LISA JOHNSON and GALE MILLER ANDERSON v. Amazon .com Services LLC

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 24-1028
LISA JOHNSON and GALE M ILLER A NDERSON ,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
A MAZON .COM S ERVICES LLC,
Defendant-Appellee.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 1:23-cv-00685 — Thomas M. Durkin, Judge.
____________________
A RGUED S EPTEMBER 25, 2024 — DECIDED J UNE 9, 2026
____________________
Before S CUDDER , K IRSCH , and M ALDONADO, Circuit Judges.
M ALDONADO, Circuit Judge. Lisa Johnson and Gale Miller
Anderson (“Plaintiffs”) worked for Amazon.com Services
LLC (“Amazon”) as hourly warehouse employees—moving,
stacking, and loading packages—during the COVID-19 pan-
demic. Now, on behalf of a putative class, they seek overtime
wages under the Illinois Minimum Wage Law (“IMWL”) for
time spent undergoing unpaid, mandatory pre-shift COVID-
19 screenings. The district court dismissed Plaintiffs’ IMWL

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2 No. 24-1028
claim, finding that because the COVID-19 screenings were
non-compensable preliminary activities, as defined by the
federal Portal-to-Portal Act of 1947, 29 U.S.C. § 254(a)(2)
(“PPA”), they were also not compensable under the IMWL.
Uncertain as to whether the IMWL incorporates the PPA’s
exclusion from compensation of preliminary activities, we
certified the question to the Illinois Supreme Court, which an-
swered in the negative. See Johnson v. Amazon.com Servs. LLC,
142 F.4th 932, 944 (7th Cir. 2025), certified question answered,
2026 IL 132016. Accordingly, we reverse and remand to the
district court for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion and the opinion of the Illinois Supreme Court.
I.
In 2020, at the outset of the coronavirus pandemic, Ama-
zon instituted a policy barring warehouse employees from
clocking in to their shifts until they underwent a medical ex-
amination to screen for symptoms of COVID-19. These
screenings took approximately 10 to 15 minutes. Because
warehouse employees were not paid until they clocked in,
that time was uncompensated. The screenings amounted to
potentially one hour per week of uncompensated overtime on
Amazon’s property, under Amazon’s control—a non-trivial
imposition for those compensated on an hourly basis.
So, in 2023, Plaintiffs brought a putative class action on be-
half of Amazon warehouse employees who were not paid for
time spent undergoing the mandatory COVID-19 screenings.
Plaintiffs relied on several theories in their complaint, only
one of which is relevant here: that Amazon failed to pay them
for overtime in violation of section 4a(1) of the IMWL, which
requires employers to pay their hourly employees time-and-

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No. 24-1028 3
a-half for all “employment in excess of” 40 hours in a work-
week. 820 ILCS 105/4a(1).
Amazon moved to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims. Relevant
here, Amazon argued that section 4a(1) of the IMWL incorpo-
rates the federal PPA, which relieves employers from paying
wages for “activities which are preliminary to” the principal
activity which the employee is employed to perform—
namely, activities occurring “prior to the time on any partic-
ular workday at which such employee commences.” See 29
U.S.C. § 254(a)(2). Construing the IMWL and the PPA to-
gether, the district court agreed with Amazon and dismissed
Plaintiffs’ IMWL claim, finding that the pre-shift COVID-19
screenings were non-compensable preliminary activities.
Johnson v. Amazon.com Servs., LLC, No. 23 C 685, 2023 WL
8475658, at *2–3 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 7, 2023).
Plaintiffs appealed, asking us to certify to the Illinois Su-
preme Court whether section 4a(1) incorporates the prelimi-
nary activities exclusion set forth in the PPA. We agreed, ex-
plaining our decision to seek guidance from the Court in an
opinion published at 142 F.4th 932,1 with which we assume
familiarity throughout the balance of this opinion. The Court
accepted the certification pursuant to Ill. Sup. Ct. R. 20 and
1 Specifically, we certified the following question:
Does the Illinois Minimum Wage Law, 820 ILCS 105/4a,
incorporate the exclusion from compensation for em-
ployee activities that are preliminary or postliminary to
their principal activities, as provided under the federal
Portal-to-Portal Act 29 U.S.C. § 254(a)(2)?
Johnson, 142 F.4th at 944.

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4 No. 24-1028
answered in the negative. Johnson v. Amazon.com Servs., LLC,
2026 IL 132016, ¶¶ 18, 23.
Specifically, after thoroughly assessing the text of the
IMWL, the Court concluded that “there is no mention or ref-
erence to the PPA or to preliminary or postliminary activities
in section 4a or anywhere else in the [IMWL].” Id. at ¶ 14. Fur-
ther, considering the administrative regulations set forth by
the Illinois Department of Labor (“IDOL”) defining “hours
worked,” see 56 Ill. Admin. Code § 210.110—adopted by the
IMWL pursuant to 820 ILCS 105/10(a)—the Court observed:
[T]here is no reference to the PPA or [United
States Department of Labor (“USDOL”)] regula-
tions that establish a preliminary or postlimi-
nary exclusion from “hours worked.” To the
contrary, IDOL defines “hours worked” to in-
clude all time an employee is required to be on
the employer’s premises, which contradicts the
potential applicability of any such exclusion.
Johnson, 2026 IL 132016, ¶ 16 (emphasis in original). As a re-
sult, the Court determined that the IMWL did not incorporate
the preliminary activities exclusions set forth in the PPA, and
in fact, “hours worked” seems to “necessarily include[] pre-
liminary . . . activities.” Id. at ¶¶ 18, 23 (emphasis added).
II.
We now “apply the instructions of the state supreme court
to the facts of this case, and thereby (we hope) come closer to
resolving this long-running dispute.” St. Augustine Sch. v. Un-
derly, 21 F.4th 446, 448 (7th Cir. 2021).
As set forth in their position statements filed after the Illi-
nois Supreme Court’s decision, see C IR . R. 52(b), the parties

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No. 24-1028 5
agree that remand is appropriate because the district court
dismissed Plaintiffs’ IMWL claim based on the faulty premise
that section 4a(1) incorporates the PPA. But while Plaintiffs
ask us to reverse the dismissal, Amazon asks us to vacate the
dismissal and allow the district court to address in the first
instance whether Plaintiffs’ IMWL claim fails on a different
basis: that the COVID-19 screenings were not compensable
work under the IMWL because they were not pursued pri-
marily for Amazon’s benefit. Insofar as Amazon seeks to per-
suade us to incorporate the federal “benefit of the employer”
test into the IMWL, its argument seems akin to that already
rejected by the Illinois Supreme Court, which counseled
against grafting explicit restrictions in federal statutes onto
the plain, unambiguous language of state statutes. See John-
son, 2026 IL 132016, ¶ 19. Therefore, both comity and judicial
efficiency counsel that we decide this issue in the first instance
to advance this litigation. Because the IMWL is silent as to
whether compensable work excludes activities not under-
taken primarily for the “benefit of the employer”—and in-
deed, can be construed as rejecting such an exclusion—we de-
cline to read it into the statute’s text.
The “benefit of the employer” test advocated by Amazon
derives from Tennessee Coal, Iron & R. Co. v. Muscoda Loc. No.
123, 321 U.S. 590 (1944). There, the Supreme Court defined
“work” under the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”) as
“physical or mental exertion (whether burdensome or not)
controlled or required by the employer and pursued neces-
sarily and primarily for the benefit of the employer and his
business.” Id. at 598. Amazon argues that the COVID-19
screenings were not “necessarily and primarily” for Ama-
zon’s benefit, and as a result, were not compensable work un-
der the IMWL.

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6 No. 24-1028
But as we explained in our earlier opinion, “absent the ex-
clusions under the PPA, it is not apparent that [P]laintiffs’
IMWL claims would be subject to the ‘primarily for the bene-
fit of the employer’ test for compensation from Tennessee
Coal.” Johnson, 142 F.4th at 944. Instead, we reasoned that the
IMWL claim would “appear subject only to the limitation pro-
vided in the [IDOL] regulations.” Id. We did not commit fully
to this construction of the IMWL without the guidance of the
Illinois Supreme Court, but now, with the benefit of the
Court’s opinion, we stand by our initial supposition. Plain-
tiffs’ IMWL claim is limited solely by the text of section 4a(1)
of the IMWL and IDOL’s regulations implementing that sec-
tion, namely, 56 Ill. Admin. Code § 210.110.
Amazon suggests that the Illinois Supreme Court’s opin-
ion was so narrowly tailored to the certified question that it
cannot be deployed to read the “benefit of the employer” test
out of section 4a(1). But that’s slicing the Court’s opinion a bit
too thin. To discern whether section 4a(1) incorporated the
PPA’s exclusion from compensation for preliminary activi-
ties, the Court considered the text of the entire IMWL, as well
as relevant IDOL regulations.
The Court began this portion of its analysis by explaining
that section 10(a) of the IMWL mandates that IDOL make ad-
ministrative regulations “to carry out the purposes” of the
statute. Johnson, 2026 IL 132016, ¶ 15 (quoting 820 ILCS
105/10(a)). Critically, the Court explained that while IDOL’s
regulations permit reference to USDOL’s “regulations and in-
terpretations in administering the FLSA ‘[f]or guidance’ in the
interpretation of the [IMWL] and the regulations IDOL has
promulgated thereunder, nothing in that section or any other
provision requires IDOL to adopt USDOL’s regulations and

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No. 24-1028 7
interpretations of the FLSA.” Id. at ¶ 17 (quoting 56 Ill. Ad-
min. Code § 210.120) (emphasis added). The Court added that
“there is no language in the [IMWL] that permits any provi-
sion of the FLSA or USDOL’s regulations to override the def-
initions that IDOL has promulgated in accordance with the
General Assembly’s mandate.” Id. And though the Court
made these observations in the context of answering the spe-
cific question we certified, they apply broadly, shedding light
on the applicability of the “benefit of the employer” test.
For several reasons, the Court’s opinion suggests that, un-
encumbered by the FLSA and the USDOL’s implementing
regulations, nothing in the text of section 4a(1) of the IMWL,
or the relevant IDOL regulations, reflects incorporation of
Tennessee Coal’s “benefit of the employer” test.
First, neither the plain, unambiguous text of section 4a(1),
nor that of its implementing regulations, mentions the “bene-
fit of the employer” or suggest a similar limit on compensable
work. Instead, section 4a(1) says: “no employer shall employ
any of his employees for a workweek of more than 40 hours
unless such employee receives compensation for his employ-
ment in excess of the hours above specified at a rate not less
than 1 1/2 times the regular rate at which he is employed.” 820
ILCS 105/4a(1). The IMWL does not define the scope of com-
pensable work, deferring to IDOL’s discretion. See 820 ILCS
105/10(a). But barring two context-specific exceptions dis-
cussed below, IDOL’s definition of “hours worked” also
makes no mention of the “benefit of the employer.” See 56 Ill.
Admin. Code § 210.110. Without any hint from the IMWL’s
plain text, or its implementing regulations, that the General
Assembly sought to incorporate the “benefit of the employer”
test, we may not read that test into the statute. As the Illinois

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8 No. 24-1028
Supreme Court noted while rejecting Amazon’s urging to “in-
terpret section 4a of the [IMWL] coextensively” with the
FLSA, “[i]t is the dominion of the legislature to enact laws and
the courts to construe them, and we can neither restrict nor
enlarge the meaning of an unambiguous statute.” Johnson,
2026 IL 132016, ¶ 19 (quotation omitted); see also Moore v. Chi-
cago Park Dist., 978 N.E.2d 1050, 1054 (Ill. 2012) (we seek leg-
islative “intent first from the plain language used in the stat-
ute, and if that language is clear and unambiguous, we are not
at liberty to depart from its plain meaning.”).
Second, IDOL has included the “benefit of the employer”
test in two specific contexts within its definition of “hours
worked,” suggesting that outside of those contexts, the test
does not apply. First, IDOL explained that “[a]n employee’s
meal periods and time spent on-call away from the em-
ployer’s premise” can be “compensable hours worked when
such time is spent predominantly for the benefit of the em-
ployer, rather than for the employee.” 56 Ill. Admin. Code
§ 210.110. Second, IDOL explained that when “performed for
the employer’s benefit,” an employee’s travel can be “com-
pensable work time.” Id. Tellingly, IDOL places no such “ben-
efit of the employer” limitation on its general definition of
“hours worked.” Therefore, we presume that for all other
time “an employee is required to be on duty, or on the em-
ployer’s premises, or at other prescribed places of work,”
IDOL purposefully avoided application of the “benefit of the
employer” test. See Russello v. United States, 464 U.S. 16, 23
(1983) (quoting United States v. Wong Kim Bo, 472 F.2d 720, 722
(5th Cir. 1972)) (“[W]here [the General Assembly] includes
particular language in one section of a statute but omits it in
another section of the same Act, it is generally presumed that

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No. 24-1028 9
[the Assembly] acts intentionally and purposely in the dispar-
ate inclusion or exclusion.”).
Third, as the Illinois Supreme Court pointed out, there are
sections of the IDOL regulations that expressly “reference[]
specific provisions of the FLSA and regulations promulgated
by USDOL thereunder in defining some terms.” Johnson, 2026
IL 132016, ¶ 16; see, e.g., 56 Ill. Admin. Code § 210.110 (defin-
ing “agriculture” with reference to the FLSA and USDOL reg-
ulations). But in its definition of “hours worked,” IDOL
makes no such reference to the FLSA and only references
USDOL regulations in a single, specific scenario, irrelevant to
this appeal. Johnson, 2026 IL 132016, ¶ 16. There, IDOL ex-
plains that employee travel “is compensable work time as de-
fined in 29 C.F.R. §§ 785.33–785.41.” 56 Ill. Admin. Code
§ 210.110. Those cited USDOL regulations clarify the specific
circumstances under which an employee can be compensated
for her commute to work, and thus, their applicability is con-
fined to the context of employee travel. As the Court noted,
IDOL’s failure to reference USDOL regulations in the scope of
its general definition of “hours worked” suggests that IDOL
did not intend that definition to be informed by USDOL reg-
ulations. See Johnson, 2026 IL 132016, ¶ 16. That is, IDOL
seems to have deemed it appropriate to carry out section 4a(1)
independent of the FLSA’s or USDOL’s interpretive guidance,
as is its prerogative under section 10(a). See 820 ILCS
105/10(a); cf. 29 U.S.C. § 218(a) (foreseeing states’ exclusion of
federal wage law guidance by establishing that no provision
of the FLSA “shall excuse noncompliance” with a state law
setting forth more generous protections than the FLSA pro-
vides).

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10 No. 24-1028
Fourth, IDOL had a clear opportunity to adopt the “bene-
fit of the employer” test when it set forth its definition of
“hours worked,” but IDOL declined to do so. As we noted in
our prior opinion, Johnson, 142 F.4th at 944, IDOL’s definition
of “hours worked” “generally mirrors” the definition set forth
in Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co., 328 U.S. 680 (1946).
Compare Anderson, 328 U.S. at 690–91 (defining the statutory
workweek under the FLSA as “all time during which an em-
ployee is necessarily required to be on the employer’s prem-
ises, on duty or at a prescribed workplace”), with 56 Ill. Ad-
min. Code § 210.110 (defining “hours worked” as “all the time
an employee is required to be on duty, or on the employer’s
premises, or at other prescribed places of work, and any ad-
ditional time the employee is required or permitted to work
for the employer.”). But in Anderson, in addition to defining
work as set forth above, the Supreme Court separately en-
dorsed the benefit of the employer test. See Anderson, 328 at
691–92 (quoting Tennessee Coal, 321 U.S. at 598) (finding that
“time spent in walking to work on the employer’s premises”
must be “included in the statutory workweek and compen-
sated accordingly” because it was “pursued necessarily and
primarily for the benefit of the employer and his business.”).
That IDOL mirrored only Anderson’s definition of work as
time in which an employee is required to be on the employer’s
premises, and not its articulation of the “benefit of the em-
ployer” test, suggests a rejection of that test. “This fact only
underscores our duty to refrain from reading a phrase into the
statute when [the General Assembly] has left it out.” Keene
Corp. v. United States, 508 U.S. 200, 208 (1993).
In sum, the plain text of section 4a(1) of the IMWL, as well
as the relevant IDOL regulations, demonstrate that section
4a(1) does not include the “benefit of the employer” test.

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No. 24-1028 11
Thus, we decline to read the test into the statute. See Hines v.
Dep't of Pub. Aid, 850 N.E.2d 148, 153 (Ill. 2006) (“Where, as
here, the language of a statute is clear and unambiguous, the
court must enforce it as written. It may not annex new provi-
sions or substitute different ones, or read into the statute ex-
ceptions, limitations, or conditions which the legislature did
not express.”).
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE and REMAND to
the district court for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.

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