Rodney Clemons v. Wexford Health Sources, Inc .

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 23-1790
R ODNEY C LEMONS,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
WEXFORD HEALTH SOURCES, I NC ., et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 17-cv-00132 — Andrea R. Wood, Judge.
____________________
A RGUED M AY 21, 2024 — DECIDED J ULY 2, 2024
____________________
Before SCUDDER , ST. EVE, and K IRSCH , Circuit Judges.
ST. EVE, Circuit Judge. Rodney Clemons, an inmate at Stat-
eville Correctional Center, injured his right ankle years before
his incarceration. As a result, Clemons suffered pain in his
right ankle and foot for several years while incarcerated. He
brought this suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging Stateville’s
medical provider Wexford Health Sources, Inc. and two of its
physicians were deliberately indifferent to his serious foot
condition because they prioritized cost concerns above

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2 No. 23-1790
reasoned medical judgment. The district court granted sum-
mary judgment to the defendants, and we now affirm.
I. Background
A. Factual Background
Rodney Clemons has been incarcerated at Illinois’s Stat-
eville Correctional Center (“Stateville”) since 2005. Wexford
Health Sources, Inc. (“Wexford”) provides health care at Stat-
eville on a contractual basis.
Years before his incarceration, Clemons injured his right
ankle, requiring surgery to install a steel plate and six screws.
While incarcerated at Stateville, Clemons reported pain in his
right foot and ankle. When medical professionals examined
the extremity, they noted a range of problems, including a flat,
deformed foot, overlapping toes, bunions, and skin macera-
tion. Over time, these problems worsened—ultimately requir-
ing corrective surgery.
By way of quick summary: Dr. Saleh Obaisi, Wexford’s
medical director at Stateville from 2012 until his death in 2017,
began treating Clemons in 2012. Continuing the course of
treatment ordered by prior medical professionals, Dr. Obaisi
frequently ordered Clemons special wide-width shoes. He
also prescribed Clemons pain medications and issued him
permits for a low bunk, medical shoes, and an ankle brace.
Up until 2015, Wexford approved the shoe orders. But in
September 2015, Wexford denied one such order. In lieu of the
shoes, Wexford instructed Clemons to use gel insoles with
commissary shoes, despite those shoes’ past failure to allevi-
ate his pain. Clemons complained to Dr. Obaisi that the in-
soles were ineffective, but Dr. Obaisi did not appeal the de-
nial. Instead, he prescribed Clemons different pain

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No. 23-1790 3
medication and, later, an ankle sleeve. In June 2016, Dr. Obaisi
again ordered Clemons wide-width shoes. Wexford (again)
denied the order. And Dr. Obaisi (again) did not appeal.
In a sworn affidavit submitted in response to the defend-
ants’ motion for summary judgment, Clemons averred that
Dr. Obaisi informed him that cost concerns were to blame for
Wexford’s denial of the shoe orders. He further attested that,
during multiple appointments, he requested a podiatrist re-
ferral. Dr. Obaisi allegedly “agreed that [Clemons] needed to
see a podiatrist for [his] condition, but [Dr. Obaisi] explained
to [Clemons] that he could not send [Clemons] to see a spe-
cialist at that time because he was at or approaching his limit
for referrals to outside specialists.” Clemons declared:
Dr. Obaisi told me that there was a limit to the number
of prisoners who could be sent out of the prison to see
specialists in a certain period of time; and that if he
were to send me, it would cost additional money. He
told me that if I came back to him in a few months, the
referral period would reset, and he would request that
I be sent out to see a podiatrist.
Each time Clemons returned, Dr. Obaisi allegedly refused to
make a referral, citing the same reason. This pattern repeated
well into 2017.
Notably, Dr. Obaisi’s 2014–2015 performance review from
Wexford indicated that he “did not meet expectations” as to
“cost effectiveness,” even though he rated himself as having
“far exceeded” expectations. It stated Obaisi “fell short with
financial obligations in the area of offsite care and pharmacy,”
in which he was “drastically over budget.” His performance
review the following year reached a similar conclusion.

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4 No. 23-1790
Dr. Obaisi finally referred Clemons to a podiatrist in
March 2017 after x-rays of Clemons’s foot showed its condi-
tion deteriorating. Clemons saw the podiatrist in November
of that year. The podiatrist recommended an ankle sleeve, a
“gym-shoe type orthopedic,” and custom accommodative or-
thopedic shoe inserts to treat Clemons’s condition. Following
these recommendations, Dr. Obaisi ordered the shoe inserts
and a follow-up appointment.
After Dr. Obaisi passed away in December 2017, Clemons
continued receiving treatment from other Wexford medical
professionals. In the course of this treatment, Clemons yet
again faced repeated denials of requests for wide-width shoes
and follow-up appointments with the podiatrist.
In November 2018, Dr. Marlene Henze—Dr. Obaisi’s suc-
cessor—began treating Clemons. Dr. Henze also repeatedly
ordered wide-width shoes and podiatry follow-ups, and also
met Wexford’s denials. Dr. Henze appealed one denial in
March 2019, and a few months later Wexford approved the
podiatry follow-up, custom shoes, and custom inserts.
Clemons ultimately needed corrective surgery, which he
received in January 2020.
B. Procedural Background
Clemons brought this action against Dr. Obaisi’s estate;
Dr. Arthur Funk, Wexford’s Regional Medical Director; and
Wexford (collectively, the “defendants”), alleging that their
deliberate indifference to his serious medical needs violated
the Eighth Amendment. After discovery, the defendants
moved for summary judgment, and the district court granted
the motion as to all defendants.

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No. 23-1790 5
As to Dr. Obaisi, the district court concluded that, despite
his statement that the referral limit prevented him from refer-
ring Clemons to a podiatrist, the treatment plan he ultimately
adopted was reasonable. It also found that Dr. Obaisi’s failure
to appeal Wexford’s shoe-order denials did not establish de-
liberate indifference. As to Wexford, the court concluded that
without any evidence of a widespread pattern of indifference,
a jury could not infer deliberate indifference rising to the level
of a constitutional violation.
Clemons appeals.
II. Analysis
Clemons argues the district court erred in granting sum-
mary judgment to Dr. Obaisi and Wexford.* We review the
district court’s decision de novo, construing all facts and
drawing all reasonable inferences in Clemons’s favor. Prude v.
Meli, 76 F.4th 648, 656 (7th Cir. 2023). We will affirm summary
judgment if there is no genuine dispute of material fact and
“the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Jack-
son v. Indian Prairie Sch. Dist. 204, 653 F.3d 647, 654 (7th Cir.
2011).
A. Sham Affidavit
Before turning to the merits of Clemons’s arguments, we
consider the defendants’ contention that we should disregard
Clemons’s affidavit as a “sham affidavit.”
The sham-affidavit rule “prohibits a party from submit-
ting an affidavit that contradicts the party’s prior deposition
* Clemons does not appeal the district court’s decision to grant sum-
mary judgment to Dr. Funk.

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6 No. 23-1790
or other sworn testimony.” Kelley v. Stevanovich, 40 F.4th 779,
787 (7th Cir. 2022) (quoting Perez v. Staples Cont. & Com. LLC,
31 F.4th 560, 569 (7th Cir. 2022)). “The rule ‘is designed to
avoid sham factual issues and prevent parties from taking
back concessions that later prove ill-advised.’” United States v.
Funds in the Amount of $271,080, 816 F.3d 903, 907 (7th Cir.
2016) (quoting McCann v. Iroquois Mem’l Hosp., 622 F.3d 745,
750–51 (7th Cir. 2010)). In other words, the rule reflects the
principle that “a genuine issue of material fact cannot be con-
jured out of nothing.” James v. Hale, 959 F.3d 307, 316 (7th Cir.
2020). We review the district court’s evidentiary ruling on the
affidavit’s admissibility for abuse of discretion. Id. at 314.
As we have warned, the sham-affidavit rule “must be ap-
plied with great care … because summary judgment is not a
tool for deciding questions of credibility.” Castro v. DeVry
Univ., Inc., 786 F.3d 559, 571 (7th Cir. 2015). Accordingly, “an
affidavit can be excluded as a sham only where the witness
has given ‘clear answers to unambiguous questions which ne-
gate the existence of any genuine issue of material fact.’” Id. at
572 (quoting Bank of Ill. v. Allied Signal Safety Restraint Sys., 75
F.3d 1162, 1170 (7th Cir. 1996)).
Defendants argue Clemons’s affidavit—submitted only af-
ter they filed their motion for summary judgment—created
for the first time a dispute of fact as to the core issue of this
case: whether Dr. Obaisi was deliberately indifferent for ad-
justing his plan of treatment purely for cost reasons and con-
trary to his reasoned medical opinion.
We see no abuse of discretion in the district court’s deci-
sion to consider the affidavit. It found Clemons’s affidavit did
not conjure up an otherwise nonexistent dispute of fact or
contradict his deposition testimony; rather, it simply built

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No. 23-1790 7
upon facts already in the record—without contradicting or
undoing the effects of those allegations. The sham-affidavit
rule is simply inapplicable where the affidavit amplifies, ra-
ther than contradicts, evidence already in the record. See Cook
v. O'Neill, 803 F.3d 296, 298 (7th Cir. 2015). Although
Clemons’s affidavit is questionable, the district court did not
abuse its discretion in finding that the allegations simply elab-
orated on his prior factual allegations.
B. Dr. Obaisi
On the merits, we start with Clemons’s claims against Dr.
Obaisi’s estate. “The Eighth Amendment’s ban on ‘cruel and
unusual punishments’ obligates prison officials to provide
medical care to prisoners in their custody.” Dean v. Wexford
Health Sources, Inc., 18 F.4th 214, 234 (7th Cir. 2021). Accord-
ingly, a prison official’s “[d]eliberate indifference to serious
medical needs of prisoners” violates the Eighth Amendment.
Whiting v. Wexford Health Sources, Inc., 839 F.3d 658, 661–62
(7th Cir. 2016). To evaluate such a claim in the prison medical
context, “we perform a two-step analysis, first examining
whether a plaintiff suffered from an objectively serious medi-
cal condition, and then determining whether the individual
defendant was deliberately indifferent to that condition.” Pet-
ties v. Carter, 836 F.3d 722, 727–28 (7th Cir. 2016).
The first step—whether Clemons suffered from an objec-
tively serious medical condition—is not in dispute. This
leaves only the second step: whether Dr. Obaisi was deliber-
ately indifferent. To show deliberate indifference, Clemons
must show that Dr. Obaisi knew of and “consciously disre-
garded a serious risk to his health.” Dean, 18 F.4th at 241 (cit-
ing Petties, 836 F.3d at 728). We look to Dr. Obaisi’s “subjective

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8 No. 23-1790
state of mind” to assess whether Clemons made such a show-
ing. Petties, 836 F.3d at 728.
Where, as here, “a prison medical professional is accused
of providing inadequate treatment (in contrast to no treatment),
evaluating the subjective state-of-mind element can be diffi-
cult.” Whiting, 839 F.3d at 662. “[W]here the evidence shows
that a decision was based on medical judgment, a jury may
not find deliberate indifference, even if other professionals
would have handled the situation differently.” Dean, 18 F.4th
at 241. Evidence of medical negligence, a mistake in profes-
sional judgment, or even objective recklessness is not enough.
See id.; Whiting, 839 F.3d at 662. But “where evidence exists
that the defendants knew better than to make the medical de-
cisions that they did, a jury should decide whether or not the
defendants were actually ignorant to [the] risk of the harm
that they caused.” Petties, 836 F.3d at 730–31. Such evidence
may include “the obviousness of the risk from a particular
course of medical treatment; the defendant’s persistence in a
course of treatment known to be ineffective; or proof that the
defendant’s treatment decision departed so radically from ac-
cepted professional judgment, practice, or standards.” Whit-
ing, 839 F.3d at 663 (citations and quotations omitted).
Clemons posits two ways in which Dr. Obaisi was delib-
erately indifferent to his medical needs: (1) acknowledging
Clemons’s medical need to see a podiatrist but delaying the
podiatrist referral for cost-saving reasons, and (2) failing to
appeal Wexford’s denial of the wide-width shoe orders. We
consider each in turn.

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No. 23-1790 9
1. Delaying Podiatrist Referral
“A prison physician is not required to authorize a visit to
a specialist in order to render constitutionally acceptable
medical care.” Pyles v. Fahim, 771 F.3d 403, 411 (7th Cir. 2014).
“Like other medical decisions, the choice whether to refer a
prisoner to a specialist involves the exercise of medical discre-
tion, and so refusal to refer supports a claim of deliberate in-
difference only if that choice is blatantly inappropriate.” Id.
(citations and quotations omitted). Nevertheless, where “the
need for specialized expertise either was known by the treat-
ing physicians or would have been obvious to a lay person,
then the ‘obdurate refusal’ to engage specialists” may raise an
inference as to whether the medical provider was deliberately
indifferent to the inmate’s condition. Id. at 412 (quoting Greeno
v. Daley, 414 F.3d 645, 654 (7th Cir. 2005)).
To support his deliberate indifference theory, Clemons re-
lies almost exclusively on Dr. Obaisi’s alleged statement that
Clemons “needed to see a specialist” for his condition, but
that he could not refer Clemons at that time because he was
“at or approaching his limit for referrals.” Clemons argues
this statement evinces both Dr. Obaisi’s subjective medical
judgment that Clemons needed specialist care and his delib-
erate indifference in prioritizing cost over that care.
Dr. Obaisi’s other alleged statements to Clemons show
that he was not “obdurate” in refusing to send Clemons to a
podiatrist and refute any issue of fact on this issue. Id. Even
Clemons claims that Dr. Obaisi told him that if he “came back
to him in a few months, the referral period would reset,” and
Dr. Obaisi would then request a referral. In the meantime, Dr.
Obaisi continued to reasonably treat Clemons, including or-
dering the wide-width shoes that Clemons stated “were

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10 No. 23-1790
perfect” for managing his pain. This approach was not “bla-
tantly inappropriate.” Id. at 411.
Nor can we say the delay in referring Clemons to a podia-
trist was deliberately indifferent. Where a physician delays
“in referring an inmate to a specialist in the face of a known
need for specialist treatment,” that delay may reflect deliber-
ate indifference. Thomas v. Martija, 991 F.3d 763, 769 (7th Cir.
2021). But delay alone “is not enough.” Id. “Whether delay
rises to the level of deliberate indifference depends on how
serious the condition is and the ease of treatment.” Reck v.
Wexford Health Sources, Inc., 27 F.4th 473, 483 (7th Cir. 2022).
“[E]vidence that the defendant responded reasonably to the
risk, even if he was ultimately unsuccessful in preventing the
harm, negates an assertion of deliberate indifference.” Id.
(quoting Rasho v. Jeffreys, 22 F.4th 703, 710 (7th Cir. 2022)).
Here, the record reveals Dr. Obaisi responded reasonably
in treating Clemons’s foot condition—even with the delay.
Dr. Obaisi continued providing Clemons with other treat-
ments during the delay period, including wide-width shoes,
a low bunk, an ankle brace, and different pain medications.
And after x-rays showed Clemons’s condition worsening, Dr.
Obaisi referred him to a podiatrist in short order. The podia-
trist thereafter recommended almost identical treatment—al-
beit with the addition of custom orthotics—to that ordered by
Dr. Obaisi. Given this near-perfect symmetry, no reasonable
jury could find Dr. Obaisi’s treatment decisions so unaccepta-
ble that “no minimally competent professional would have so
responded under those circumstances.” Jackson v. Kotter, 541
F.3d 688, 698 (7th Cir. 2008) (cleaned up).
That Dr. Obaisi gave a cost-saving rationale for delaying
the referral does not transform his exercise of reasonable

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No. 23-1790 11
medical judgment into deliberate indifference. As we have re-
peatedly recognized, “administrative convenience and cost
may be, in appropriate circumstances, permissible factors for
correctional systems to consider in making treatment deci-
sions,” provided they do not consider these factors “to the ex-
clusion of reasonable medical judgment about inmate health.”
Roe v. Elyea, 631 F.3d 843, 863 (7th Cir. 2011) (emphasis omit-
ted); see also Petties, 836 F.3d at 730; Johnson v. Doughty, 433
F.3d 1001, 1013 (7th Cir. 2006).
Here, no evidence supports the notion that Dr. Obaisi left
his medical judgment by the wayside in treating Clemons’s
condition. We thus conclude no reasonable jury could find Dr.
Obaisi deliberately indifferent to Clemons’s medical need to
see a podiatrist.
2. Failure to Appeal Wexford’s Denials
We can dispose of Clemons’s next argument—that Dr.
Obaisi was deliberately indifferent for failing to appeal Wex-
ford’s shoe-order denials—in short order. Clemons points to
no decision finding a prison doctor deliberately indifferent for
failing to appeal such administrative denials. We decline to
reach such a novel conclusion on these facts.
This case is distinguishable from the line of cases recog-
nizing that a medical professional’s persistence in a course of
treatment known to be ineffective can establish deliberate in-
difference. See, e.g., Goodloe v. Sood, 947 F.3d 1026, 1031 (7th
Cir. 2020). Unlike those cases, the evidence here shows the
treatments Dr. Obaisi ordered—wide-width shoes, an ankle
brace, and more—were effectively managing Clemons’s pain.
That Wexford at times denied the wide-width shoes does not

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12 No. 23-1790
render Dr. Obaisi’s persistence in ordering this effective
course of treatment deliberately indifferent.
Indeed, we rejected a similar argument in Dean, 18 F.4th at
243–44. There, an inmate argued a prison doctor was deliber-
ately indifferent for failing to “follow up” on a recommended
course of treatment when the prison staff tasked with imple-
menting that recommendation disregarded it. Id. Clemons’s
argument here likewise “rests on the [faulty] assumption that,
if [Dr. Obaisi] had followed up more [by appealing Wexford’s
denial],” Clemons would have received the wider shoes. Id.
As in Dean, “[n]o evidence supports the inference that Dr.
[Obaisi] could have changed the course of [Clemons’s] treat-
ment if [he] had been more persistent.” Id. at 244.
True, after Dr. Obaisi’s passing, Dr. Henze successfully
appealed Wexford’s denial of yet another shoe order. But that
success years later does not mean failure to appeal at an ear-
lier time rose to the level of deliberate indifference. Absent al-
legations that Dr. Obaisi was aware that appealing the denials
would be effective, or that he had some control over the ap-
proval process, we cannot say Dr. Obaisi was deliberately in-
different for persistently reordering the shoes and allowing
the prison’s administrative process to run its course. Cf. Arnett
v. Webster, 658 F.3d 742, 756 (7th Cir. 2011) (finding no evi-
dence of deliberate indifference where the nonmedical prison
staff member neither “condoned or approved the medical
staff’s alleged refusal to provide [the plaintiff] medical care …
[n]or was in a position to take corrective action”).
The district court properly granted summary judgment to
Dr. Obaisi’s estate.

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No. 23-1790 13
C. Wexford
Finally, we turn to Clemons’s § 1983 claim against Wex-
ford. A plaintiff may sue a municipality under § 1983 for con-
stitutional violations. Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S.
658, 690 (1978). “Monell governs Wexford’s liability in this
case because we, like our sister circuits, treat private corpora-
tions acting under color of state law as municipalities.” Dean,
18 F.4th at 235 (citing Iskander v. Village of Forest Park, 690 F.2d
126, 128 (7th Cir. 1982)).
“[A] Monell plaintiff must show that some municipal ac-
tion directly caused him to suffer a deprivation of a federal
right, and that the municipality took the action with conscious
disregard for the known or obvious risk of the deprivation.”
Id. at 236. Municipal action can take the form of: “(1) an ex-
press policy that causes a constitutional deprivation when en-
forced; (2) a widespread practice that is so permanent and
well-settled that it constitutes a custom or practice; or (3) an
allegation that the constitutional injury was caused by a per-
son with final policymaking authority.” Spiegel v. McClintic,
916 F.3d 611, 617 (7th Cir. 2019).
Because Clemons cannot succeed on his claims against Dr.
Obaisi or Dr. Funk, he must show that the “institutional poli-
cies are themselves deliberately indifferent to the quality of
care provided.” Quinn v. Wexford Health Sources, Inc., 8 F.4th
557, 568 (7th Cir. 2021) (quoting Glisson v. Ind. Dep’t of Corrs.,
849 F.3d 372, 379 (7th Cir. 2017)). To that end, Clemons takes
aim at Wexford’s alleged unwritten, express policy of limiting
referrals to trim costs.
Even assuming Clemons has raised a genuine issue of ma-
terial fact as to this unwritten policy’s existence, Clemons

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14 No. 23-1790
must show either that the policy is “facially unconstitutional”
or that “it was obvious [that the policy] would lead to consti-
tutional violations and … [Wexford] consciously disregarded
those consequences.” Dean, 18 F.4th at 235 (quoting First Mid-
west Bank ex rel. LaPorta v. City of Chicago, 988 F.3d 978, 987 (7th
Cir. 2021)). He shows neither.
Clemons does not challenge the policy as facially uncon-
stitutional. Nor could he. As we have said, “in the prison set-
ting with limited resources,” Petties, 836 F.3d at 730, adminis-
trative convenience and cost—when considered in tandem
with reasonable medical judgment—are appropriate inputs in
making treatment decisions, Roe, 631 F.3d at 863. The alleged
policy here merely places an advisory limit on referrals. That
nonmandatory policy could well work in tandem with medi-
cal judgment, encouraging doctors to prioritize referrals for
those who urgently need them over referrals for less needy
patients.
Clemons nevertheless contends that the policy violates the
Eighth Amendment when enforced—specifically, when en-
forced against him. Yet we require “considerably more proof
than [a] single incident” to establish the requisite fault of a
municipality and the causal connection between the policy
and the constitutional deprivation. Dean, 18 F.4th at 236 (em-
phasis omitted) (quoting City of Okla. City v. Tuttle, 471 U.S.
808, 824 (1985) (plurality)). As such, a Monell plaintiff must
show a pattern of prior violations to “creat[e] an inference that
municipal officials were aware of and condoned the miscon-
duct of their employees.” Id. at 237 (quoting Calderone v. City
of Chicago, 979 F.3d 1156, 1164 (7th Cir. 2020)). As the district
court observed, Clemons fails to identify any instances—

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No. 23-1790 15
apart from his own—where prison officials have applied the
policy.
Nor is this one of the “rare cases” in which “the risk of
unconstitutional consequences” from the policy is “so pa-
tently obvious that [Wexford] could be liable under § 1983
without proof of a pre-existing pattern of violations.” Id. at
236 (cleaned up). Nothing suggests the policy prevents medi-
cal professionals from exercising reasonable medical judg-
ment and addressing patients’ serious medical needs as they
arise.
Clemons fails to show the pattern of violations our
caselaw requires. Thus, the district court properly granted
Wexford summary judgment.
* * *
The judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED.

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