United States of America v. Kamala D. McC Ombs

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 22-2829
U NITED STATES OF A MERICA ,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
KAMALA D. MCC OMBS ,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Southern District of Illinois.
No. 3:20-cr-30158 — David W. Dugan, Judge.
____________________
A RGUED MAY 25, 2023 — D ECIDED FEBRUARY 19, 2025
____________________
Before EASTERBROOK , R OVNER , and LEE , Circuit Judges.
LEE , Circuit Judge. Kamala McCombs pleaded guilty to two
counts of drug trafficking for her role in a conspiracy to
transport large amounts of methamphetamine from Arizona
to Illinois. The district court sentenced her to concurrent terms
of 121 months of imprisonment and 60 months of supervised
release. McCombs appeals, arguing that she was entitled to a
mitigating role reduction under the United States Sentencing
Guidelines Manual (“U.S.S.G.”) § 3B1.2, in part because one

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2 No. 22-2829
of her co-conspirators received this reduction. Because the
district court’s conclusions were not clearly erroneous, we af-
firm.
I. Background
A. The Conspiracy
Meredith Forson led a conspiracy to distribute metham-
phetamine in Illinois from approximately December 2018
through July 2020. She obtained the illicit drugs from a sup-
plier in Arizona and had the drugs delivered or shipped into
Illinois. To do this, Forson relied on several different individ-
uals to smuggle methamphetamine across state lines.
One of these individuals was Jacquelynn Eng. Forson paid
Eng to travel by train to Arizona, purchase the drugs, and
transport them to Illinois. Forson also paid for a driver and a
hotel room for Eng in Arizona. Eng, in turn, asked Ashley
Heninger to join her on the trip and purchased Heninger’s
ticket. On November 4, 2019, federal agents stopped Eng and
Heninger at a train station in Arizona. A drug-sniffing police
canine flagged Eng and Heninger’s luggage, and the agents
found four packages of methamphetamine weighing about
5.8 pounds.
In May 2020, Forson contacted McCombs, and McCombs
agreed to accept a package of mailed methamphetamine on
her behalf. Once McCombs received the package, she con-
veyed it to a third person who delivered it to Forson.
The following month, McCombs traveled to Arizona with
Forson. On July 18, 2020, McCombs boarded an Amtrak train
in Arizona headed for Illinois. But like Eng and Heninger, she
was stopped by federal agents, and they discovered in
McCombs’s luggage 5.7 pounds of methamphetamine in

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No. 22-2829 3
vacuum–sealed bags concealed inside of newly purchased
pillows and outdoor candles.
B. Procedural History
On October 21, 2020, the government indicted Forson,
McCombs, Eng, and Heninger for conspiracy to distribute
over 500 grams of methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§ 846. Each woman was also charged with possession with in-
tent to distribute 500 grams or more of methamphetamine, in
violation of § 841(a)(1).
Each defendant’s case proceeded separately. Forson
pleaded guilty on April 7, 2021. McCombs pleaded guilty on
October 5, 2021, and stipulated to the conduct recounted
above.
In anticipation of sentencing, the probation office pre-
pared McCombs’s presentence investigation report. The re-
port calculated her total offense level as 33 and her guidelines
range as 151 to 188 months of imprisonment. McCombs’s con-
victions also carried a mandatory minimum term of impris-
onment of ten years. But McCombs qualified for the safety
valve provision of the First Step Act, see 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f),
which allowed the district court to sentence her without re-
gard to the mandatory minimum. Given this, the probation
office also recommended that the district court consider a
two-level downward variance to avoid any unwarranted sen-
tencing disparities among the defendants. See id. § 3553(a)(6).
With this variance, McCombs’s guidelines range was 121 to
151 months of imprisonment.
McCombs’s only objection to the report was against the
probation office’s determination that she was not entitled to a
“mitigating role” reduction under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2. Under

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4 No. 22-2829
that provision, a defendant is entitled to a four-level decrease
if she was a “minimal participant” in the criminal activity; a
two-level decrease if she was a “minor participant”; and a
three-level decrease if she fell somewhere in between those
roles. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2. To determine whether this reduction
applies, a court considers whether the defendant is “substan-
tially less culpable than the average participant in the criminal
activity,” id. cmt. n.3(A), taking into account five “non-ex-
haustive” factors to guide this inquiry.1 Id. cmt. n.3(C).
McCombs was sentenced on October 4, 2022. At the sen-
tencing hearing, the district court overruled McCombs’s ob-
jection and found that she was not entitled to any mitigating
role reduction. The court first explained that it had “taken a
look” at the five non-exhaustive factors listed in the guide-
lines commentary and announced the proper “standard,”
which is “compar[ing] the defendant’s conduct to the conduct
of the average participants in the conspiracy.” The district
court rejected a comparison to Forson, who was the “ring-
leader” of the conspiracy. But, the court found, McCombs was
not the “least culpable” nor “less culpable” than the other
members of the conspiracy (namely, Eng and Heninger).
1 These factors are: (i) the degree to which the defendant understood
the scope and structure of the criminal activity; (ii) the degree to which
the defendant participated in planning or organizing the criminal activity;
(iii) the degree to which the defendant exercised decision-making author-
ity or influenced the exercise of decision-making authority; (iv) the nature
and extent of the defendant’s participation in the commission of the crim-
inal activity, including the acts the defendant performed and the respon-
sibility and discretion the defendant had in performing those acts; (v) the
degree to which the defendant stood to benefit from the criminal activity.
U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 cmt. n.3(C).

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No. 22-2829 5
The district court explained that the text messages be-
tween McCombs and Forson suggested that McCombs “was
more than just a courier … that picks up and delivers.” Addi-
tionally, the court noted, McCombs had to “hide the product”
and “blend in with legitimate travelers,” which suggested
“more than a negligible role.” The district court then elected
to apply the two-level variance the probation office had rec-
ommended and sentenced McCombs to the low end of the
guidelines range: 121 months of imprisonment and 60 months
of supervised release for each of the two counts, to be served
concurrently.
About a month before McCombs’s sentencing, Heninger
also pleaded guilty. As part of her plea agreement, Heninger
and the government agreed that she was entitled to a four-
level reduction for being a “minimal participant” under
U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2(a), as well as an additional two-level decrease
under § 2D1.1(b)(17) due to her particularly small role in the
offense. Heninger was eventually sentenced to 60 months of
imprisonment and 60 months of supervised release for each
count, to be served concurrently.
While this appeal was pending, Eng pleaded guilty on
April 13, 2023. She was sentenced on September 14, 2023, to
158 months of imprisonment and 36 months of supervised re-
lease for each of the two counts, to be served concurrently.
II. Analysis
On appeal, McCombs argues that the district court erred
in not giving her the benefit of a mitigating role reduction un-
der U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, even though it awarded a four-level re-
duction to Heninger. McCombs also contends that this error
resulted in an unwarranted sentencing disparity in this case,

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6 No. 22-2829
thereby rendering the sentence substantively unreasonable.
Neither argument has merit.
A. Mitigating Role Reduction
Recognizing that her involvement exceeded Heninger’s,
McCombs contends on appeal that the court should have
granted her either a two-level reduction as a minor partici-
pant or a three-level reduction as someone whose participa-
tion falls between minor and minimal. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2. Either
way, McCombs bears the burden of showing by a preponder-
ance of the evidence that she was entitled to one of these re-
ductions. United States v. Sanchez, 989 F.3d 523, 544–45 (7th
Cir. 2021). To do so, McCombs must demonstrate that she was
“substantially less culpable than the average participant.”
United States v. Orlando, 819 F.3d 1016, 1025 (7th Cir. 2016)
(quoting U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, cmt. n.3(A)).
When considering this question, the district court must
“compare the defendant’s role to that of an average member
of the conspiracy, not with that of the leaders.” Id. It should
also consider the “non-exhaustive list of factors” from the
guidelines commentary, which includes the defendant’s role
in the conspiracy, knowledge of the conspiracy, participation
in decision-making, relationship with other participants, and
financial gain. United States v. Turnipseed, 47 F.4th 608, 616 (7th
Cir. 2022) (citing U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 cmt. n.3(C)).
The application of § 3B1.2 is “fact specific, based on the
district court’s evaluation of [the defendant’s] role in context
of the other participants in the scheme.” Sanchez, 989 F.3d at
545 (quoting United States v. Guzman-Ramirez, 949 F.3d 1034,
1037 (7th Cir. 2020)) (cleaned up). We therefore “rarely” re-
verse a district court’s § 3B1.2 decision, “as the sentencing

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No. 22-2829 7
court is in the best position to determine the role that a de-
fendant had in the criminal activity.” United States v. Sandoval-
Velazco, 736 F.3d 1104, 1107 (7th Cir. 2013). We reverse only if
the district court failed to make the requisite factual findings
to support its decision, or if those factual findings are clearly
erroneous. See Turnipseed, 47 F.4th at 615.
Here, in determining the involvement of the average co-
conspirator, the district court correctly rejected a comparison
of McCombs to Forson and looked to Eng and Heninger.
Upon doing so, it concluded that McCombs’s involvement in
the scheme was not “substantially less” than theirs. While
McCombs attempted only one trip from Arizona to Illinois to
transport drugs for Forson, she also agreed to receive meth-
amphetamine by mail in Illinois for Forson. Thus, her actions
to facilitate the conspiracy exceeded those of Eng and
Heninger.
McCombs poses numerous objections to the district
court’s conclusion. First, she quibbles with the district court’s
evaluation of each of the five factors from the guidelines com-
mentary. But we will not overturn the district court’s conclu-
sion unless, after reviewing the entire record, “we are left with
‘a firm and definite conviction that a mistake has been made.’”
Turnipseed, 47 F.4th at 615 (quoting United States v. Hernandez,
37 F.4th 1316, 1320 (7th Cir. 2022)). For the reasons already
discussed, this case does not meet this highly deferential
standard.
McCombs also takes issue with the district court’s charac-
terization of how typical drug couriers act. As the court saw
it, McCombs was “more than just a courier” because (among

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8 No. 22-2829
other things) she “hid[] the product.”2 McCombs asserts that,
because all couriers hide drugs, this finding would preclude
any courier from receiving the mitigating role adjustment. But
this misapprehends the law. As we have explained, drug cou-
riers are neither automatically entitled to, nor precluded from,
a mitigating role reduction. See Sanchez, 989 F.3d at 544 (“Not
every courier is a minor participant, and not every minor par-
ticipant is a courier.”); U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 cmt. n.3(A) (noting
that a defendant whose participation in a drug trafficking of-
fense “was limited to transporting or storing drugs … may re-
ceive an adjustment under this guideline” (emphasis added)).
This is ultimately a fact-intensive inquiry, and the court’s ob-
servation that McCombs was more than just a courier is sup-
ported by McCombs’s other actions taking delivery of drugs
in Illinois and conveying them to a third party for delivery to
Forson. Thus, the district court’s denial of her request for a
reduction based on her role in the offense was not clearly er-
roneous.
B. Sentencing Disparity
McCombs argues that by sentencing her to a custodial sen-
tence of 121 months while sentencing Heninger to 60 months,
the district court created an unwarranted sentencing
2 In a footnote in her opening brief, McCombs briefly contends that
she did not hide the drugs. According to her, there is no evidence that she
was responsible for packing the drugs into vacuum–sealed packets, which
is how the federal agents found the methamphetamine in her luggage. Not
only is this assertion waived, see United States v. White, 879 F.2d 1509, 1513
(7th Cir. 1989) (an issue is waived if it is only mentioned in “passing refer-
ence in a footnote”), but McCombs also offered no evidence at sentencing
to suggest that someone else had hidden the drugs. See Sanchez, 989 F.3d
at 544–45 (defendant bears the burden of establishing the reduction).

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No. 22-2829 9
disparity, thereby making the sentence substantively unrea-
sonable. See, e.g., United States v. Torres, 81 F.3d 900, 904 (9th
Cir. 1996) (“While it is true that disparity may exist in sentenc-
ing co-conspirators, that disparity cannot be justified where
the factual findings are inconsistent on the same record.”). We
review challenges to sentencing disparities for an abuse of
discretion. United States v. Solomon, 892 F.3d 273, 278 (7th Cir.
2018).
According to McCombs, the district court indicated that
she, Eng, and Heninger were all more than minor participants
by stating: “I feel comfortable with the notion that Ms.
McCombs was more than just a minor participant as well.”3
(emphasis added). This, to McCombs, suggests that the dis-
trict court thought that, like her, Eng and Heninger were more
than minor participants, which is contrary to its subsequent
findings.
This is a strained interpretation of the record. Nowhere
did the district court make an affirmative finding that
Heninger was more than a minor participant; the only affirm-
ative finding was that McCombs was not substantially less
culpable than Heninger or Eng. Moreover, the district court’s
subsequent conclusion that Heninger (but not McCombs) was
3 In her reply brief, McCombs also takes issue with the district court’s
passing remark that there was “scant” information about the other co-con-
spirators. According to McCombs, this means that the district court ig-
nored available information about Heninger (namely, the stipulated facts
that were filed as part of Heninger’s plea agreement). This belated argu-
ment is not only waived, see White v. United States, 8 F.4th 547, 552 (7th Cir.
2021), but it is also speculation at best.

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10 No. 22-2829
entitled to a mitigating role reduction was amply supported
by the record: Heninger was brought into the conspiracy by
Eng (not Forson) and only agreed to Eng’s single request to
accompany her on the cross-country trip. This contrasts with
McCombs’s more involved participation in the conspiracy.
On this record, the district court did not commit clear error.
III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the sentence.

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