Vonzell Scott, S R . v. Wendy ’ Sproperties , LLC

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 24-1886
VONZELL S COTT, S R .,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
WENDY ’ S PROPERTIES , LLC,
Defendant-Appellee.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 1:20-cv-06829 — Manish S. Shah, Judge.
____________________
A RGUED NOVEMBER 6, 2024 — M ARCH 25, 2025
____________________
Before BRENNAN , K OLAR , and M ALDONADO, Circuit Judges.
K OLAR , Circuit Judge. Vonzell Scott fell victim to a horren-
dous shooting while waiting in his car at a Wendy’s drive-
thru line. He then sued the fast-food chain, claiming its negli-
gence in failing to provide overnight security guards caused
his injury. The district court granted summary judgment for
Wendy’s. Our sympathies may lie with Mr. Scott, but because
this extreme, isolated, and unprovoked display of violence
was not reasonably foreseeable, we affirm.

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2 No. 24-1886
I. Background
At around 3:00 am on December 31, 2018, Vonzell Scott
went to a Wendy’s located at 242 West Garfield Boulevard in
Chicago. Scott entered the drive-thru, which remained open
until 4:00 am (the restaurant closed its indoor dining room at
10:00 pm). Despite the late hour, the drive-thru was crowded.
Scott reported having a brief altercation with another driver
who attempted to cut him off; that interaction ended rapidly
and peacefully. Scott ordered his food and waited.
At 3:12 am, a white SUV slowly drove through the back of
the Wendy’s parking lot. The SUV then turned onto a side-
street. Scott, still waiting for his food, was positioned between
cars in front of and behind him. Around one minute later, two
individuals armed with pistols entered the parking lot from
the sidestreet. They ran up to Scott’s car, surrounded his ve-
hicle, and opened fire. They shot repeatedly over the course
of five seconds. Then, they fled. The entire incident, from the
shooters entering the parking lot to leaving, lasted around 20
seconds. Although Scott was seriously injured, he survived
the shooting.
The Wendy’s location at issue is one of 305 restaurants that
Wendy’s owns, rather than franchises. For company-owned
restaurants, Wendy’s assesses the needs and risks of each res-
taurant, classifies its risk level, and generates a security plan.
Nationwide, less than 5 percent of Wendy’s-owned restau-
rants employ any security personnel, and less than 2 percent
have armed guards. The 242 West Garfield location is part of
that 2 percent.
In August 2018, four months before the shooting, the West
Garfield Wendy’s switched its security provider in part

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No. 24-1886 3
because its previous contractor was not consistently provid-
ing armed guards. At first, the restaurant had the new pro-
vider, Metro One, staff an armed guard from 12:30 pm until
10:00 pm. It expanded Metro One’s duty time to the entire pe-
riod the dining room was open because “vagrants” were com-
ing into the restaurant in the morning. Security guards never
worked until the 4:00 am close.
Nonjae Thompson was a Wendy’s employee beginning in
April 2018. At her deposition, she testified that this Wendy’s
was in a dangerous neighborhood, and that prior to Scott’s
assault she witnessed shootings and carjackings from the
drive-thru window while working the overnight shift. These
took place across the street at a gas station, never on Wendy’s
property. Wendy’s trained its employees to wear headsets
whenever they left the building, for tasks like taking out the
trash, so they could communicate if they were attacked. Based
on what she had seen, Thompson believed Wendy’s should
have kept security guards on the premises during the over-
night shift. She did not keep this to herself; she told her man-
ager that she and other employees thought Wendy’s needed
to keep security guards overnight to protect employees.
Scott also submitted that the Chicago Office of Emergency
Management (OEM) had recorded 29 calls for service at the
Wendy’s between June 16, 2016 and December 5, 2018. Scott’s
expert, Ronald Hauri, reviewed the documents and opined
that the calls were related to guns, disturbances, batteries and
EMS requests. None of the calls involved shootings.
Hauri and Wendy’s internal Security Manager, Rocco
Prate, both testified that the presence of security guards is a
deterrent for ongoing criminal activity. Prate also testified
that the guards’ duties were to patrol both the inside and

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4 No. 24-1886
outside of the restaurant and take direction from the manag-
ers about where they should monitor and patrol.
In his lawsuit for negligence, Scott argued Wendy’s
breached its duty to keep the premises reasonably safe and
that the breach caused his injury.1 After discovery closed,
Wendy’s moved for summary judgment arguing that (1) it did
not owe a duty to protect Scott from this shooting and, in the
alternative (2) Wendy’s did not cause Scott’s injury because
the shooting was unforeseeable and additional security
would not have prevented it.
The district court granted summary judgment for
Wendy’s. Although Wendy’s owed a duty to protect Scott
from “intentional third-party assault,” the district court found
this particular shooting was so aberrant that Wendy’s failure
to provide security guards did not proximately cause Scott’s
injury. Scott timely appealed.
II. Analysis
We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing
the facts in the light most favorable to Scott, the non-moving
party. Anderson v. Street, 104 F.4th 646, 651 (7th Cir. 2024).
When there is any “genuine dispute of material fact,” sum-
mary judgment cannot stand. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
Because our jurisdiction is based on diversity of citizen-
ship, we apply Illinois’s substantive negligence law. Reynolds
v. CB Sports Bar, Inc., 623 F.3d 1143, 1148 (7th Cir. 2010). “The
elements of a negligence cause of action are [1] a duty owed
1 Scott sued in Illinois state court and Wendy’s removed the action to
the Northern District of Illinois. Scott and Wendy’s stand in diversity and
Scott seeks over $75,000 in damages. 28 U.S.C. § 1332.

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No. 24-1886 5
by the defendant to the plaintiff, [2] a breach of that duty, and
[3] an injury [4] proximately caused by the breach.” Johnson v.
Armstrong, 2022 IL 127942, ¶ 51 (quotation and citation omit-
ted). Only duty and proximate cause are at issue on appeal.
We must affirm if either duty or causation are lacking.
Proximate cause comprises two sub-elements: “cause in
fact and legal cause, which is a policy decision that limits how
far a defendant’s legal responsibility should be extended for
conduct that, in fact, caused the harm.” Lee v. Chicago Transit
Auth., 152 Ill. 2d 432, 455 (1992). Determining causation “is or-
dinarily a question of fact” for a jury, but “it is well settled
that it may be determined as a matter of law” when the un-
disputed evidence forecloses a plaintiff’s recovery. Abrams v.
City of Chicago, 211 Ill. 2d 251, 257–258 (2004).
The “cause in fact” analysis presents a simple question.
Would the injury “have occurred absent the defendant’s con-
duct[?]” Young v. Bryco Arms, 213 Ill. 2d 433, 446 (2004). This
means either (1) “but for” the defendant’s conduct the injury
would not have occurred or (2) the defendant’s conduct “was
a material element and a substantial factor” in causing the in-
jury. Turcios v. DeBruler Co., 2015 IL 117962, ¶ 23. Only one of
these tests need be satisfied to prove cause in fact. See Union
Planters Bank, N.A. v. Thompson Coburn LLP, 402 Ill. App. 3d
317, 343 (2010) (plaintiff “sought to prove causation through
the but-for test.”); Thacker v. UNR Indus., Inc., 151 Ill. 2d 343,
355 (1992) (plaintiff “sought to prove causation through the
substantial factor test.”).
The “legal cause” analysis demands more nuance. It is
“largely a question of foreseeability” that answers if “the in-
jury is of a type that a reasonable person would see as a likely
result of his or her conduct.” Abrams, 211 Ill. 2d at 258 (quoting

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6 No. 24-1886
First Springfield Bank & Trust v. Galman, 188 Ill. 2d 252, 260
(1999) (emphasis in original)). In a case where a third-party
tortfeasor plays a part in causing the injury, we must ask
whether “the intervening efficient cause [w]as a natural and
probable result of the [defendant]’s own negligence.” Galman,
188 Ill. 2d at 257. This falls under the “legal cause” prong of
the analysis. Id. at 258. Ultimately, the “question is one of pol-
icy” that draws an outer limit of liability for the consequences
of some acts that are the “cause[s] in fact” of injury, but utterly
unforeseeable to the reasonable person. City of Chicago v.
Beretta U.S.A. Corp., 213 Ill. 2d 351, 395 (2004).
The district court believed there was a genuine dispute on
the “cause in fact” prong because both experts testified that
security guards stationed in parking lots deter criminal activ-
ity, potentially including this shooting. Still, it found Wendy’s
could not have reasonably foreseen this attack as a matter of
law. Assuming (without deciding) the district court was cor-
rect on the “cause in fact” question, we turn to “legal cause.”
Many courts have considered when a plaintiff may pre-
vail, as a matter of law, against a defendant after suffering in-
juries at the hands of a third-party on the defendant’s prem-
ises. See, e.g., Hills v. Bridgeview Little League Ass’n, 195 Ill. 2d
210, 244–45 (2000) (discussing trend in 1980s and 90s of courts
recognizing negligence claims against business owners for
crimes committed by third-parties on their land). Indeed, two
of our cases helpfully contrast when a third-party criminal act
is “foreseeable” under Illinois law and when it is not.
If the defendant business affirmatively knows that some
of its patrons plan to carry out an assault, or have a propensity
for fighting, the resulting harm is foreseeable. Reynolds, 623
F.3d at 1150–51 (discussing Haupt v. Sharkey, 358 Ill. App. 3d

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No. 24-1886 7
212 (2005)); Osborne v. Stages Music Hall, Inc., 312 Ill. App. 3d
141, 148–49 (2000). But when the type of crimes or past harms
known to occur do not have a remote resemblance to plain-
tiff’s tort, it is not foreseeable. Figueroa v. Evangelical Covenant
Church, 879 F.2d 1427, 1438–39 (7th Cir. 1989).
In Figueroa, the plaintiff was abducted from a parking lot
where the defendant provided security. Id. at 1429–30. We
summarized Illinois precedent that evidence of prior similar
violence or specific knowledge that the assailant was a risk are
often necessary to establish foreseeability. Id. at 1438 (collect-
ing cases). The abduction and assault were not foreseeable, we
held, because “[t]he most serious alleged incidents occurring
before the time of the attack on [plaintiff] involved high school
students ‘harassing’ female students around the bridge area
of campus.” Id. at 1439. We also discounted “[v]ague allega-
tions of ‘crimes against persons’ at unspecified times and in
unspecified places about which witnesses can remember no
details” as adequate to make plaintiff’s abduction foreseeable.
Id. In short, the abduction and assault was not an “injury
which naturally flow[ed] as a reasonably probable and fore-
seeable consequence” of defendant’s failure to provide secu-
rity because there was no “evidence to suggest that an attack
remotely resembling” plaintiff’s “had occurred anywhere” on
defendant’s property before. Id. at 1438–39 (internal quotation
and citation omitted).
Before proceeding further, we note at least one Illinois
court has found the intersection between duty and proximate
cause a “less than perfectly lucid or consistent” feature of Illi-
nois precedent. Colonial Inn Motor Lodge, Inc., for Use & Benefit
of Cincinnati Ins. Co. v. Gay, 288 Ill. App. 3d 32, 41 (1997). The
“foreseeability” of an injury is integral to both the duty and

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8 No. 24-1886
legal cause elements of negligence claims. The district court
admirably attempted to disentangle how “foreseeability”
analysis differs for each inquiry. Scott v. Wendy's Properties,
LLC, No. 20 CV 6829, 2024 WL 1768630, at *4 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 24,
2024) (citing Colonial Inn, 288 Ill. App. 3d at 41). Yet despite
Colonial Inn’s proposed analytical framework—adopted by
the district court—Illinois Supreme Court decisions at times
suggest it is permissible to blend “foreseeability” across duty
and legal cause. See, e.g., Rowe v. State Bank of Lombard, 125 Ill.
2d 203, 227–29 (1988) (same foreseeability analysis supported
finding defendant owed a duty to plaintiffs and that its ac-
tions were a legal cause of plaintiffs’ injuries); Marshall v.
Burger King Corp., 222 Ill. 2d 422, 442 (2006) (relying on a Cal-
ifornia Supreme Court case as authority for the legal test for
duty, which in turn characterized the overlap between duty
and proximate cause as “present[ing] the same issue in differ-
ent guises.” (quoting Bigbee v. Pacific Tel. & Tel. Co., 34 Cal. 3d
49, 56 (1982))). We do not resolve this issue of state law but
note that we find some cases discussing “foreseeability” in the
duty context instructive in our legal cause evaluation. At root,
they both ask whether a reasonable person would have fore-
seen a plaintiff’s injury.
“[W]hat is reasonably foreseeable is a context-dependent
inquiry.” Inman v. Howe Freightways, Inc., 2019 IL App (1st)
172459, ¶ 71. As we explained in Figueroa and Illinois courts
have repeatedly recognized, in the context of third-party
criminal acts on business premises, the injury is only reason-
ably foreseeable when it results from “the same risk” pre-
sented by past occurrences. Rowe, 125 Ill. 2d at 227; Duncavage
v. Allen, 147 Ill. App. 3d 88, 96–97 (1986) (storage of a ladder
near plaintiff’s apartment window and known previous bur-
glary using it as a means of access rendered assault and

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No. 24-1886 9
murder of plaintiff foreseeable); Witcher v. 1104 Madison St.
Restaurant, 2019 IL App (1st) 181641, ¶ 19 (past incidents that
“were not of the same character of the crime at issue” did not
make specific crime against plaintiff foreseeable).
Defining whether the past incidents pose the “same risk”
for legal cause demands some precision. Take Galman, for ex-
ample. The defendant parked his truck illegally, 41 feet from
an intersection. Galman, 188 Ill. 2d at 254. The plaintiff, a pe-
destrian, chose not to use the crosswalk but walked down the
block and attempted to cross the street in front of the truck.
Id. at 254–55. Tragically, she was hit by a car and killed. Id.
The Illinois Supreme Court rejected plaintiff’s claim against
the truck driver on legal cause grounds. Id. at 260. To answer
whether “the injury [was] of a type” that was a reasonably
“likely result” of defendant’s conduct, the context-specific
question was whether “it was reasonably foreseeable that vi-
olating a ‘no parking’ sign at mid-block would likely result in
a pedestrian’s ignoring a marked crosswalk at the corner,
walking to mid-block, and attempting to cross a designated
truck route blindly and in clear violation of the law.” Id. at
260–61 (emphasis in original). Thus, Illinois law demands a
tailored question for legal cause. See, e.g., Abrams, 211 Ill. 2d at
261–62 (concluding it was not reasonably foreseeable that “a
refusal to send an ambulance when labor pains are 10
minutes apart would likely result in plaintiff’s driver running
a red light at the same time that a substance-impaired driver
was speeding through the intersection on a suspended li-
cense”).
The factual context convinces us that Scott’s injury was not
reasonably foreseeable as a matter of law. The tragedy of the
assault Scott suffered—brazen, unprovoked, and

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10 No. 24-1886
extraordinary in its violence—is precisely why Wendy’s
could not have reasonably foreseen its occurrence. We do not
hold that any criminal attack on the Wendy’s premises was
unforeseeable. The prior 911 calls, surrounding violence in
the neighborhood, and Wendy’s decision to staff security
clearly show a foreseeable risk of injury due to some type of
crime.
But for liability to attach here the harm must flow from
something far more similar to past events. The undisputed
video evidence depicts a 20-second period in which two men
hurried to Scott’s car, unloaded multiple rounds into his ve-
hicle from multiple angles, and fled into the night. This was
not a robbery or burglary gone bad, or an altercation that de-
veloped on the premises. See Kolodziejzak v. Melvin Simon &
Assocs., 292 Ill. App. 3d 490, 497 (1997) (gang crime not fore-
seeable despite prior armed robberies on premises because no
previous crimes indicated “likelihood that a gang member
would enter [defendant]’s premises with a gun and shoot an
innocent person.”). None of the prior 911 calls at Wendy’s in-
volved shootings of any kind.
Thompson’s testimony of witnessing prior nearby shoot-
ings and carjackings while working the drive-thru window is
Scott’s most compelling evidence. But even taken in the most
favorable light, it does not generate a genuine dispute on fore-
seeability. First, these alleged crimes did not occur on
Wendy’s property. Petrauskas v. Wexenthaller Realty Mgmt.,
Inc., 186 Ill. App. 3d 820, 827 (1989) (shooting across the street
did not put landlord on notice of crime on its property). Most
importantly, Thompson’s attestation of shootings across the
street and at the gas station do not establish the “same risk”
as the specific type of violence here—an extreme, isolated,

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No. 24-1886 11
and unprovoked act without apparent design or motive be-
yond a quick killing. Armed robberies stem from property
motives, clearly absent here. And the unspecified “shootings”
are also of limited relevance. That term encompasses too
broad a category of potential conduct—any act involving the
discharge of a firearm—to answer whether this type of attack
was foreseeable as a legal cause. See Abrams, 211 Ill. 2d at 261–
62.
Nothing about the condition of Wendy’s premises or na-
ture of the business increased the foreseeability of the crime
Scott endured. Hills, 195 Ill. 2d at 245–46. This was not a di-
lapidated, unlit parking lot inviting criminal activity. Dunca-
vage, 147 Ill. App. 3d at 97. In other words, no evidence before
us links this shooting to the Wendy’s location—the appar-
ently targeted nature of the shooting suggests this was just as
likely to occur off premises. See Petrauskas, 186 Ill. App. 3d at
827. That stands in contrast to, say, a fight or shooting break-
ing out after a protracted period of drinking at the defend-
ant’s establishment. Cooke v. Maxum Sports Bar & Grill, Ltd.,
2018 IL App (2d) 170249, ¶¶ 69–73 (discussing foreseeability
of assaults when tavern owner knew involved parties were
getting worked up). As a fast-service restaurant, Wendy’s
could not foresee two men entering its property with the sole
intention of shooting the occupants of Scott’s vehicle.
Likewise, this is not a case of Wendy’s failing to protect an
employee, nor was Scott’s harm caused by an act of a Wendy’s
employee. See Adames v. Sheahan, 233 Ill. 2d 276, 298–99 (2009)
(discussing a defendant’s vicarious liability for its employee’s
tortious actions). In either of these circumstances, we would
have a different case, demanding a different analysis.

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12 No. 24-1886
Our decision accords with the Illinois precedent that un-
provoked, extreme acts of violence are usually unpredictable
as a matter of law. See Witcher, 2019 IL App (1st) 181641,
¶¶ 15–18 (even “a few [prior] instances of assault and bat-
tery” did not make “the intentional and targeted stabbing of
a patron foreseeable”); cf. Rowe, 125 Ill. 2d at 227 (prior bur-
glaries put defendants on notice of plaintiffs’ assault and mur-
der resulting from burglary because burglary “involves a
high risk of personal injury or death if the intruder is con-
fronted.”). Two men entering the Wendy’s parking lot, “pull-
ing out a gun and opening fire, is so extreme that it is difficult
to conceive of how [Wendy’s] could have guarded against it.”
Costa v. Gleason, 256 Ill. App. 3d 150, 152 (1993) (not foreseea-
ble that assailant would barge into tavern and begin shoot-
ing).2 Thus, confined to these facts, Scott’s injury was not fore-
seeable.
III. Conclusion
The district court’s grant of summary judgment is
AFFIRMED.
2 Because we conclude that the district court’s basis for granting sum-
mary judgment was not in error, we need not, and do not, decide whether
Wendy’s had a duty to protect Scott from his injury. Doe v. McAleenan, 929
F.3d 478, 489 n.25 (7th Cir. 2019).

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