Ryan T. McM Ullen v. GARY DALTON and MELISSA STEPHENSON

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 20-3273
R YAN T. M CM ULLEN ,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v.
GARY DALTON and M ELISSA S TEPHENSON ,
Respondents-Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Southern District of Indiana, Terre Haute Division.
No. 2:19-cv-00356-JRS-MJD — James R. Sweeney, II, Judge.
____________________
A RGUED J ANUARY 11, 2023 — DECIDED O CTOBER 4, 2023
____________________
Before WOOD, BRENNAN , and S CUDDER , Circuit Judges.
BRENNAN , Circuit Judge. Ryan McMullen was convicted of
violating Indiana’s drug possession laws and received a
lengthy prison sentence. On state postconviction review he
unsuccessfully argued that his trial counsel had rendered in-
effective assistance. He then sought federal habeas relief un-
der 28 U.S.C. § 2254, which the district court denied.

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2 No. 20-3273
McMullen appeals. The state1 contends his appeal is moot
because the Indiana trial court later modified McMullen’s
sentence. We do not agree, though, because he is not serving
a new sentence. Rather, the court suspended the remainder of
McMullen’s sentence and placed him on probation.
On McMullen’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim, our
evaluation of deference to the decision of the Indiana Court of
Appeals under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty
Act (AEDPA), differs from the district court’s. Notwithstand-
ing this difference, we agree with the district court’s conclu-
sion under the performance prong that the decision of the
Indiana Court of Appeals was contrary to Strickland v. Wash-
ington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). We part ways with the district
court, however, on its conclusion as to the prejudice prong.
McMullen has satisfied § 2254(d) on his claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel, so we vacate the district court’s decision
to deny McMullen’s habeas petition. But that does not neces-
sarily entitle him to a writ of habeas corpus. The state court
records here lack sufficient factual information. So, we
1 When McMullen filed his pro se petition, he was incarcerated at Wa-
bash Valley Correctional Facility in Carlisle, Indiana. The Superior Court
of Grant County, Indiana, granted McMullen’s motion to modify his sen-
tence on April 19, 2021, and he is currently on probation. Technically,
McMullen remains in state custody for purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a).
A petitioner seeking habeas relief must name the state custodial of-
ficer as the respondent. Rule 2(a) of the Rules Governing Section 2254
Cases in the United States District Courts. The officials in charge of
McMullen’s custody are his probation officer Gary Dalton, and Melissa
Stephenson, who supervises Grant County, Indiana’s probation depart-
ment. They are named as Respondents-Appellees.

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No. 20-3273 3
remand for an evidentiary hearing and for the district court
to consider whether a writ of habeas corpus should issue.
I
After a jury trial in Grant County Circuit Court, McMullen
was convicted of possession of cocaine2 and marijuana. See
I ND. C ODE §§ 35-48-4-6(b)(1), (b)(3)(B)(iii), 35-48-4-11(1). The
facts underlying these convictions were detailed by the Indi-
ana Court of Appeals on direct review. See McMullen v. State,
No. 27A02-1009-CR-1165, 2011 WL 2507057, at *1–3 (Ind. Ct.
App. June 23, 2011). Attorney Joe Keith Lewis represented
McMullen at trial and at sentencing. McMullen challenges
Lewis’s post-trial assistance, so we describe several key devel-
opments following the guilty verdicts.
Pre-Sentencing. The Probation Office prepared a presen-
tence investigation report (PSR), which detailed McMullen’s
lengthy criminal history. This included adult felony convic-
tions for criminal recklessness with a deadly weapon and
marijuana possession. His adult misdemeanor convictions
included pointing a firearm, illegal possession of alcohol, car-
rying a handgun without a license, marijuana possession, op-
erating a vehicle never having received a license, operating a
motor vehicle while intoxicated, and criminal mischief.
McMullen also has a lengthy juvenile record. At the time of
sentencing, he had violated the terms of his adult probation,
and had pending charges for attempted murder, felony crim-
inal recklessness, and felony battery by means of a deadly
weapon.
2 Though McMullen was convicted of two counts of cocaine posses-
sion, the state trial court vacated one of the counts. The vacated count is
not at issue here.

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4 No. 20-3273
The PSR included details provided by McMullen about his
family and background. McMullen said his childhood was
“not great.” His mother had a cocaine addiction and lived
with a boyfriend who abused her and McMullen. Both of
McMullen’s parents have criminal convictions, and his father
did not figure in his life. McMullen was also removed from
his mother’s care on at least one occasion “due to abuse.” He
was raised by his mother until age seven, when he was placed
with his grandmother. At age twelve, McMullen moved back
in with his mother, but that placement “didn’t work out.”
McMullen acknowledged that his mother was “trying to
change her life” and that he was “trying not to hold a grudge
or to blame [his mot]her for [his] childhood.”
The PSR also contained McMullen’s account of his mental
health:
The Defendant stated his mental health is
‘okay.’ The Defendant stated he has never been
diagnosed with a mental health disorder but
has had some concerns about depression. The
Defendant stated he is not taking any medica-
tion for a mental health disorder. The Defendant
stated he was involved with counseling as a ju-
venile when held at YOC [Youth Opportunity
Center] and in other programs. The Defendant
stated he was also in counseling at Family Ser-
vices Society when he was removed from his
mother’s care due to abuse.
Elsewhere the report stated that McMullen “has an anger con-
trol issue” and problems with alcohol, particularly after his
cousin was killed. The PSR did not include a mental health
assessment by a medical professional.

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No. 20-3273 5
In preparation for sentencing, Lewis said he “really didn’t
do anything independently to develop any mitigation” and
instead “just relied upon the presentence investigation re-
port.” Lewis also spoke with McMullen’s grandmother about
him on more than one occasion. Lewis knew McMullen “came
from a seriously troubled background” and was “well aware
of [McMullen’s] difficult upbringing.” Lewis did not speak to
any of McMullen’s other friends, explaining that he did not
“think that mitigation would stack up” in light of McMullen’s
“pending attempted murder charge and three other drug
charges.” Lewis did not consider having a mental health pro-
fessional evaluate McMullen.
Sentencing. A sentencing hearing took place in September
2010. Citing McMullen’s criminal history, the prosecution ar-
gued that McMullen “has been a menace to this community
since the age of ten years old” and that he had “no social re-
deeming factors.” Lewis responded that most of the offenses
described in the PSR were “minor.” McMullen had an ele-
vated “Power Orientation” score, which “measures the indi-
vidual’s need for power and control.” Lewis argued that these
“factors also exist in a person who’s been abused and/or ne-
glected,” and that there were references in the PSR to McMul-
len’s abuse and neglect.
McMullen was sentenced to fifty years in prison for co-
caine possession and to a concurrent prison term of three
years for marijuana possession. In its written sentencing or-
der, the court found two aggravating circumstances: McMul-
len’s “lengthy history of criminal or delinquent behavior,
despite being only 24 years of age, which history includes nu-
merous failures to abide by the terms and conditions of pro-
bation,” and the fact that the offenses “were committed while

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6 No. 20-3273
he was a fugitive from this Court’s warrant.” At sentencing
the court observed that McMullen “has had a lengthy history
with the system,” that “the county has spent an awful lot of
money attempting to rehabilitate” him, and that McMullen
had not demonstrated “any type of success on probation.”
The court weighed these considerations against the mitigat-
ing factor that imprisonment would result in undue hardship
to McMullen’s dependents, but it found this factor to be sub-
stantially outweighed by the aggravating circumstances.
Post-Sentencing. McMullen’s statutory maximum sentence
for cocaine possession was upheld on direct appeal. McMul-
len, 2011 WL 2507057 at *3. The Indiana Supreme Court de-
nied his petition to transfer. McMullen v. State, 2011 WL
7491292 (Ind. Sept. 2, 2011).
McMullen sought postconviction relief from the state trial
court. He argued that Lewis had rendered ineffective assis-
tance at sentencing by failing to “conduct a reasonable inves-
tigation of McMullen’s character, background, and mental
status, arrange for him to be evaluated by a mental health pro-
fessional, and present evidence of mitigating circumstances at
the sentencing hearing.” On July 25, 2017, the court held an
evidentiary hearing at which McMullen and Lewis testified.
In support of his petition, McMullen submitted affidavits
from friends, family, and a licensed marriage and family ther-
apist, as well as reports concerning his mental health—none
of which had been produced before or introduced at the sen-
tencing hearing.
For example, McMullen submitted a report from the Youth
Offender Center, a psychiatric residential treatment facility,
that had evaluated him at age thirteen. The report summa-
rized that McMullen’s educational testing “reveals low

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No. 20-3273 7
average cognitive ability with commensurate achievement
scores,” and that his diagnostic testing “suggested clinically
significant concerns with social isolation, anxiety, and con-
duct.” He was also diagnosed with severe, childhood-onset
conduct disorder and early onset dysthymic disorder.
McMullen also presented a psychological evaluation from
Dr. Robin Kohli, a licensed clinical psychologist. Kohli had
evaluated McMullen in 2016 and diagnosed him with panic
disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, other substance use
disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. Kohli noted
McMullen’s history of childhood abuse and neglect.
The state trial court ruled that Lewis did not render inef-
fective assistance of counsel to McMullen. It concluded that
“what was outcome-determinative at sentencing was not the
quality of the argument that his attorney made on the day of
sentencing, but rather McMullen’s increasingly troubling be-
havior and history which occurred in the thirteen years prior
to the day of sentencing.” The Indiana Court of Appeals af-
firmed, and we detail its conclusions in our evaluation of
McMullen’s claim. The Indiana Supreme Court denied
McMullen’s petition to transfer. McMullen v. State, No. 27A01-
1710-PC-2555, 2018 WL 4212230 (Ind. Aug. 30, 2018).
McMullen then petitioned for federal habeas relief under
28 U.S.C. § 2254, alleging Lewis had provided him ineffective
assistance of counsel. This claim is considered under the fa-
miliar two prongs of Strickland: a defendant must show that
counsel’s performance was constitutionally deficient, and that
this performance prejudiced the client’s defense. 466 U.S. at
687. The district court resolved the claim in a detailed written
decision. It reviewed Lewis’s performance at sentencing de
novo and found it deficient, but under deferential review

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8 No. 20-3273
concluded that Lewis’s performance did not prejudice
McMullen. The court denied the petition but issued a certifi-
cate of appealability.
Back in the state trial court, McMullen renewed a motion
he had previously made to modify his sentence under Indiana
Code § 35-38-1-17(e). After an evidentiary hearing, that court
“suspended” the remainder of McMullen’s sentence and
placed him on probation until September 28, 2049 “with the
intention that he participate in the Community Transition
Program and Reentry Court … following the service of” an-
other sentence. McMullen completed the Community Transi-
tion Program’s home detention period and graduated from
Grant County Reentry Court, so the state court reduced his
probation term by one-third.3
II
We first consider if McMullen’s habeas petition is moot be-
cause the state court modified his sentence.
The state contends this appeal should be dismissed be-
cause McMullen’s sentence has expired. A new sentence was
imposed, the state believes, when the state trial court modi-
fied McMullen’s sentence. The state cites Indiana Code § 35-
38-1-17(e), which provides:
3 Grant County Circuit Court Judge Mark E. Spitzer presided over all
of McMullen’s proceedings, from before the jury trial through postconvic-
tion.

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No. 20-3273 9
At any time after:
(1) a convicted person begins serving the per-
son’s sentence; and
(2) the court obtains a report from the depart-
ment of correction concerning the convicted
person’s conduct while imprisoned;
the court may reduce or suspend the sentence and
impose a sentence that the court was authorized
to impose at the time of sentencing.
Id. (emphasis added). The state reads the italicized language
to mean that a new sentence is imposed each time the state
court modifies a sentence. Oral Arg. at 13:00–13:54.
We do not agree with the state’s reading. The Indiana Su-
preme Court has explained that “the penal consequences of a
guilty finding are triggered only by the entry of a judgment
of conviction.” Gardiner v. State, 928 N.E.2d 194, 197 (Ind.
2010). Though Indiana courts have not previously spoken to
this reading, Gardiner suggests that only “the entry of judg-
ment of conviction upon … [an] offense constitutes a new and
different judgment effectively vacating the prior judgment.”
Id. Because no separate judgment of conviction was entered
after modification, no new penalty was imposed against
McMullen. Instead, his sentence was suspended. He is there-
fore serving the remainder of the initially imposed sentence,
but on probation.4
The state further contends that during the sentence modi-
fication hearing, McMullen could have raised the same
4 The parties do not argue about the effect of the one-third reduction
in McMullen’s probation term, so we do not address it.

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10 No. 20-3273
arguments his counsel allegedly failed to make at his sentenc-
ing. This contention appears to be directed at whether
McMullen exhausted state remedies. Modification of a sen-
tence under Indiana law is not part of the direct review pro-
cess. The Indiana Court of Appeals explained in Hawkins v.
State, 951 N.E.2d 597, 600 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), that sentence
review under Indiana Appellate Rule 7(b) and sentence mod-
ification under Indiana Code § 35-38-1-17 are “separate ave-
nues of relief.” That is, “[s]entence review on direct appeal
pursuant to Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B) addresses whether
the sentence is inappropriate in light of the facts available at
the time of sentencing.” Id. at 599. “A sentence modification,
on the other hand, allows the trial court to take into account
additional circumstances, such as the defendant’s good be-
havior while imprisoned, that might merit the reduction or
suspension of his sentence.” Id. McMullen did not have to ex-
haust the modification process to bring this habeas petition,
so this appeal is not moot.
III
We next consider the denial of McMullen’s ineffective as-
sistance of counsel claim against Lewis. A district court’s de-
nial of habeas relief is reviewed de novo. Crowell v. Sevier, 77
F.4th 539, 543 (7th Cir. 2023).
A
McMullen requests relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, so he
must show that the state courts’ adjudication of his claim “re-
sulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an un-
reasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as
determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.” Id. at
§ 2254(d)(1). In applying this standard, our review includes

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No. 20-3273 11
the “last related state-court decision that … provide[s] a rele-
vant rationale,” Wilson v. Sellers, 138 S. Ct. 1188, 1192 (2018).
Here, that is the postconviction decision of the Indiana Court
of Appeals.
A threshold question is whether the district court correctly
applied AEDPA’s deferential standard, which applies only to
claims that were “adjudicated on the merits in State court pro-
ceedings.” § 2254(d); Westray v. Brookhart, 36 F.4th 737, 746
(7th Cir. 2022). Otherwise, review is de novo. Id.
The district court reviewed the performance prong de
novo, concluding that “[t]he Indiana Court of Appeals did not
explicitly find that trial counsel’s performance was reasona-
ble.” On this point McMullen agrees with the district court.
But the state disagrees, contending the state appellate court
adjudicated McMullen’s Strickland claim on the merits. For
the state, the relevant question is whether any reasons were
provided for why counsel did not perform deficiently; be-
cause if there were, the claim was adjudicated. The state gets
the better of this point.
The Supreme Court has explained that AEDPA deference
requires a “decision” from a state court on a claim. Harrington
v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 92 (2011). This court has similarly stated
that a claim is “adjudicated on the merits” under § 2254(d),
where there is “a decision finally resolving the parties’ claims,
with res judicata effect, that is based on the substance of the
claim advanced, rather than on a procedural, or other,
ground.” Eichwedel v. Chandler, 696 F.3d 660, 672 (7th Cir.
2012) (quoting Muth v. Frank, 412 F.3d 808, 815 (7th Cir. 2005)).
The Indiana Court of Appeals wrote, “because of the
presentence investigation report, the sentencing court was

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12 No. 20-3273
already well aware of McMullen’s background and any men-
tal health concerns.” McMullen, 2018 WL 3131420, at *11. If the
sentencing court knew about McMullen’s background and
mental health, we do not understand the state appellate court
to have left open the possibility that Lewis’s performance was
deficient. Said otherwise, it does not follow that Lewis should
have presented additional evidence of mitigating circum-
stances if the sentencing court was already “well aware” of
the evidence McMullen proffers. We conclude, therefore, that
the Indiana Court of Appeals rendered a decision on McMul-
len’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim for purposes of
§ 2254(d). AEDPA deference is therefore owed to the state ap-
pellate court’s resolution on the performance prong of the
Strickland inquiry.
Whether AEDPA deference applies on Strickland’s preju-
dice prong is another question. The Indiana Court of Appeals
addressed this component of McMullen’s sentencing claim on
the merits, so the district court presumed, and the parties on
appeal conclude, that deference applies to the prejudice
prong. But in its postconviction decision, the state appellate
court said that the additional mitigation evidence McMullen
offered at the postconviction hearing “would have done noth-
ing to account for or explain the illegal possession of mariju-
ana and cocaine for which McMullen was convicted.” That
statement is not legally correct, as mitigating evidence need
not necessarily excuse or diminish the defendant’s illegal con-
duct. See Laux v. Zatecky, 890 F.3d 666, 673 (7th Cir. 2018) (duty
to present mitigating evidence goes beyond facts that will di-
rectly “undermine or rebut the prosecution’s case”) (quoting
Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 398 (2000)). So, the state appel-
late court erred in its consideration of the prejudice compo-
nent. De novo review of the prejudice prong is thus

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No. 20-3273 13
warranted. See Mosley v. Atchison, 689 F.3d 838, 844 (7th Cir.
2012) (state court decision contrary to federal law not entitled
to AEDPA deference and is reviewed de novo with reviewing
court applying correct legal standard).
So in contrast to the district court, we conclude that
AEDPA deference applies on the performance prong, and we
review the prejudice prong de novo.
B
McMullen submits that Lewis performed deficiently be-
cause he failed to:
• investigate McMullen’s mental health or have
him evaluated by a mental health professional;
• conduct a reasonable investigation into McMul-
len’s background; and
• present sufficient evidence of mitigating cir-
cumstances at sentencing.
These claims overlap, as does the parties’ discussion of them.
For relief under the “unreasonable application” prong of
§ 2254(d)(1), the state court’s application of precedent must be
“objectively unreasonable,” not merely “incorrect or errone-
ous.” Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 520–21 (2003). Said an-
other way, the habeas petitioner needs to demonstrate that the
state appellate court’s decision “was so lacking in justification
that there was an error well understood and comprehended
in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded disa-
greement.” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 103. We “must apply a
‘strong presumption’ that counsel’s representation was
within the ‘wide range’ of reasonable professional assis-
tance.” Id. at 104. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689). Under

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14 No. 20-3273
the deferential review of AEDPA, application of Strickland is
“doubly deferential.” Knowles v. Mirzayance, 556 U.S. 111, 123
(2009); see Meyers v. Gomez, 50 F.4th 628, 643 (7th Cir. 2022).
The Supreme Court in Wiggins set forth the standard for
an attorney investigating and presenting mitigating evidence
at sentencing for a Sixth Amendment ineffective assistance
claim. On the performance prong, counsel may claim that lim-
ited background investigation reflects a tactical judgment not
to present mitigating evidence to pursue an alternative strat-
egy. The concern then is not whether mitigation evidence
should have been presented, but whether the investigation
supporting the decision not to introduce mitigating
background evidence is itself reasonable. The attorney’s per-
formance is measured for reasonableness under prevailing
professional norms. Id. at 520–23.
In Wiggins, counsel’s decision not to expand his investiga-
tion beyond a PSR and certain social service records fell short
of professional standards in that locale at that time. There, any
reasonably competent attorney would have realized that pur-
suing certain leads was necessary to making an informed
choice among possible defenses. Records underscored the un-
reasonableness of that attorney’s conduct. They suggested the
attorney’s failure to thoroughly investigate stemmed from in-
attention rather than strategic judgment.5 Wiggins provides
that strategic choices made after less than complete investiga-
tion are reasonable only to the extent that reasonable
5 The Court also determined that a violation of 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2)
had occurred, as social service records did not reflect what the sentencing
court said they did. Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 528.

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No. 20-3273 15
professional judgments support the limits of the investiga-
tion. Id. at 523–34.
The district court judged Lewis’s performance to be defi-
cient. The state disagrees, but its arguments are not persua-
sive on any of the three alleged deficiencies described above.
Mental health investigation and evaluation. In Strickland, the
petitioner contended in part that his Sixth Amendment right
to counsel was violated when his attorney failed to request a
psychiatric report in preparation for sentencing. 466 U.S. at
675. As stated later in Wiggins, the Court emphasized in Strick-
land that “counsel has a duty to make reasonable investiga-
tions or to make a reasonable decision that makes particular
investigations unnecessary.” Id. at 691.
This court applied this standard in the non-capital sen-
tencing context in Brown v. Sternes, 304 F.3d 677, 691–92 (7th
Cir. 2002). There, a petitioner claimed that counsel was inef-
fective for failing to thoroughly investigate his mental health
issues and present them to the court at sentencing. See id. at
680. Where it is apparent from “sources of information not re-
quiring fresh investigation[] that the defendant has some
mental or other condition that will repay further investigation
… then the failure to investigate will be ineffective assis-
tance.” Id. at 692 (quoting Stewart v. Gramley, 74 F.3d 132, 135
(7th Cir. 1996)). In Brown the petitioner’s medical records,
which showed a previous diagnosis of mental disorders, were
available to counsel, so failure to further investigate was inef-
fective assistance. See id. at 693–94.
Lewis performed deficiently, McMullen claims, by not in-
vestigating his mental health or having him evaluated by a
mental health professional. There was no reason for Lewis to

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16 No. 20-3273
believe that McMullen’s mental health should be evaluated,
the state submits, because McMullen described his mental
health as “okay.” But the Indiana Court of Appeals failed to
analyze whether reasonable professional judgment sup-
ported Lewis’s limited investigation into McMullen’s mental
health. The state appellate court did not consider whether
Lewis’s decision to limit his investigation despite information
in the PSR—including that McMullen had concerns about
depression, was referred to counseling when at the Youth Op-
portunity Center, and had problems with alcohol—was a rea-
sonable professional judgment.
Background investigation. McMullen argues that Lewis did
not perform any investigation beyond reviewing the PSR.
Lewis failed to search for documents, and ignored pertinent
avenues for further investigation, such as McMullen’s re-
moval from his mother’s care at age seven, and his parents’
criminal records. To McMullen, Lewis’s statement that “I
didn’t think that mitigation would stack up” does not excuse
his decisions, and information from McMullen’s grand-
mother should have led a reasonably competent attorney to
investigate further.
The state responds that Lewis competently prepared for
sentencing. The PSR, which he used, referenced a number of
background details. He also spoke with the grandmother
more than once, as she could provide the most detailed de-
scription of McMullen’s childhood.
In Strickland the Court stated, “the need for further inves-
tigation” into a potential line of defense “may be considerably
diminished or eliminated altogether” when the facts support-
ing that defense “are generally known to counsel,” 466 U.S. at
691, based on information such as the defendant’s statements.

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No. 20-3273 17
See id. Lewis was “aware that [McMullen] came from a seri-
ously troubled background” and had a “difficult upbring-
ing.” Specifically, because Lewis “relied upon the presentence
investigation report,” he knew that McMullen’s mother had
been addicted to cocaine and that her boyfriend had abused
her and McMullen. The PSR also alerted Lewis that McMullen
had been removed from his mother’s care, that his parents
had criminal convictions, and that his father was not a figure
in his life.
But as in Wiggins, Lewis did not expand his investigation
beyond McMullen’s PSR. As noted by the district court, ex-
ploring leads—such as the red flags in McMullen’s PSR—was
necessary here to constitute a sufficient investigation to sup-
port a reasonable professional judgment. Indeed, at the post-
conviction hearing Lewis admitted that questions about
McMullen’s background and effort to develop such infor-
mation “probably should have been asked for and should
have been done.” McMullen’s criminal history was a primary
driver for the parties’ sentencing arguments and the sentenc-
ing court’s reasoning. More investigation into McMullen’s
background could have yielded information which may have
impacted the sentencing decision. Given that the state was
asking for the statutory maximum prison term, Lewis’s inves-
tigation should have gone beyond just review and use of the
PSR, and discussion of McMullen with a knowledgeable rela-
tive.
Presenting mitigating circumstances. Lewis performed defi-
ciently at sentencing, McMullen argues, by failing to present
sufficient evidence of mitigating circumstances. He points out
that Lewis did not introduce evidence or call a witness at the
sentencing hearing. Lewis did argue several mitigating

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18 No. 20-3273
circumstances, though, including that most of McMullen’s of-
fenses were for minor violations, several of his cases were dis-
missed, and McMullen suffered abuse and neglect as a child.
Lewis also corrected a mistake in McMullen’s criminal his-
tory, and pointed out how the PSR was internally inconsistent
as to whether McMullen blamed others for his crimes.
Yet which mitigating circumstances Lewis could present
was a function of the scope of his investigation before sentenc-
ing. Lewis admitted he knew the advantages of mitigation tes-
timony. His statement that given the other charges McMullen
faced, he “didn’t think that mitigation would stack up,” may
or may not amount to a strategic decision requiring deference.
Cf. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 699 (explaining that because the ”ag-
gravating circumstances were utterly overwhelming,” coun-
sel “could reasonably surmise from his conversations with
respondent that character and psychological evidence would
be of little help”).
To be fair to Lewis, at times his advocacy greatly helped
McMullen. Lewis persuaded the trial court to vacate one of
the cocaine counts McMullen faced. And after the jury verdict,
Lewis raised with the state that it had incorrectly alleged that
McMullen was a habitual offender under Indiana Code § 35-
50-2-8(a). The state agreed to dismiss that penalty enhancer,
potentially saving McMullen prison time.
But under the reasoning above, we agree with the district
court that McMullen has established Lewis’s deficient perfor-
mance. Deference under AEDPA to the Indiana Court of Ap-
peals decision on the performance prong does not change our
conclusion that the state appellate court’s application of
Strickland was objectively unreasonable.

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No. 20-3273 19
C
The district court concluded that McMullen failed to es-
tablish that these deficiencies in Lewis’s representation of
McMullen prejudiced his defense. Notwithstanding Lewis’s
deficient performance, the district court could not “say the
[state appellate court] decision was unreasonably wrong or
lacking in justification,” so it did not grant McMullen relief.
We consider that question de novo.
To establish prejudice, a petitioner “must show that there
is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofes-
sional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. “A reasonable probabil-
ity is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome.” Id. A petitioner must show that a reasonable prob-
ability existed at sentencing that he would have received a
different sentence after a constitutionally sufficient mitigation
investigation. Sears v. Upton, 561 U.S. 945, 956 (2019) (per cu-
riam). The Court stated in Wiggins on the prejudice prong that
counsel must have failed to discover powerful mitigating
evidence, and there must be a reasonable probability that a
competent attorney aware of defendant’s history would have
introduced that evidence at sentencing. 539 U.S. at 534–38.
On postconviction review, the Indiana Court of Appeals
ruled that there was no reasonable probability that McMullen
would have received a different sentence. It agreed with the
state trial court that “what was outcome-determinative at sen-
tencing was not the quality of the argument that [Lewis] made
on the day of sentencing, but rather McMullen’s increasingly
troubling behavior and history which occurred in the thirteen
years prior to the day of sentencing.” The state appellate court
explained, “[t]he additional mitigating evidence that

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20 No. 20-3273
McMullen argues could have been offered by his friends and
family … would not have favorably impacted his sentence.”
It concluded, “that same evidence would have done nothing
to account for or explain the illegal possession of marijuana
and cocaine for which McMullen was convicted.” The court
understood that “because of the presentence investigation re-
port, the sentencing court was already well aware of … any
mental health concerns.”
Before us, the state agrees with the Indiana Court of Ap-
peals, setting the probability of a different outcome as “zero.”
To the state, the putative mitigating evidence was cumulative
of the PSR, and sometimes contradicted it.
McMullen responds that the state appellate postconvic-
tion ruling was objectively unreasonable. Among other errors,
he argues that the unpresented evidence was not cumulative,
and that the state appellate court mischaracterized the nature
and sources of the mitigating evidence. To him, it was an un-
reasonable application of Strickland to conclude that Lewis’s
performance did not prejudice him at sentencing. Even more,
the state appellate court’s finding of no prejudice was based
on an unreasonable determination of fact under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(d)(2), when it stated that the sentencing court was
aware of “any” mental health concerns of McMullen.
We agree with McMullen on the prejudice prong. The state
appellate court failed to evaluate the totality of the available
mitigation evidence, which is significant and compelling.
First, it did not consider whether the unpresented mental
health evidence would have led the trial court to sentence
McMullen to less than the statutory maximum. Instead, its
consideration was limited to whether the evidence that
“could have been offered by his friends and family” had a

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No. 20-3273 21
reasonable probability of affecting the sentencing outcome.
Second, the mitigating evidence McMullen references is
different in kind, rather than cumulative. True, the PSR refer-
ences McMullen’s background, but that information is from
McMullen, and the rest of the mitigating evidence is from oth-
ers. Further, the affidavits and reports which Lewis did not
procure describe the type, frequency, and severity of abuse
McMullen seeks to offer in mitigation. Yet, the sentencing
court mischaracterized the nature and sources of the mitigat-
ing evidence. That proof did not come only from McMullen’s
friends and family, but also from mental health reports. The
Indiana Court of Appeals did not catch this point.
McMullen received a maximum sentence, based in large
part on his poor criminal history. The undiscovered mitigat-
ing evidence could have influenced the state trial court’s
sentencing decision. The likelihood of a different result is suf-
ficient to undermine confidence in the outcome of the sen-
tencing hearing.
This conclusion is bolstered by the state appellate court’s
reliance on a clear factual error: that the PSR made the sen-
tencing court “well aware” of “any mental health concerns.”
The specific diagnoses of McMullen’s mental health—panic
disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, other substance use
disorder, and antisocial personality disorder—were not avail-
able to the sentencing court. It is also probative that neither
the state trial or appellate court mentioned Dr. Kohli’s diag-
noses of McMullen. The sentencing court was aware of “any”
mental health concerns, according to a statement by the Indi-
ana Court of Appeals, but clear and convincing evidence
shows that is not correct. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). That state-
ment reflects an unreasonable determination of the facts,

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22 No. 20-3273
considering the evidence presented in the state court proceed-
ing. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2).
For these reasons, we disagree with the conclusion of the
district court on the prejudice prong. The decision of the Indi-
ana Court of Appeals that McMullen was not prejudiced by
his counsel’s performance is contrary to Strickland and rested
on an erroneous factual finding.
D
McMullen “has satisfied § 2254(d) on his claim of ineffec-
tive assistance of counsel, but that does not necessarily entitle
him to the issuance of the writ.” Campbell v. Reardon, 780 F.3d
752, 772 (7th Cir. 2015). “Whether the petitioner is actually en-
titled to relief—whether under § 2254(a) he is in custody in
violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United
States—is a separate question.” Id., (quoting Mosley, 689 F.3d
at 853).
On limited occasions, the decision under § 2254(a)
whether a writ should issue cannot be reached because of the
state of the record. See Jordan v. Hepp, 831 F.3d 837, 849 (7th
Cir. 2016); Campbell, 780 F.3d at 772; Taylor v. Grounds, 721 F.3d
809, 824 (7th Cir. 2013); Mosley, 689 F.3d at 853. In that circum-
stance, the district court may hold an evidentiary hearing. See
28 U.S.C. § 2254(e). The “AEDPA governs the availability of
evidentiary hearings on federal habeas review, and generally
bars them except in narrow exceptions.” Westray, 36 F.4th at
754 (quoting Ward v. Jenkins, 613 F.3d 692, 698 (7th Cir. 2010).
One such exception is when the state court record does not
contain sufficient factual information to adjudicate a claim,
and the factual predicate could not have been previously

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No. 20-3273 23
discovered through the petitioner’s exercise of due diligence.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2)(A)(ii).
In that situation we have remanded a case for an eviden-
tiary hearing. For example, in Taylor, this court concluded that
a state supreme court unreasonably applied Supreme Court
law, but that despite holding an evidentiary hearing, the post-
conviction trial court had refrained from making key findings
of fact. Because this court could not be certain whether the
petitioner was in custody in violation of § 2254(a), the case
was remanded for an evidentiary hearing. Id. at 824. The same
was true in Stitts v. Wilson, 713 F.3d 887 (7th Cir. 2013). There,
the Indiana Court of Appeals had unreasonably applied
Strickland in determining whether trial counsel had limited an
alibi investigation. Because a critical factual question
remained concerning the actual extent of trial counsel’s inves-
tigation, this court remanded to the district court for an evi-
dentiary hearing to resolve the issue. Id. at 895–97. See also
Anderson v. United States, 981 F.3d 565, 578 (7th Cir. 2020) (re-
manding for an evidentiary hearing where the record con-
tained insufficient information for the court to determine
whether counsel acted based on strategic or other reasons);
Price v. Thurmer, 514 F.3d 729, 733 (7th Cir. 2008) (“When the
merits of a petition for habeas corpus cannot be determined
from the record compiled in the state court, through no fault
of the petitioner … the district court is authorized, and may
be directed by the court of appeals, to conduct its own hearing
and make appropriate findings”).
This is such an occasion. McMullen and Lewis testified at
the state postconviction hearing in July 2017. But neither that
hearing’s transcript nor the entire state court record reveal
whether Lewis had strategic reasons for the limits of his

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24 No. 20-3273
investigation into McMullen’s mental health and background
and the presentation of mitigating circumstances, or whether
his decisions and actions were from a lack of diligence. On
that question there is no factual finding to review. See Jordan,
831 F.3d at 849; Campbell, 780 F.3d at 772; Taylor, 721 F.3d at
824; Stitts, 713 F.3d at 895–97. The state courts rejected
McMullen’s postconviction petition without this key factual
finding, which as noted above was compounded by other
mistakes: the sentencing court could not have been “well
aware” of “any mental health concerns” because McMullen’s
psychological diagnoses were not presented, and the state
courts incorrectly required a nexus between mitigating evi-
dence and the evidence of conviction. Lewis has suggested
that his performance as counsel may have fallen short. And
Lewis may have a difficult time offering a strategic reason for
not seeking to develop further mitigation evidence. But we
think the prudent course is to afford that opportunity before
any relief would issue, so we allow for that in an abundance
of caution.
“If the AEDPA poses no bar to an evidentiary hearing,
then the petitioner is entitled to a hearing in federal court ‘if
(1) he has alleged facts which, if proved, would entitle him to
habeas relief, and (2) the state courts, for reasons beyond [pe-
titioner’s] control, never considered his claim in a full and fair
hearing.’” Westray, 36 F.4th at 754 (quoting Ward, 613 F.3d at
698). We have concluded that Lewis’s performance was defi-
cient. But his strategic reasons, or lack thereof, may determine
whether McMullen is entitled to a writ. McMullen diligently
tried to develop the facts of his claim in the state courts, not-
withstanding their errors. So, we conclude this circumstance
merits a hearing.

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No. 20-3273 25
This procedure does not contravene Cullen v. Pinholster,
563 U.S. 170 (2011), in which the Supreme Court ruled that
“review under § 2254(d)(1) is limited to the record that was
before the state court that adjudicated the claim on the merits.
Id. at 181. “We already have gone through the (d)(1) process”;
the state “gets one more chance, under [§ 2254](e)(2), to
demonstrate that [Lewis] had a strategic reason for his fail-
ure[s].” Jordan, 831 F.3d at 849.
We remand for the district court to consider evidence and
argument as to whether Lewis had any strategic reasons for
the limits of his investigation into McMullen’s mental health
and background and the presentation of mitigating circum-
stances. The district court can then decide whether or not
Lewis was constitutionally ineffective such that McMullen’s
petition for habeas corpus should be granted under § 2254(a).
IV
For these reasons, we VACATE the district court's denial of
habeas corpus relief and R EMAND for an evidentiary hearing
in accord with this opinion. In returning this case to the dis-
trict court, we do not express a view as to whether or not the
writ should issue.

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