Circle City Broadcasting I, LLC v. at&t Services , Incorporated, and Direc Tv, LLC

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 23-1787
C IRCLE C ITY BROADCASTING I, LLC,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
AT&T S ERVICES , I NCORPORATED, AND DIREC TV, LLC,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
No. 23-1788
C IRCLE C ITY BROADCASTING I, LLC,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
DISH NETWORK LLC,
Defendant-Appellee.
____________________
Appeals from the United States District Court for the
Southern District of Indiana, Indianapolis Division.
Nos. 1:20-cv-02108 and 1:20-cv-00750 — Tanya Walton Pratt, Chief Judge.
____________________
A RGUED J ANUARY 24, 2024 — DECIDED A PRIL 16, 2024
____________________

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2 Nos. 23-1787 & 23-1788
Before WOOD, S CUDDER , and LEE, Circuit Judges.
S CUDDER , Circuit Judge. When DISH and DirecTV Network
declined to pay broadcast fees to Circle City Broadcasting for
rights to carry the company’s two Indianapolis-based televi-
sion stations, the dispute entered federal court. Circle City al-
leged that the decisions reflected discrimination against its
majority owner, DuJuan McCoy, a Black man, and thus dis-
crimination against the company itself. The district court en-
tered summary judgment for DISH and DirecTV, concluding
that Circle City failed to identify evidence permitting a jury to
find that the decisions not to pay the broadcast fees reflected
anything other than lawful business choices responsive to dy-
namics of the television broadcast market. We affirm.
I
A
A brief overview of the television broadcast market will
help set the stage for our analysis of Circle City’s claims.
Despite the revolutionary changes the internet has
brought to television broadcasting, individual television sta-
tions continue to garner consumer demand and play a signif-
icant role. Some stations stand alone and operate inde-
pendently (like Chicago’s Very Own WGN9), while others are
owned by a larger television network. Consider, for example,
The Walt Disney Company, which is the majority owner of
ESPN. The largest networks in the United States—ABC, CBS,
NBC, and Fox—are known as “Big 4” networks.
Different still are television distributors, which bundle tel-
evision stations and networks and sell the bundle to consum-
ers. Popular today, and relevant to this case, are subscriber-
based multichannel video programming distributors such as

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No. 23-1787 & 23-1788 3
DISH and DirecTV. The Federal Communications Commis-
sion requires these multichannel distributors to obtain the
consent of networks or standalone stations before including
their channels in a package for consumers. Multichannel dis-
tributors typically obtain this consent through the negotiation
of so-called “retransmission consent agreements.”
Retransmission agreements can be structured in different
ways. Individual TV stations and networks typically take a
cut of the revenue made from advertising. Sometimes multi-
channel distributors will also pay stations or networks a fee
in exchange for the right to broadcast their content. Other
times a station or network may consent to participation in a
multichannel distributor’s bundle without the payment of
any fee because the advertising revenue is sufficiently lucra-
tive. Stated another way, participation in a broader network
can result in enhanced consumer exposure, which, in turn,
can generate more advertising revenue for the network and
its participant member stations.
This case is all about decisions by DISH and DirecTV to
stop paying fees for the right to broadcast two television sta-
tions operating in Indianapolis, Indiana.
B
Circle City Broadcasting is a local television broadcasting
network, structured as a limited liability company and oper-
ating in Indianapolis. Through another company, DuJuan
McCoy owns a majority of Circle City and serves as President
and Chief Executive Officer. Circle City itself owns two local
Indianapolis television stations—WISH-TV and WNDY—
which it purchased in September 2019 from Nexstar Broad-
casting Inc., America’s fifth largest television network.

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4 Nos. 23-1787 & 23-1788
Nexstar’s decision to sell WISH and WNDY was driven by
FCC regulations limiting the market share of major television
networks. Prior to the sale, Nexstar had negotiated retrans-
mission consent agreements permitting both DISH and Di-
recTV to offer WISH and WNDY to consumers in exchange
for a fee. Put differently, the agreement allowed DISH and Di-
recTV, in exchange for a fee paid to Nexstar, to offer WISH
and WNDY, among hundreds of other stations, to their sub-
scribers. Those agreements expressly provided that they
could be terminated if Nexstar sold WISH and WNDY. The
DirecTV agreement—which Nexstar prepared with a poten-
tial sale of both stations in mind—even more specifically
stated that DirecTV could terminate the contract upon sale to
Circle City.
When Circle City purchased WISH and WNDY in Septem-
ber 2019, both DISH and DirecTV terminated their retrans-
mission agreements with Nexstar. They asserted that they did
so not to excise WISH and WNDY from the bundle of stations
offered to their subscribers, but instead to eliminate what they
saw as an avoidable operating expense while maintaining the
local stations in their bundles. We say avoidable because of
the changed market dynamic that occurred when Circle City
became the new owner of WISH and WNDY.
Nexstar is among the largest TV networks in the country.
And with its size comes bargaining power—leverage that
Nexstar deployed when it owned WISH and WNDY among
many other stations—to demand retransmission fees from
DISH and DirecTV for the right to offer WISH and WNDY to
their subscribers. But once Nexstar sold those stations, DISH
and DirecTV declined to pay retransmission fees to Circle
City. Why? Because they could: Circle City, unlike Nexstar,

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No. 23-1787 & 23-1788 5
did not own scores of networks and stations that it could use
as leverage to extract a fee from DISH and DirecTV for the
right to offer WISH and WNDY to subscribers. (For those fa-
miliar with antitrust law, this explanation will sound familiar,
as it finds parallels in many a description of tying arrange-
ments. See, e.g., Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Servs.,
Inc., 504 U.S. 451, 461–67 (1992).)
How that outcome came to be is the centerpiece of the lit-
igation Circle City commenced against DISH and DirecTV.
C
Upon acquiring WISH and WNDY from Nexstar, Circle
City went to lengths to execute fee agreements with DISH and
DirecTV.
1. Circle City’s Negotiations and Litigation with
DISH
To avoid losing WISH and WNDY in its subscriber pack-
age, a DISH representative emailed DuJuan McCoy in July
2019 with a proposed multi-year, no-fee retransmission con-
sent agreement. When McCoy asked why DISH was offering
Circle City lower rates than those available to Nexstar, the
representative explained that “extremely large groups, like
Nexstar, are able to extract money for stations that [multi-
channel distributors] would not pay for otherwise, simply by
withholding consent for the stations [multichannel distribu-
tors] really do want until the [multichannel distributor]
agrees to pay for the stations it does not want.” DISH also told
McCoy that this kind of no-fee agreement was the industry
norm.
McCoy pushed back, sending a counteroffer to DISH in
September 2019. Far from accepting the no-fee arrangement,

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6 Nos. 23-1787 & 23-1788
McCoy proposed fees higher than DISH paid Nexstar for
WISH and WNDY. DISH’s representative replied that the
rates were “unprecedented” and observed that there was no
way the company would pay Circle City the requested fee.
Going further, DISH explained that paying a retransmission
fee made little sense because both stations were on the brink
of losing access to rights to broadcast Chicago Cubs baseball
games at the end of the season. DISH then added that WISH’s
daily newscast was available for free on the internet.
McCoy did not relent. On November 26, 2019, he sent
DISH his “last and final offer” for a fee-based retransmission
agreement. DISH reacted much the same way, with its repre-
sentative saying, “While I appreciate the offer, the rates you
are proposing are not going to work for DISH. I can send you
a markup of the draft, but if what you are proposing is a take
it or leave it, then it may be a waste of time to send it.” McCoy
never requested a markup of the draft.
In March 2020 Circle City filed suit against DISH in federal
court in Indianapolis. Invoking 42 U.S.C. § 1981, Circle City
alleged that DISH discriminated against the company, a mi-
nority-owned business, by not agreeing to pay a fee for the
right to offer WISH and WNDY to subscribers.
DISH moved for summary judgment on two grounds—
one procedural and another substantive. First, DISH con-
tended Circle City is not a proper plaintiff for purposes of
§ 1981 because the firm was organized as a limited liability
company with multiple corporate members and therefore nei-
ther owned nor controlled by a single person who identified
as a racial minority. Second, and on the merits, DISH argued
that Circle City failed to produce evidence in discovery that

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No. 23-1787 & 23-1788 7
the company had been discriminated against in any way, in-
cluding on the basis of McCoy’s race.
The district court entered summary judgment for DISH.
On the procedural point, the court concluded that Circle City
had sufficiently alleged that it is a proper § 1981 plaintiff, em-
phasizing not only that McCoy owned almost 80% of the com-
pany but also that the company had registered with the state
of Indiana as a minority owned business. Moving to the mer-
its, the district court conducted a detailed examination of the
evidence presented at summary judgment and concluded that
Circle City failed to point to any facts that would allow a jury
to find that DISH’s conduct during the contractual negotia-
tions reflected racial discrimination. To the contrary, the dis-
trict court saw the evidence as permitting only one conclu-
sion: DISH declined to pay fees for rights to broadcast WISH
and WNDY because Circle City—unlike Nexstar—as the new
owner of both stations lacked the market power to demand
the fees.
2. Circle City’s Negotiations and Litigation with
DirecTV
Circle City’s negotiations with DirecTV traveled a similar
course. In October 2019, as part of an effort to retain WISH
and WNDY for its subscribers, DirecTV first offered Circle
City a no-fee retransmission consent agreement—an arrange-
ment it characterized as standard for “[s]tandalone, non-Big 4
Stations.” Circle City declined the offer, with McCoy insisting
that the company—like Nexstar—receive fees. In January
2020 DirecTV’s representative sent McCoy an email reiterat-
ing that DirecTV’s “policy is not to pay license fees for
standalone non-Big 4 affiliated stations” like WISH and
WNDY. McCoy was not having it, contending he knew

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8 Nos. 23-1787 & 23-1788
nothing about the purported policy. In time an impasse de-
veloped, with DirecTV maintaining that it had told McCoy all
along about the company’s no-fee policy. When the negotia-
tions stalemated, DirecTV pulled WISH and WNDY from its
station offerings. Circle City responded by heading to federal
court with a second case.
Again invoking 42 U.S.C. § 1981, Circle City alleged that
DirecTV, much like DISH, engaged in race discrimination by
declining to pay retransmission fees. Finding itself as a plain-
tiff in two nearly identical cases, Circle City requested that the
two actions proceed before the same district judge. See S.D.
Ind. L.R. 40-1(d)(2)(A). The district court agreed.
Following discovery, the district court entered summary
judgment for DirecTV, reasoning in much the way it did in
the DISH case. The district court saw nothing in the record
suggesting that McCoy’s race played any role in DISH’s deci-
sion not to pay fees to Circle City for rights to offer WISH and
WNDY to subscribers. Here, too, the district court rejected the
contention that DirecTV’s explanation for its decision not to
offer Circle City fees was a cover up for racial discrimination.
In the end, the court determined that Nexstar’s vast television
holdings and the bargaining power that came with that size—
rather than McCoy’s race—drove the decision not to offer Cir-
cle City retransmission fees.
Circle City appealed both judgments entered by the dis-
trict court. Because the two cases arise out of comparable facts
and present similar issues on appeal, we have consolidated
the cases for the purposes of our review and decision. See Fed.
R. App. P. 3(b)(2).

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No. 23-1787 & 23-1788 9
II
A
Section 1981 provides that “[a]ll persons within the juris-
diction of the United States shall have the same right in every
State and Territory to make and enforce contracts … as is en-
joyed by white citizens.” 42 U.S.C. § 1981(a). The Supreme
Court has explained that the statute “offers relief when racial
discrimination blocks the creation of a contractual relation-
ship, as well as when racial discrimination impairs an existing
contractual relationship.” Domino’s Pizza, Inc. v. McDonald,
546 U.S. 470, 476 (2006).
To succeed on its § 1981 claims, Circle City had to provide
evidence of an “impaired contractual relationship” to which
it had rights. See id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Circle
City then bore the burden of proving that race was a but-for
cause of its injury. See Comcast Corp. v. Nat’l Ass’n of Afr. Am.-
Owned Media, 140 S. Ct. 1009, 1014 (2020) (interpreting § 1981
and explaining that the “plaintiff must demonstrate that, but
for the defendant’s [] conduct, its alleged injury would not
have occurred”). Circle City can meet this burden by adhering
to the same standards applied in intentional employment dis-
crimination claims in Title VII cases. See Smiley v. Columbia
Coll. Chi., 714 F.3d 998, 1002 (7th Cir. 2013). This means that,
the whole of Circle City’s evidence must convince us that
DISH or DirecTV would have offered Circle City retransmis-
sion fees were the company not a minority-owned business.
See Ortiz v. Werner Enters., Inc., 834 F.3d 760, 765–66 (7th Cir.
2016).

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10 Nos. 23-1787 & 23-1788
B
DISH urges us to resolve this appeal by sidestepping the
merits and holding that Circle City is not a proper plaintiff
under § 1981. DISH understands Circle City’s theory of liabil-
ity—that racial discrimination allegedly occurred against
DuJuan McCoy and, by extension, against the corporate entity
itself—but it pushes back on the factual premise. By DISH’s
measure, Circle City’s connection to McCoy is too indirect to
make the company a proper § 1981 plaintiff, as the firm is it-
self owned by several corporate entities, only one of which is
wholly owned by McCoy.
Recognize what DISH is and is not arguing. The company
is not contending that we lack subject matter jurisdiction be-
cause Circle City lacks Article III standing. Rather, DISH con-
tends that Circle City’s claim—that the entity itself experi-
enced discrimination—does not fall within § 1981’s zone of
interests on these facts. See Lexmark Int’l, Inc. v. Static Control
Components, Inc., 572 U.S. 118, 127 (2014) (“Whether a plaintiff
comes within the ‘zone of interests’ is an issue that requires
us to determine, using traditional tools of statutory interpre-
tation, whether a legislatively conferred cause of action en-
compasses a particular plaintiff's claim.” (internal quotation
marks omitted)).
We do not need to resolve the question. The law in this
area is underdeveloped, and the fact pattern before us pre-
sents some confounding factors, including that Circle City
was not a certified minority-owned corporation at the time
the company filed suit and thus, by definition, not at the time
of the discrimination alleged in its complaint. In these circum-
stances, the most prudent path forward is to assume without
deciding that the district court was right to conclude that

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No. 23-1787 & 23-1788 11
Circle City fits within § 1981’s protected zone of interests and
to proceed to the merits of company’s challenge to the entry
of summary judgment for DISH and DirecTV. We have this
flexibility when our subject matter jurisdiction is not in ques-
tion. See Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 82, 89
(1998). Future cases are sure to provide opportunities to de-
fine § 1981’s proper zone of interest with corporate plaintiffs.
C
Turning to the merits, our role as a court of review is to
take our own independent look at the evidence presented at
summary judgment and ask whether Circle City, as the non-
moving party, identified facts that would have permitted a
jury to find that DISH or DirecTV declined to offer it fees be-
cause of its minority-owned status. See Joll v. Valparaiso Cmty.
Schs., 953 F.3d 923, 928 (7th Cir. 2020). Having done so, we
believe the district court’s analysis was spot on at every turn.
The district court saw Circle City’s two cases as doomed
by failures of proof. It reached these conclusions by rolling up
its sleeves, scouring the evidence presented at summary judg-
ment, and in the end seeing nothing directly or indirectly sug-
gesting that DISH or DirecTV discriminated against Circle
City based on its status as a minority-owned corporation or,
relatedly, on the basis of McCoy’s race. See Ortiz., 834 F.3d at
765–66 (clarifying that the legal standard is whether the evi-
dence considered as a whole, rather than sorted into “direct
evidence” and “indirect evidence” piles, “would permit a rea-
sonable factfinder to conclude that the plaintiff’s race …
caused the … adverse employment action”).
We see the analysis the same way. Circle City had a theory
of liability—that DISH and DirecTV declined to pay

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12 Nos. 23-1787 & 23-1788
retransmission fees because of McCoy’s race. But the theory
found no backing in evidence and instead rooted itself in con-
jecture. Speculation does not suffice to create a genuine issue
of fact that defeats summary judgment. See White v. City of
Chicago, 829 F.3d 837, 841 (7th Cir. 2016). Put most directly, we
see nothing in the evidence presented at summary judgment
allowing a finding that McCoy’s race played any role in the
negotiating approach or ultimate decisions of DISH or Di-
recTV.
For their part, DISH and DirecTV presented clear evidence
of a race-neutral reason for their contractual negotiating deci-
sions—Circle City’s lack of bargaining power. That record
showed that DISH and DirecTV paid Nexstar fees for stations
like WISH and WNDY to ensure access to other channels
owned by Nexstar for which there existed clear consumer de-
mand. Circle City lacked comparable television channel hold-
ings and thus the market power of a massive media company
like Nexstar. DISH and DirecTV, in other words, had no busi-
ness need to continue paying fees for access to the two local
Indianapolis stations, WISH and WNDY, once the stations
were under new ownership. We see nothing in the record
pointing to any other possible conclusion.
We likewise agree with the district court that Circle City
fell well short of demonstrating any pretext in DISH and Di-
recTV’s explanations for choosing not to pay retransmission
fees. See Groves v. South Bend Cmty. Sch. Corp., 51 F.4th 766,
770 (7th Cir. 2022) (explaining that “identifying an incon-
sistency (or even a lie) is not necessarily sufficient to prove …
pretext for discrimination” because “[w]hat ultimately mat-
ters is causation: the plaintiff must point to evidence that

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No. 23-1787 & 23-1788 13
would allow a jury to find a connection between the statuto-
rily protected factor (here, race) and the adverse action”).
Circle City devotes major portions of its briefs to trying to
persuade us that DISH and DirecTV did not offer perfectly
consistent explanations for declining to pay retransmission
fees. And from there Circle City insists that the true explana-
tion must be discrimination. But therein lies the flawed rea-
soning—no evidence supports the link between the com-
pany’s contention and its conclusion. To survive summary
judgment, Circle City needed to produce evidence permitting
a finding that any pretextual explanations masked racial dis-
crimination. See id. The district court could hardly have been
more careful and thorough in its review of the evidence, and,
on this point, it saw nothing pretextual about DISH and Di-
recTV’s decisions. Nor do we.
For these reasons, we AFFIRM.

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