United States of America v. Shawn Baldwin

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-2925
U NITED STATES OF A MERICA ,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
SHAWN BALDWIN,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 17-CR-787 — John Robert Blakey, Judge.
____________________
A RGUED SEPTEMBER 25, 2024 — D ECIDED A UGUST 13, 2025
____________________
Before SCUDDER , KIRSCH , and M ALDONADO, Circuit Judges.
KIRSCH, Circuit Judge. A jury convicted Shawn Baldwin of
seven counts of wire fraud for running a decade-long Ponzi
scheme. On appeal, Baldwin brings a host of challenges to his
conviction and sentence. We find no error and affirm.
I
Shawn Baldwin orchestrated a multiyear scheme to fraud-
ulently solicit more than $10 million from over a dozen

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2 No. 21-2925
victims. Baldwin induced his victims to part with their money
by convincing them that they were making legitimate invest-
ments. But in reality he put their funds to his own personal
uses—spending on travel, entertainment, and jewelry, and
sending money to his family. Baldwin also used later victims’
money to repay earlier victims in classic Ponzi fashion.
Baldwin’s fraudulent scheme was wide-ranging and
evolved over time. It began with high school and college bud-
dies, business contacts, and even a friend’s widow. These vic-
tims invested their money directly with Baldwin, fooled by
his veneer of professional success and promises of steep re-
turns. Later, Baldwin evolved his scheme, recruiting addi-
tional victims to invest in a phony company he was starting
called Currency Clicks. Baldwin claimed Currency Clicks was
a social media platform for traders to exchange information,
and he purportedly planned to sell it in an initial public offer-
ing (IPO) and turn a profit for his investors. But Currency
Clicks too was a sham. Baldwin never built it into a real busi-
ness, instead spending his victims’ money and draining Cur-
rency Clicks’s bank account. Finally, Baldwin’s scheme in-
cluded his exploitation of Luca Tenuta, a European business-
man, and two entities Tenuta controlled. Among other things,
Baldwin folded Tenuta into the scheme by using his money to
make extensive Ponzi payments to other victims. All told,
Baldwin bilked Tenuta out of more than $8 million.
Despite the many victims and multiple phases of Bald-
win’s scheme, some things remained consistent throughout.
Baldwin constantly lied about his professional connections
and success. He concocted false business entities and either
wholly fabricated or grossly overstated the credentials of var-
ious employees and associates. He misrepresented and

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No. 21-2925 3
concealed disciplinary actions against him and his companies
brought by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority
(FINRA), the Securities Exchange Commission, the Illinois Se-
curities Department, and the Illinois Secretary of State. He de-
ceived victims about what he did with their money—fabricat-
ing new ventures, lying about efforts to recover unsuccessful
investments, falsifying reasons why he couldn’t reclaim fro-
zen assets, and transferring funds from later victims to earlier
ones to lull them into false senses of security. Above all, Bald-
win lied about the legitimacy of the investment opportunities,
which served only to further his illicit scheme and line his
own pockets.
After the jury convicted Baldwin, the district court sen-
tenced him to 204 months’ imprisonment. On appeal, Bald-
win raises a variety of challenges to his conviction and sen-
tence. We address them in turn, supplying further detail
where relevant.
II
A
We begin with Baldwin’s challenge to the testimony of the
government’s star witness, Luca Tenuta. Tenuta was an Italian
businessman who lived in Monaco and whom Baldwin first
encountered at an investment meeting in London. As trial
neared, Tenuta refused to travel to the United States to testify.
So about three weeks before trial, the district court authorized
the government to depose him by video pursuant to Federal
Rule of Criminal Procedure 15, with the parties and judge in
Chicago and Tenuta in London. Rule 15 permits a party to
“move that a prospective witness be deposed in order to pre-
serve testimony for trial. The court may grant the motion

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4 No. 21-2925
because of exceptional circumstances and in the interest of
justice.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 15(a)(1). During trial, the district
court admitted and played for the jury a recording of Tenuta’s
deposition.
Baldwin argues that the taking and admission of Tenuta’s
deposition violated Rule 15 and his Sixth Amendment Con-
frontation Clause rights. These arguments depend on the spe-
cific objections he raised as well as the government’s and
court’s responses, thus requiring us to undertake a careful re-
view of the record. As such, we first recite the relevant ex-
changes before explaining why, ultimately, Baldwin’s chal-
lenges fail.
Tenuta was the biggest victim of Baldwin’s fraud, and the
size of his losses made him a critical witness for the govern-
ment. He controlled two investment vehicles—one on behalf
of a client and one for himself. During the course of their re-
lationship, Baldwin convinced Tenuta to part with about $8.2
million of investment funds, including about $5.2 million of
pre-IPO shares in a company called Rok Stars, PLC. Tenuta
also wired an additional $1 million to Baldwin to purchase
shares in the company Alibaba, but Baldwin returned the
money after Tenuta quickly changed his mind.
During preparations for trial, Tenuta was at first coopera-
tive, attending video and phone conferences and appearing
willing to travel to Chicago to testify. But as trial approached,
Tenuta’s cooperativeness waned. He expressed security con-
cerns about journeying to Chicago, and he raised a scheduling
conflict regarding a surgery his mother was having, explain-
ing that her post-operative care would require him to remain
in Italy. The government attempted to assuage Tenuta’s mis-
givings and eventually came to believe he would still travel to

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No. 21-2925 5
Chicago for trial—that is, until it began coordinating his flight
and hotel arrangements. At that point, Tenuta’s attorney com-
municated that Tenuta had renewed concerns. The govern-
ment again attempted to address them, but after some email
exchanges, Tenuta’s attorney announced Tenuta’s refusal to
come to the United States to testify. The attorney explained,
though, that Tenuta was willing to sit for a deposition in Lon-
don. So the government worked with its Office of Interna-
tional Affairs, eventually concluding that a London deposi-
tion was the best way to obtain Tenuta’s testimony. It then
filed a motion to preserve and present Tenuta’s testimony un-
der Rule 15.
The district court held a hearing on the motion. Baldwin
objected to deposing Tenuta in London pursuant to Rule 15,
arguing that there were no exceptional circumstances justify-
ing the deposition and that Baldwin had “the right to have the
jury observe [Tenuta] in his natural demeanor in the court-
room.” The district court reserved its ruling and asked the
government to inquire whether Tenuta would be willing to
attend the trial if it were moved until after his mother’s sur-
gery. The government obliged, but Tenuta’s attorney emailed
the government the next day to declare that Tenuta “defini-
tively will not come to the US.” With confirmation of Tenuta’s
apparently intractable, final position, the government saw no
alternative to a Rule 15 deposition and maintained its motion.
The district court held a second hearing on the matter.
Baldwin’s counsel reiterated Baldwin’s opposition to the dep-
osition. She again argued that no exceptional circumstances
existed and objected in particular to Tenuta’s physical absence
from trial. She said:

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6 No. 21-2925
To allow the government to depose this witness,
have him testify outside of the presence of the
jury so that the jury is not in a position to be able
to observe him one on one from the witness
stand where it should be able to[,] where he’s
not subject to the courtroom and also to looking
at your Honor, myself and Mr. Baldwin, we be-
lieve that it would be prejudicial for the deposi-
tion to go forward.… It’s a lot easier to lie from
FaceTime than it is … face-to-face, Judge. So I
think the absent being in front of the jury with
the courtroom in front of [Tenuta], Mr. Baldwin
physically there, although potentially we could
work that out, it does prejudice our ability to ob-
serve and certainly the jury’s ability to observe
his demeanor and make a determination on his
veracity.
The district court acknowledged that Baldwin was “objecting
and preserving [his] arguments under Rule 15,” and inquired
whether, if it “were to grant the Rule 15, would [the parties]
be able to conduct it in this courtroom with me doing contem-
poraneous [rulings on objections?]” The court clarified its
plan for “everyone … to be here except the witness,” and
asked, “is that something the parties would be able to work
out?” Baldwin’s counsel responded, “If your Honor is in-
clined to grant the motion, that would be my preference.” The
district court promptly granted the government’s Rule 15 mo-
tion, finding generally that exceptional circumstances existed
and the interests of justice were met. It also stated, without
elaborating, that it made “the case-specific findings under
Rule 15.”

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No. 21-2925 7
One final time before trial, the court and parties addressed
Tenuta’s deposition. At a status conference convened to dis-
cuss Baldwin’s health following a medical emergency, the
court and parties considered the possibility of cancelling Te-
nuta’s deposition and instead presenting his testimony to the
jury through live video feed during trial. Baldwin’s counsel
repeated her objection “to the deposition in the first place,”
but other than that “general objection to conducting [Te-
nuta’s] testimony by deposition,” counsel had no “issue with
the government presenting [Tenuta’s] testimony through live
feed during the course of the trial.” Pondering its decision, the
court observed that such testimony is “not really a deposi-
tion.” Baldwin’s counsel agreed, mentioning explicitly for the
first time a Confrontation Clause concern: “In fact,” she said,
“I still think that there’s some confrontational issues but
we’ve covered those. Your Honor has overruled my objection.
If [live video testimony is] how the government wishes to pro-
ceed, then I think that that would be the most appropriate
way to proceed.”
Baldwin’s counsel’s first explicit mention of a confronta-
tional issue elicited an immediate interjection from the gov-
ernment. Recognizing a potential legal issue on appeal, the
government clarified that it would only pursue Tenuta’s live
video testimony if Baldwin waived his Confrontation Clause
rights. Without that waiver, the government clarified, it pre-
ferred “the Rule 15 deposition before the trial begins.” Coun-
sel responded, “We do object,” and the court replied, “Well,
you have your answer on that.”
Tenuta’s Rule 15 deposition finally took place a few weeks
before trial. At the start, Baldwin’s counsel renewed her objec-
tion that there were no exceptional circumstances, and the

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8 No. 21-2925
district court again overruled it. The deposition lasted two
days, and Baldwin sat in the courtroom in Chicago beside his
counsel the whole time. The parties examined Tenuta and the
judge ruled on objections from the courtroom, just as if Tenuta
were actually testifying at trial. Later, during trial, the court
admitted and the government played for the jury a recording
of Tenuta’s deposition. Baldwin raised no objections at that
time.
Now on appeal, Baldwin argues that Tenuta’s testimony
violated Rule 15 and his Sixth Amendment Confrontation
Clause rights. We disagree.
1
Starting with Rule 15, Baldwin advances two separate ar-
guments. He contends that the district court abused its discre-
tion, first, under Rule 15(a)(1) by incorrectly finding that ex-
ceptional circumstances existed and, second, under Rule
15(c)(2) and (3) by denying Baldwin the right to be physically
present at the deposition. Neither argument is availing.
Rule 15(a)(1) provides that in “exceptional circumstances”
and if “in the interest of justice,” the court may permit a party
to depose a prospective witness and preserve his testimony
for use at trial. District courts “retain[] broad discretion” to
define exceptional circumstances. United States v. Farfan-
Carreon, 935 F.2d 678, 679 (5th Cir. 1991). One situation in
which they exist is when the prospective witness is unavaila-
ble to testify at trial and his testimony is material. United States
v. Drogoul, 1 F.3d 1546, 1552 (11th Cir. 1993); United States v.
Johnpoll, 739 F.2d 702, 709 (2d Cir. 1984); see also United States
v. Knox, 540 F.3d 708, 717–18 (7th Cir. 2008) (discussing factors
other courts have considered without adopting a position).

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No. 21-2925 9
Baldwin concedes that Tenuta’s testimony was material but
contests his unavailability.
We have not previously defined unavailability for Rule
15(a) purposes. But we have recognized that “foreign nation-
als,” like Tenuta, “are beyond the court’s subpoena power.”
Relational, LLC v. Hodges, 627 F.3d 668, 673 (7th Cir. 2010); see
also Johnpoll, 739 F.2d at 709 (foreign nationals are “not ame-
nable to service of United States process”). The issue becomes,
then, how likely the foreign national is to testify at trial and
how he must declare his unwillingness or inability to do so.
See Drogoul, 1 F.3d at 1553, 1557; United States v. Sindona, 636
F.2d 792, 803 (2d Cir. 1980). The Eleventh Circuit has held that
there need only be “a substantial likelihood … that the pro-
posed deponent will not testify at trial” rather than a “con-
crete showing” and expressly declined to require an affidavit
proving the witness’s unavailability or to “require the govern-
ment to assert with certainty that a witness will be unavaila-
ble for trial months ahead of time.” Drogoul, 1 F.3d at 1553
(quotation omitted). Similarly, the Second and Fifth Circuits
have also found sufficient representations by counsel about a
witness’s unavailability (including because of refusal to enter
the United States) and declined to require an affidavit as cor-
roboration. Sindona, 636 F.2d at 803–04; Farfan-Carreon, 935
F.2d at 679–80.
We agree with our sister circuits. One way in which a wit-
ness is unavailable within the meaning of Rule 15(a)’s excep-
tional circumstances requirement is when he is beyond the
subpoena power of the United States and the court finds that
he is substantially unlikely to testify in person at trial. It is
enough for the court to base its finding on a party’s represen-
tations about the witness’s unwillingness or inability to

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10 No. 21-2925
testify. See Drogoul, 1 F.3d at 1553, 1557; Sindona, 636 F.2d at
803–04.
That is what happened here. Tenuta was an Italian citizen
residing in Monaco, so he was undoubtedly beyond the sub-
poena power of the United States. And he was substantially
unlikely to testify at trial: he had unequivocally declared his
unwillingness to come to the United States to testify in person,
despite the court’s and government’s efforts. As an aside,
there is no reason to think that the government’s efforts were
insincere—it’s hard to imagine a reason why the government
would want to present its star witness to the jury by way of
recorded video rather than live testimony. After all, the gov-
ernment carries the burden of proof, so it shoulders the con-
sequences of any credibility concerns arising from recorded
testimony. Nevertheless, Tenuta remained steadfast in his re-
fusal to travel for the trial. Because Tenuta, a key witness, was
beyond the subpoena power of the United States and substan-
tially unlikely to testify at trial, there was an exceptional cir-
cumstance within the meaning of Rule 15(a). The district court
did not abuse its discretion in finding so.
Turning next to Baldwin’s other Rule 15 challenge, he ar-
gues the district court abused its discretion under sections
(c)(2) and (3) by denying him the right to be physically present
at Tenuta’s deposition. Rule 15(c)(2) gives a defendant not in
custody (like Baldwin) the right to be present at the deposi-
tion, but only if he “request[s]” it. And even when requested,
this right is not absolute. Rule 15(c)(3) creates an exception
when the deposition occurs abroad: if the court makes certain
enumerated “case-specific findings,” it may authorize “the
deposition of a witness who is outside the United States …
without the defendant’s presence.”

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No. 21-2925 11
Baldwin’s argument fails from the get-go because he
waived his Rule 15(c)(2) right to be present. At no point did
he request to be present at Tenuta’s deposition in London; ra-
ther, his counsel made clear a preference to remain in Chi-
cago. At the second hearing on Tenuta’s deposition, the court
asked if conducting the deposition with “everyone ... here ex-
cept the witness” was “something the parties would be able
to work out?” Baldwin’s counsel responded, “If your Honor
is inclined to grant the [Rule 15] motion, that would be my
preference.” This explicit preference to remain in Chicago
constituted a waiver of Baldwin’s right under Rule 15(c)(2) to
be physically present at Tenuta’s deposition. See United States
v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 733 (1993) (“[W]aiver is the intentional
relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.”) (cleaned
up). And that should come as no surprise. Traveling abroad
to conduct a deposition less than one month before a three
week federal criminal trial would have infringed on precious
preparation time.
Baldwin also complains that Rule 15(c)(3)’s exception for
foreign depositions doesn’t apply because the district court
failed to make the case-specific findings necessary to override
his right to be present. But we need not address Baldwin’s
complaint because his waiver of his right to be present under
Rule 15(c)(2) obviated the need for any case-specific findings
under Rule 15(c)(3).
2
We now proceed to Baldwin’s Sixth Amendment Confron-
tation Clause challenge. The Confrontation Clause provides
that, “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy
the right … to be confronted with the witnesses against him.”
U.S. Const. amend. VI. This right “generally requires a

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12 No. 21-2925
witness’s physical presence at trial under oath and the chance
for the jury to observe the witness’s demeanor.” United States
v. Protho, 41 F.4th 812, 826 (7th Cir. 2022). Baldwin argues that
the admission and presentation to the jury of Tenuta’s depo-
sition recording violated his Confrontation Clause rights be-
cause the deposition was taken in his physical absence. But by
waiving his right to be present at the Rule 15 deposition, Bald-
win also waived this Confrontation Clause argument.
We have previously held that there is no Confrontation
Clause violation when a district court admits a properly con-
ducted Rule 15 deposition. United States v. Cannon, 539 F.3d
601, 603–04 (7th Cir. 2008); United States v. McGowan, 590 F.3d
446, 456 (7th Cir. 2009). To be sure, in those cases the defend-
ant was present at the deposition, and here Baldwin was ab-
sent from Tenuta’s. But that is a distinction without a differ-
ence because Baldwin waived his right to be present, which
means his deposition was properly conducted. Further, under
these circumstances, Baldwin cannot claim that he waived his
Rule 15 right to be present without understanding its future
Confrontation Clause implications. He knew full well that the
government would offer a recording of the deposition into ev-
idence at trial. His counsel confirmed this knowledge by rais-
ing confrontational concerns about Tenuta testifying by live
video feed. And, most tellingly, counsel did not object at trial
when the district court eventually admitted the deposition re-
cording.
Permitting Baldwin to advance a Confrontation Clause
objection premised on his absence from the Rule 15 deposi-
tion, an absence he explicitly preferred, would be nonsensical.
When a criminal defendant affirmatively waives his right to
be present at a Rule 15 deposition conducted for the

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No. 21-2925 13
unmistakable purpose of admitting it at an impending trial,
he cannot then advance a Confrontation Clause challenge
when the government later seeks to admit that deposition.
B
Baldwin brings four additional challenges to his convic-
tion and sentence. We dispose of them in short order.
1
Baldwin challenges the testimony of FBI forensic account-
ant David Paniwozik. He argues Paniwozik provided false
testimony and that the district court abused its discretion by
denying his attendant motion for mistrial. See United States v.
Lawrence, 788 F.3d 234, 243 (7th Cir. 2015) (“We review a de-
nial of a mistrial for an abuse of discretion with an extra help-
ing of deference.”). Specifically, Baldwin contends that Pani-
wozik perjured himself when he testified that he had re-
viewed “the universe” of Baldwin’s business, personal, and
trading accounts. Paniwozik analyzed 51 of Baldwin’s ac-
counts, but his analysis did not include some accounts Bald-
win had at Goldman Sachs. Thus, Baldwin says, Paniwozik
lied to the jury that he had reviewed the universe of Baldwin’s
accounts, thereby tainting the jury’s verdict. See United States
v. Cosby, 924 F.3d 329, 336 (7th Cir. 2019) (standard for new
trial based on perjured testimony).
But Baldwin distorts Paniwozik’s statements. Paniwozik’s
testimony was not false because he made clear that he ana-
lyzed only those 51 accounts; he never purported to have an-
alyzed all of Baldwin’s accounts. He testified about “the uni-
verse of accounts that [he] analyzed.” (emphasis added). Bald-
win’s argument is divorced from context and common sense.
Moreover, the jury was not misled because Baldwin had a

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14 No. 21-2925
chance to present his side of the story when he testified that
Paniwozik’s analysis did not include many accounts and in-
troduced evidence regarding two of them. And in any event,
those Goldman Sachs accounts were unimportant; the gov-
ernment never possessed records of them in the first place.
2
Before trial, Baldwin also argued that the government
could not try all the charged counts together because they in-
volved separate victims in different schemes. Specifically, he
said the indictment improperly joined the counts in violation
of Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 8(a) and, alternatively,
that the district court should have severed the counts under
Rule 14 to avoid prejudice. The district court denied his mo-
tion. Baldwin renews these arguments on appeal. We review
a district court’s ruling on joinder de novo and, if joinder was
proper, its denial of a motion to sever for abuse of discretion.
United States v. Peterson, 823 F.3d 1113, 1124 (7th Cir. 2016).
Rule 8(a) permits joinder of two or more offenses in a sin-
gle indictment if the offenses “are of the same or similar char-
acter, or are based on the same act or transaction, or are con-
nected with or constitute parts of a common scheme or plan.”
To determine proper joinder, we look to “the face of the in-
dictment rather than the evidence adduced at trial.” United
States v. Blanchard, 542 F.3d 1133, 1141 (7th Cir. 2008). “We
construe [Rule 8(a)] broadly in the interest of conserving judi-
cial resources and avoiding costly, duplicative trials.” Id. The
Rule does not require that offenses be “connected temporally
or evidentially.” United States v. Coleman, 22 F.3d 126, 133 (7th
Cir. 1994). Baldwin therefore faces an uphill climb, especially
because “[e]ven where misjoinder occurs, we will not reverse
unless the defendant can show actual prejudice—i.e., that the

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No. 21-2925 15
error had substantial and injurious effect or influence in de-
termining the jury’s verdict.” Blanchard, 542 F.3d at 1141
(cleaned up).
The offenses were properly joined in this case. Baldwin
says there was no common scheme or plan linking the counts;
he argues that the indictment involved four separate victims
engaged in distinct transactions occurring at different times.
But the counts were all connected. Each was part of Baldwin’s
overarching Ponzi scheme. Using a variety of tactics, Baldwin
duped his victims into giving him money, which he misused
for personal purposes and to repay other victims. This rob-
bing-Peter-to-pay-Paul nature of Baldwin’s scheme is more
than enough to satisfy Rule 8(a). What’s more, the indictment
needed only allege an overarching scheme on its face. Id. at
1141. It did, describing the scheme in paragraphs 1–17 and in-
corporating that scheme by reference in all counts. Accord-
ingly, Baldwin’s offenses were properly joined under Rule
8(a).
Baldwin’s Rule 14 argument fares no better; in fact, he
waived it. Rule 14(a) allows a court to sever offenses if joinder
“appears to prejudice a defendant or the government.” “Gen-
erally, failure to renew a motion to sever at the close of evi-
dence results in waiver.” United States v. Tinsley, 62 F.4th 376,
382 (7th Cir. 2023) (cleaned up). That is precisely what hap-
pened here. At the close of evidence, Baldwin moved for a
judgment of acquittal but failed to renew his motion for sev-
erance, thereby waiving it.
Such waiver “may be excused where renewal would have
been futile,” but “[p]roving futility is a high bar.” Id. (cleaned
up). The district court must make “abundantly clear that fil-
ing such a motion would be useless.” Id. (quotation omitted);

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16 No. 21-2925
see also United States v. Maggard, 865 F.3d 960, 970 (7th Cir.
2017) (even if court repeatedly overrules motion to sever, no
futility “unless the court explicitly indicates that such a re-
newed motion will not be entertained”). Baldwin pursues the
futility exception, arguing that the district court’s pretrial or-
der showed that renewing his motion to sever would have
been useless. Not so. At the close of evidence, the district court
twice invited Baldwin to make his motions. It first asked if
there were “[a]ny other requests from the defense,” and Bald-
win’s counsel argued for a judgment of acquittal but nothing
more. Moments later, the court gave Baldwin another chance,
double-checking whether there was “[a]nything else we need
to address before we bring [the jury] out …?” Baldwin’s coun-
sel replied, “No,” thereby waiving the severance argument
Baldwin now makes. See Tinsley, 62 F.4th at 382 (making oral
motion for acquittal but not renewing motion to sever consti-
tutes waiver).
3
Baldwin also argues that the district court abused its dis-
cretion by admitting evidence regarding victims who were
not named or involved in the specific wires charged in the in-
dictment. See United States v. Thomas, 933 F.3d 685, 690 (7th
Cir. 2019) (reviewing district court’s decision to admit evi-
dence for abuse of discretion). He says this evidence violated
Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) as improper propensity evi-
dence and Rule 403 as unfairly prejudicial and needlessly cu-
mulative. But again, Baldwin is mistaken.
Evidence regarding Baldwin’s uncharged victims was di-
rect evidence of his overall Ponzi scheme to fraudulently so-
licit more than $10 million, and “[d]irect evidence of a
charged offense … does not implicate Rule 404(b)—even

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No. 21-2925 17
when it is also possible to draw a forbidden propensity infer-
ence from th[at] evidence.” United States v. Dukes, __ F.4th __,
No. 24-1928, 2025 WL 2213221, at *3 (7th Cir. Aug. 5, 2025)
(quotation omitted). “Put another way, when the wording of
the allegations about the charge in the pleading is expansive
enough to encompass the conduct in question, it is not [Rule
404(b)] evidence at all.” Id. (quotation omitted). That is the
case here: the scope of Baldwin’s scheme is not limited to the
wires specifically charged in the indictment. See United States
v. Lanas, 324 F.3d 894, 901 (7th Cir. 2003). A transaction “in
furtherance of a scheme to defraud is simply the element that
confers federal jurisdiction under the … fraud statute; but a
fraud scheme can produce proceeds long before the act that
ultimately triggers jurisdiction.” Id. Baldwin’s indictment al-
leged one overarching scheme, so evidence relating to victims
not named in the charged wires “was not Rule 404(b) evi-
dence at all but was properly admitted as proof of that overall
scheme.” Id. And because this evidence was highly probative
of Baldwin’s overall scheme, it was not unduly prejudicial or
unnecessarily cumulative—so his Rule 403 argument fails too.
4
Finally, Baldwin contests his sentence. At sentencing, the
district court found U.S.S.G. §§ 2B1.1(b)(1)(K), 2B1.1(b)(9)(C),
and 2B1.1(b)(20)(A) applied and imposed the corresponding
offense-level enhancements. Baldwin argues this was error.
“We review the district court’s application of the sentencing
guidelines de novo and its factual findings for clear error.”
United States v. Wilkinson, 986 F.3d 740, 743 (7th Cir. 2021)
(quotation omitted).

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18 No. 21-2925
i
Section 2B1.1(b)(1) provides for escalating offense-level
increases based on the amount of loss. At sentencing, the dis-
trict court determined that Baldwin’s total loss amount was
$11,796,400 based on intended loss and gave Baldwin a 20-
level increase. See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(k). On appeal, Bald-
win argues the district court inflated his loss amount by at
least $4,300,000, such that he should have received only an 18-
level increase. See id. at § 2B1.1(b)(1)(j). He specifically objects
to the district court’s loss findings related to Tenuta’s Rok
Stars and Alibaba investments.
Under § 2B1.1(b)(1), loss is “the greater of actual loss or
intended loss.” Id. § 2B1.1, app. n.3(A). “Intended loss” is “the
pecuniary harm that the defendant purposely sought to in-
flict.” Id. at app. n.3(A)(ii). In calculating intended loss, the
district court “asks how many dollars the culprit[’s] scheme
put at risk.” United States v. Elizondo, 21 F.4th 453, 473 (7th Cir.
2021). The court’s calculation “must include both the amount
the victim actually lost and any additional amount that the
perpetrator intended the victim to lose.” Id. (cleaned up).
The district court’s loss amount determination was not
clear error, and it properly applied § 2B1.1(b)(1). Though the
value of the Rok Stars shares may have been difficult to pin-
point at times throughout Baldwin’s scheme, the district court
made “a reasonable estimate of the loss” by analyzing account
statements indicating their fair market value. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1,
app. n.3(C). This reasonable estimate is all that is required. Id.
With respect to the Alibaba shares, though Baldwin promptly
returned the $1 million Tenuta gave him, that return of funds
was in furtherance of the scheme and thus properly included
in the loss calculation. See United States v. Stochel, 901 F.3d 883,

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No. 21-2925 19
890 (7th Cir. 2018) (“Nominally legitimate payments are not
offset against intended loss when they are intertwined with
and an ingredient of an overall fraudulent scheme.”) (cleaned
up). By returning the funds, Baldwin lulled Tenuta into be-
lieving his handling of Tenuta’s money was legitimate, ena-
bling him to carry on his Ponzi scheme. So, the district court
properly applied § 2B1.1(b)(1).
ii
Section 2B1.1(b)(9)(C) provides for a two-level increase if
“the offense involved … a violation of any prior, specific …
administrative order, injunction, decree, or process.” A few
months after Baldwin first struck up a relationship with Te-
nuta, the Illinois Secretary of State barred Baldwin from giv-
ing investment advice in or from Illinois. Baldwin neverthe-
less continued to advise Tenuta to purchase shares in various
companies. Baldwin thus violated the express terms of the
Secretary of State’s order, warranting the offense-level in-
crease under § 2B1.1(b)(9)(C). Baldwin argues that none of
these occasions constituted investment advice, but that is pa-
tently false. Indeed, Baldwin admitted he did not have the
discretion to execute trades without direction from Tenuta, so
his guidance to Tenuta to buy various shares was necessarily
investment advice.
iii
Section 2B1.1(b)(20)(A) provides a four-level increase if:
(1) “the offense involved … a violation of a securities law”;
and (2) “at the time of the offense, the defendant was … a reg-
istered broker” or “an investment adviser,” or “associated
with” such a broker or advisor. Baldwin argues that he was
not convicted of violating any securities laws, nor was he ever

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20 No. 21-2925
a registered broker-dealer, ever associated with a registered
broker-dealer, or ever acted as an investment adviser.
But this section does not require Baldwin to have been
convicted of a securities law violation, only that his convic-
tions “involve” a securities law violation. U.S.S.G.
§ 2B1.1(b)(20)(A) & app. n.16(B). That is, the guideline applies
to “a defendant convicted under a general fraud statute if
[his] conduct violated a securities law.” Id. at app. n.16(B). The
application notes define securities law very broadly. The def-
inition includes 18 U.S.C. §§ 1348 and 1350, certain provisions
of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and “the rules, regula-
tions and orders issued by the Securities and Exchange Com-
mission” under those provisions. Id. at app. n.16(A). Under
this capacious definition, the conduct for which Baldwin was
convicted clearly involved violations of securities laws. See,
e.g., SEC v. Smart, 678 F.3d 850, 856–57 (10th Cir. 2012) (find-
ing securities law violation where defendant took victims’
money under guise of secure investments but instead used
that money for personal purposes and to make Ponzi pay-
ments); SEC v. George, 426 F.3d 786, 788–89 (6th Cir. 2005)
(similar).
And Baldwin was a registered broker during the early pe-
riod of his scheme: the government established through stip-
ulation that one of Baldwin’s companies was a registered bro-
ker with FINRA until FINRA expelled it (and Baldwin) three
years into the charged scheme. Baldwin was also an invest-
ment advisor, which the application notes define by reference
to 15 U.S.C. § 80b-2(a)(11) as one who, “for compensation, en-
gages in the business of advising others … as to … the advis-
ability of investing in … securities.” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, app.
n.16(A). Baldwin meets this definition because he advised his

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No. 21-2925 21
victims to invest in securities, held himself out as someone
who provided such advice, and received compensation when
he used victims’ funds for his own purposes. See, e.g., Abra-
hamson v. Fleschner, 568 F.2d 862, 870–71 (2d Cir. 1977) (hold-
ing that “persons who managed the funds of others for com-
pensation are ‘investment advisers’ within the meaning of the
statute,” and that “many investment advisers ‘advise’ their
customers by exercising control over what purchases and
sales are made with their clients’ funds”), abrogated on other
grounds by Transamerica Mortg. Advisors, Inc. v. Lewis, 444 U.S.
11 (1979). In sum, the district court properly applied and im-
posed the relevant offense-level enhancements.
A FFIRMED

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