Minosa Echols v. Teresa Johnson

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 22-3230
M INOSA ECHOLS ,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
TERESA JOHNSON , et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Central District of Illinois.
No. 4:20-cv-04054-SEM-KLM — Sue E. Myerscough, Judge.
____________________
A RGUED NOVEMBER 29, 2023 — DECIDED J UNE 27, 2024
____________________
Before R IPPLE, S CUDDER , and J ACKSON -A KIWUMI , Circuit
Judges.
S CUDDER , Circuit Judge. Minosa Echols, a civil detainee in
an Illinois facility, suffered serious injuries when a fellow res-
ident attacked him in a dayroom. Echols sued under 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983, alleging that three security officers present during the
assault violated his rights under the Fourteenth Amend-
ment’s Due Process Clause by failing to protect him from the
other resident. The case proceeded to trial, and the jury

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2 No. 22-3230
returned a defense verdict. Echols appeals, relying on our re-
cent decision in Kemp v. Fulton County, 27 F.4th 491 (7th Cir.
2022), and contending that the district court committed a legal
error by instructing the jury that success on a failure-to-pro-
tect claim required a showing that the officer in question was
subjectively aware that the other resident presented a risk of
harm to Echols.
We agree that the jury instruction was erroneous—in par-
ticular, that Echols did not need to prove subjective aware-
ness of the risk of harm to establish liability. On the point most
contested by the parties, the jury should have been instructed
to answer whether a reasonable officer in the defendant’s
shoes would have appreciated that the conditions within the
dayroom put Echols at risk of harm, and, from there, whether
the defendant acted in an objectively unreasonable way in ad-
dressing that risk. But to prevail on appeal Echols must also
show that the error prejudiced him. And it is on that front that
his claim fails. What happened here was so unexpected that
no reasonable officer, in the circumstances before them,
would have anticipated the surprise attack or taken different
measures to protect Echols. In the end, then, we affirm.
I
A
On September 16, 2019, Minosa Echols, a civil detainee at
the Illinois Department of Human Services’ Treatment and
Detention Facility in Rushville, met his soon-to-be roommate,
Paul Rexroat, in a hallway. The two immediately started bick-
ering. For his part, Rexroat made clear he did not want a
roommate and instead strongly preferred to continue living
alone, in part because, as he put it, he “liked to be naked in

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No. 22-3230 3
his room.” Echols did not react well to Rexroat’s statements
and responded with a threat. Rexroat reported the threat to
Officer Steven Brown, who documented the “tension” be-
tween the two men while also observing that he thought they
would find a way to work things out. Officer Brown later tes-
tified that it was common for residents not to want to move
or acquire new roommates.
Officer Brown did not share any information about Ech-
ols’s threat, including its occurrence, with the defendants in
this case: Officers Teresa Johnson, Scott Wallace, and Richard
Logan. Rexroat, however, spoke with Officers Johnson and
Wallace the following morning—September 17, the day of the
incident. But those officers testified that they did not recall
Rexroat relaying any concerns about Echols. All Officer Wal-
lace remembered was that Rexroat did not seem angry the
morning of the incident.
Echols arrived at his new room at approximately 8:30 a.m.
on September 17. Upon looking inside, he saw someone else’s
personal items on his bunk. So Echols turned to Rexroat, who
was sitting at a dayroom table just outside his room, and told
him to remove the items. When Rexroat refused, Echols
pressed a call button on the wall to request assistance from
the security staff.
Three security officers then walked into the dayroom: de-
fendants Johnson, Logan, and Wallace. Officer Johnson di-
rected Rexroat to move the items off Echols’s bed. After refus-
ing to get up from the dayroom table for several minutes,
Rexroat finally stood up and walked toward his room, pass-
ing Echols (without incident), only then to refuse to take his
personal items off the top bunk.

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4 No. 22-3230
Around this time the officers directed the other detainees
in the dayroom to return to their rooms for safety reasons. Of-
ficer Johnson then left the dayroom to seek guidance from the
shift commander, who directed that Echols and Rexroat both
be taken to the disciplinary unit. While waiting for Officer
Johnson to return to the dayroom, Echols and Rexroat contin-
ued bickering, with Echols at one point asking Rexroat, “What
are you going to do, toughy?” At no point, though, did either
man threaten the other or make any aggressive move toward
the other.
Officer Logan sought to end the arguing by instructing
Echols to move to a table about 15–20 feet away from Rexroat.
Echols did so without hesitation, with Officers Wallace and
Logan then standing near Rexroat on the other side of the day-
room. All of this occurred as the officers awaited direction on
a next step from Officer Johnson.
When Officer Johnson reappeared to escort the two men
to the disciplinary unit, she directed Echols to stand up for
handcuffing. Echols complied. Officer Wallace likewise
sought to place handcuffs on Rexroat, who reacted by asking
if he could first take some personal items to his room. Officer
Wallace agreed because allowing residents to return their be-
longings to their rooms was “standard procedure.” Based on
video footage of the incident, Rexroat at that point appeared
to be calm.
What happened next forms the basis for the issue on ap-
peal. As Rexroat stood up from the dayroom table, he reached
down, removed an object from underneath the table, ran
across the dayroom toward Echols, and struck him in the face
with the object. Officers Wallace and Logan reacted by imme-
diately running after Rexroat and tackling him to the ground.

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No. 22-3230 5
Officer Johnson testified that, although she was in the process
of handcuffing Echols at the time of the attack, she never saw
Rexroat coming. The attack left Echols with serious injuries to
his upper lip and teeth. The object Rexroat used to inflict these
injuries turned out to be, of all things, a laundry bag stuffed
with cafeteria trays.
This lawsuit then followed, with Echols alleging that Of-
ficers Johnson, Logan, and Wallace failed to protect him from
the clear risk presented Paul Rexroat, a much larger man
weighing well over 200 pounds. In time the case proceeded to
trial.
B
At the final pretrial conference, the district court sought
the parties’ input on a proposed four-part jury instruction on
the elements of the failure-to-protect claim. Echols objected to
the second part of the instruction, which required him to
prove that the defendant “was aware of [the] strong likeli-
hood that Plaintiff would be seriously harmed as a result of
an assault.” Relying on the Supreme Court’s 2015 decision in
Kingsley v. Hendrickson, 576 U.S. 389, and our 2022 decision in
Kemp. v. Fulton County, 27 F.4th 491, Echols argued that the
proposed instruction improperly introduced a subjective
component into what should be an objective inquiry into the
reasonableness of each officer’s actions in responding (or fail-
ing to respond) to the risk posed by Paul Rexroat.
The district court overruled Echols’s objection and, at de-
fense counsel’s urging, instructed the jury as follows on the
elements of the failure-to-protect claim:
1. There was a strong likelihood that Mr. Ech-
ols would be seriously harmed as the result

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6 No. 22-3230
of an assault. A mere possibility is not a
strong likelihood.
2. The defendant under consideration was
aware of this strong likelihood that Plaintiff
would be seriously harmed as the result of
an assault.
3. The actions or inaction of the defendant un-
der consideration to prevent the assault
were objectively unreasonable. In deciding
this, you may consider how serious the po-
tential harm to Plaintiff was, how difficult it
would have been for the defendant under
consideration to take corrective action, and
whether the defendant under consideration
had legitimate reasons related to safety and
security for failing to take corrective action.
4. Plaintiff would not have been harmed if the
defendant under consideration had taken
reasonable measures.
This instruction came word-for-word from Seventh Cir-
cuit Civil Pattern Jury Instruction 7.16, which has not been
updated to reflect or account for the Supreme Court’s decision
in Kingsley or our decisions in Kemp or Thomas v. Dart, 39 F.4th
835 (7th Cir. 2022).
Trial lasted three days. In addition to hearing the testi-
mony from the three defendant security officers and watching
surveillance footage of the attack, the jury saw video of
Rexroat sneaking around the dayroom on the morning of the
incident. Unbeknownst to Officers Johnson, Wallace, and Lo-
gan, he made two separate trips to his room, each time

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No. 22-3230 7
carrying a plastic breakfast tray. Once inside his room,
Rexroat then placed the trays inside a laundry bag, tied the
bag closed, and placed it behind the toilet. Later, after check-
ing to make sure that no one was watching, Rexroat moved
the bag into the dayroom and hid it under the table outside
his room.
After deliberating for an hour, the jury returned a verdict
in favor of all three defendants. Echols now appeals.
II
A
We begin with Echols’s challenge to the jury instructions,
focusing on whether the district court’s articulation of the el-
ements of the failure-to-protect claim accurately captured the
relevant legal principles. See Clarett v. Roberts, 657 F.3d 664,
673 (7th Cir. 2011). We afford district courts “substantial dis-
cretion with respect to the precise wording of instructions so
long as the final result, read as a whole, completely and cor-
rectly states the law.” United States v. Gibson, 530 F.3d 606, 609
(7th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). Even if the
instruction contains a legal error, we will reverse only if the
error prejudiced Echols. See Cotts v. Osafo, 692 F.3d 564, 567
(7th Cir. 2012).
Echols is right that the district court’s instruction mis-
stated the law. The beginning point is recognizing that the
Constitution confers a right on anyone incarcerated to be free
from physical harm inflicted by others in the institution. For
persons convicted of a crime and serving a sentence, the right
comes from the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on cruel
and unusual punishment. See Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825,
832–33 (1994). But for persons not convicted of a crime,

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8 No. 22-3230
including pretrial detainees and those like Echols who are in
the civil custody of a state, the right to protection comes from
the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause. See Kemp,
27 F.4th at 495 (explaining the rationale in meaningful detail);
see also Youngberg v. Romeo, 457 U.S. 307, 321 (1982) (holding
that civil detainees, like pretrial detainees, have a protected
liberty interest under the Fourteenth Amendment to reasona-
bly safe conditions of confinement).
The source of the right matters. “[D]ifferent constitutional
provisions, and thus different standards, govern depending
on the relationship between the state and the person in the
state’s custody.” Currie v. Chhabra, 728 F.3d 626, 630 (7th Cir.
2013) (citing Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 394–95 (1989)).
Federal courts disagreed for years as to the standard for
judging pretrial detainees’ claims under the Fourteenth
Amendment. The Supreme Court granted review in Kingsley
v. Hendrickson to resolve the issue in the excessive-force con-
text, clarifying that a pretrial detainee need show only that the
force used was objectively unreasonable. See 576 U.S. at 395–
97. In so holding, the Court found legal error with a jury in-
struction that required proof of “reckless disregard of [the
plaintiff’s] rights” and a showing that the defendants “reason-
ably believed there was a threat to the safety of staff or pris-
oners.” Id. at 403. Put another way, the Court disapproved of
a jury instruction that required the jury to “weigh [a correc-
tional officer’s] subjective reasons for using force and subjec-
tive views about the excessiveness of the force.” Id. at 403-04.
In Kingsley’s wake, we decided two cases in 2022 that pro-
vide substantial direction for resolving this appeal. First came
Kemp v. Fulton County, where we expressly extended the ob-
jective reasonableness inquiry for pretrial detainees to the

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No. 22-3230 9
failure-to-protect context. See 27 F.4th at 495. Relying at every
turn on Kingsley, we explained that a defendant officer need
not have subjectively perceived the risk of harm particular ac-
tions or conditions of confinement presented to a plaintiff de-
tainee. See id. at 497. A subjective risk of harm requirement,
we underscored, “cannot be reconciled with Kingsley’s lan-
guage, reasoning, and reminder to pay careful attention to the
different status of pretrial detainees.” Id. (internal quotation
marks omitted).
Next came Thomas v. Dart, where we expanded on our rea-
soning in Kemp by articulating in these terms the elements of
a due process-based failure-to-protect claim:
(1) the defendant made an intentional decision
regarding the conditions of the plaintiff’s con-
finement; (2) those conditions put the plaintiff
at substantial risk of suffering serious harm; (3)
the defendant did not take reasonable available
measures to abate the risk, even though a rea-
sonable officer in the circumstances would have
appreciated the high degree of risk involved,
making the consequences of the defendant’s in-
action obvious; and (4) the defendant, by not
taking such measures, caused the plaintiff’s in-
juries.
39 F.4th at 841.
As Thomas makes clear, a pretrial or civil detainee pressing
a failure-to-protect claim must have been placed at or exposed
to a substantial risk of suffering serious harm with the defend-
ant then acting in an objectively unreasonable way in re-
sponse to that risk of harm.

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10 No. 22-3230
B
That brings us to the instruction the district court pro-
vided to the jury on the elements of Echols’s failure-to-protect
claim. The legal error in the jury instruction came with the
second element, which required Echols to prove that “[t]he
defendant under consideration was aware of th[e] strong like-
lihood that Plaintiff would be seriously harmed as the result
of an assault.” By its terms—and as both parties agree—this
instruction required Echols to prove that the defendant in
question was aware of the strong likelihood that Rexroat
would assault Echols in the dayroom.
That requirement conflicts with the direction from Kings-
ley, Kemp, and Thomas because it impermissibly introduced a
subjective state-of-mind component into what should have
been an objective reasonableness inquiry. The jury instead
should have been instructed to assess whether a reasonable
officer, situated within the dayroom as the defendant at issue
was situated before the attack, acted in an objectively reason-
able way in taking or failing to take action to mitigate the risk
of harm that Paul Rexroat presented to Minosa Echols.
III
Echols must go beyond identifying error in the district
court’s jury instruction. He needs to show that the error prej-
udiced him at trial. See Cotts, 692 F.3d at 567. This is true even
for “patently incorrect” instructions. Gile v. United Airlines,
Inc., 213 F.3d 365, 375 (7th Cir. 2000). “[I]n cases where the
erroneous jury instruction caused a party to bear a heavier
burden, we have held that no prejudice occurred when the
evidence was so weak that it would have failed under either
burden.” Brooks v. City of Kankakee, Illinois, 7 F.4th 649, 664 (7th

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No. 22-3230 11
Cir. 2021). Stated another way, Echols needs to show that the
evidence presented at trial permitted a finding of objective
unreasonableness on the part of at least one named defend-
ant.
He has not done so. After reviewing video footage of the
incident—the entirety of the attack was caught on camera—
we are left with two reactions. First, from our vantage point,
it seemed most unpredictable that Rexroat, a man with no in-
dication of being swift on his feet, would attack Echols when
and in the way he did—by running across the dayroom when
it appeared that both men were cooperating with steps under-
way to take them to the disciplinary unit. Second, the video
shows that the officers acted to seize Rexroat and protect Ech-
ols as soon as the danger manifested itself.
We reach the same conclusion upon taking a broader look
at what transpired on the day of the attack. Even when
Rexroat and Echols started jawing with each other earlier in
the dayroom, Officers Wallace and Logan reasonably sepa-
rated the two men by 15–20 feet and positioned themselves
on either side of Rexroat. Officer Johnson then ordered both
men to be handcuffed. Echols insists that Officer Wallace
should have handcuffed Rexroat that instant and, at the very
least, not allowed him to place personal items in his room be-
fore being walked to the disciplinary unit. Yet Officer Wallace
had no reason to believe that Rexroat would capitalize on that
permission by bounding across the dayroom and striking
Echols in the face with a concealed object. See Thomas, 39 F.4th
at 842 (framing the question as whether the officers acted “re-
sponsibly under the circumstances that confront[ed] them,”
not whether they anticipated “every potential danger facing
[the] detainee” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

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12 No. 22-3230
Remember, too, that Rexroat had not made a single physical
threat toward Echols before the attack. Under these circum-
stances, neither Officer Wallace nor Officer Logan acted un-
reasonably in the moments leading up to the attack, including
by allowing Rexroat to stand up from the dayroom table and
walk toward his room with personal items before being es-
corted to the disciplinary unit.
Disagreeing with our reasoning, Echols makes much of
one aspect of Officer Logan’s action in the seconds before the
attack. Urging us to examine the video in detail, Echols high-
lights that Officer Johnson took a small step back as Rexroat
stood up from the dayroom table to return his personal items
to his room. Echols sees that small step back as Officer Logan
acting unreasonably by creating room for Rexroat to embark
on the attack.
We cannot get there. Isolating that step in freeze frame
fashion overdramatizes Officer Logan’s natural response to
having been approached by a detainee who had just received
permission to walk in his very direction. As soon as Rexroat
bee-lined in a different direction, Officers Logan and Wallace
chased after him and tackled him to the ground. No matter
how many times we watch the video, we leave with the same
reaction—surprise at what happened. Or as the internal secu-
rity investigator put the point, violence of this kind was “ab-
solutely, very rare.”
The trial transcript confirms our impressions of the video
footage. Echols did not present any evidence to suggest that
Officers Johnson, Logan, and Wallace should have been on
notice of an imminent violent altercation between Rexroat
and Echols. The officers were not informed of the previous
day’s incident report describing the “tension” between the

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No. 22-3230 13
two detainees. See Kemp, 27 F.4th at 497 (affirming summary
judgment in part because “Kemp admitted that he never re-
ported his verbal disagreement with [the other detainees] or
the ensuing threats to jail employees, and that prior to the
beating, all four men had cohabited peacefully for months”).
Even if the officers had been made aware during their brief
conversation with Rexroat on September 17 that he was un-
happy about getting a roommate, the officers would have had
no reason to suspect that Rexroat would become violent. Of-
ficers Wallace and Johnson testified that they knew Rexroat
could be “outlandish” and “outspoken,” and Officer Logan
testified that he had known Rexroat to be “stubborn” but
never “violent.” Officer Brown testified at trial that it was
“pretty typical” for a move to result in an “awkward mess”
because “[t]here’s a lot of people who do not want to be
moved.” This was a garden-variety situation at Rushville and
one that rarely devolved into physical fights.
In the final analysis, we are unable to conclude that a rea-
sonable officer in Johnson’s, Wallace’s, or Logan’s position
would have perceived the risk of serious harm that Rexroat
posed to Echols. Nor does the evidence suggest that reasona-
ble officers would have taken different measures to protect
Echols. Rexroat’s exceptionally sly attack on Echols cannot
fairly be attributed to a violation of the Fourteenth Amend-
ment. All of this leads us to AFFIRM.

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14 No. 22-3230
JACKSON -A KIWUMI , Circuit Judge, dissenting. I agree with
my colleagues that the district court erred by instructing the
jury to consider the officers’ subjective state of mind. But, un-
like my colleagues, I believe the error prejudiced Echols at
trial, so a new trial is warranted.
Echols must receive a new trial unless “the erroneous in-
struction likely made no difference in the outcome.” Guzman
v. City of Chicago, 689 F.3d 740, 745 (7th Cir. 2012). Although it
is a close question, given the facts of this case, I cannot say the
improper instruction made no difference. Echols presented
sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find, in accord
with the applicable law, that Officers Johnson, Logan, and
Wallace were “on notice of a substantial risk” to Echols’s
safety and did not take “reasonable available measures to
abate the risk.” Thomas v. Dart, 39 F.4th 835, 841–42 (7th Cir.
2022) (internal quotation omitted)
Consider the following evidence. When the officers ar-
rived, Echols and Rexroat were clearly at odds, so much so
that Wallace ordered the other detainees to leave the dayroom
for safety reasons. Rexroat was “disobeying orders” and act-
ing “agitated.” Johnson, in fact, had to call her supervisor for
help, and the supervisor ordered her to take Echols and
Rexroat to the disciplinary unit. Logan had Echols and
Rexroat stay a room’s length apart from each other, and John-
son felt the need to handcuff Echols. But no one cuffed
Rexroat or otherwise restrained his movements. The officers
left Rexroat free to move about the room, which gave Rexroat
the opportunity to attack Echols. Echols’s victory before a
properly instructed jury is by no means assured. But all of
these facts taken together are enough for a jury to conclude
that a reasonable officer in Johnson’s, Logan’s, and Wallace’s

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No. 22-3230 15
shoes “would have appreciated the risk that [their] actions en-
tailed,” and that the officers’ conduct was “objectively
[un]reasonable.” See Kemp v. Fulton County, 27 F.4th 491, 497
(7th Cir. 2022). The jury should have the opportunity to an-
swer the question.
The majority is persuaded that the attack’s timing and
method “seemed most unpredictable,” and concludes that the
officers had no reason to believe that Rexroat would strike
Echols “in the face with a concealed object.” Ante, at 11. But
that takes too narrow a view of the situation. Rexroat could
have harmed Echols without a concealed object. The record
shows that Rexroat was over 200 pounds—much larger than
Echols—and could have used his fists or his bodyweight. On
these facts, in addition to the ones above, a jury could find
that reasonable officers should have anticipated some kind of
attack and taken different protective measures. Because I be-
lieve Echols deserves the opportunity to present these facts to
a properly instructed jury, I respectfully dissent.

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