with CAFA’s text. Under 28
U.S.C. § 1332(d)(4), a district court “shall decline to exercise
jurisdiction” when “two-thirds or more of the members of all
proposed plaintiff classes in the aggregate, and the primary
defendants, are citizens of the State in which the action was
originally filed.” Id. § 1332(d)(4), (d)(4)(B).
Everyone agrees that more than two-thirds of the
members of the proposed class are citizens of Illinois. The
point of contention is whether one particular defendant,
Robert Bateman—a citizen of Massachusetts and the
defendant who supplied the minimal diversity for Country
Mutual’s invocation of CAFA jurisdiction in federal court—is
a “primary defendant” within the meaning of the home-state
controversy exception.
Congress left the term undefined in CAFA. On a prior oc-
casion, however, we observed in passing that the plain import
of “primary defendant” requires identifying the “gravamen
of the complaint.” Sabrina Roppo v. Travelers Com. Ins. Co., 869
F.3d 568, 585 (7th Cir. 2017). Other courts have selected anal-
ogous nouns to help guide the inquiry. See, e.g., Vodenichar v.

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No. 23-2507 13
Halcon Energy Props., Inc., 733 F.3d 497, 504–05 (3d Cir. 2013)
(explaining that a “primary defendant” is a defendant who is
the “real target” of the overall action (internal quotation
marks omitted)); Madison v. ADT, L.L.C., 11 F.4th 325, 328 (5th
Cir. 2021) (employing similar reasoning to identify the “pri-
mary thrust” of the suit).
Reasonable minds may differ on the best synonym for
“primary.” We see the controlling inquiry as one requiring an
assessment of the plaintiff’s complaint as a whole—its factual
allegations, claims, and requests for relief—with an eye to-
ward examining whether the defendant in question is a prin-
cipal focus of the class action. The Third Circuit has charted a
similar approach, explaining that the factors most informing
the analysis will often be whether the defendant in question
is directly liable to the proposed class, how many class mem-
bers are purportedly impacted by the defendant's alleged ac-
tions, and the amount the defendant may lose if found liable.
See Vodenichar, 733 F.3d at 504–05; see also Smith v. Marcus &
Millichap, Inc., 991 F.3d 1145, 1162 (11th Cir. 2021) (applying
similar factors).
In this case, we have little difficulty seeing the spotlight of
the plaintiffs’ complaint as shining foremost on Country Mu-
tual. The company is the named defendant in three of the
complaint’s four claims and the party alleged to have accu-
mulated over $3.5 billion in excess surplus. No doubt Country
Mutual is the deepest pocket in the case, and surely the party
from which the plaintiffs seek the lion’s share of any recovery.
To be sure, those observations do not make Country Mu-
tual the only “primary defendant,” for we readily accept that
more than one defendant or indeed every named defendant
can fit within that category in a particular case. Our only point

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14 No. 23-2507
is that an objective reading of the complaint leaves us per-
suaded that the 46 directors and officers do not stand as equal
defendants alongside Country Mutual when considering the
plain objective of this class action—to exact a material finan-
cial recovery of billions of dollars of surplus alleged to be
wrongfully withheld by a mutual insurance company from
distribution to policyholder members.
The same considerations lead us to conclude that Robert
Bateman is not a primary defendant. The complaint identifies
him as the company’s chief financial officer for two years of
the decade-long surplus accumulation, but it does not other-
wise say much about him. In the few places his name even
appears in the plaintiffs’ 48-page complaint, Mr. Bateman is
but one of 46 undifferentiated directors and officers. There is
no allegation, for example, that Mr. Bateman played a partic-
ular or significant role in the alleged accumulation of excess
surplus. In these circumstances, and even accepting the plain-
tiffs’ overall allegations that the surplus accumulation oc-
curred to enrich Country Mutual’s directors and officers, we
cannot conclude that Mr. Bateman is a primary defendant
within the meaning of CAFA’s home-state controversy excep-
tion.
* * *
Because this case fits within the internal-affairs exception
and the home-state controversy exception, we REVERSE the
district court’s denial of the plaintiffs’ motion to remand, and
REMAND to the district court with instructions to remand the
case to state court.

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