Michael Jezior v. City of Chicago

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 25-1546
M ICHAEL JEZIOR ,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
C ITY OF C HICAGO,
Defendant-Appellee.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 1:22-cv-06907 — Jorge L. Alonso, Judge.
____________________
A RGUED DECEMBER 10, 2025 — DECIDED J UNE 24, 2026
____________________
Before BRENNAN , Chief Judge, and LEE and KOLAR , Circuit
Judges.
K OLAR , Circuit Judge. Michael Jezior served as an engineer-
paramedic in the Chicago Fire Department before suffering a
stroke that limited his mobility. Because he could no longer
perform his duties, the Department placed him in a procure-
ment position at O’Hare Airport. Nearly eight years later,
when Jezior became eligible for a promotion to lieutenant, the
Department offered him options to pursue the promotion, but

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2 No. 25-1546
none of the available promotions allowed him to remain
working at the airport. Jezior sued the City of Chicago under
the Americans with Disabilities Act, alleging that the Depart-
ment denied him a reasonable accommodation and discrimi-
nated against him. The district court entered summary judg-
ment for the City, and Jezior now appeals. We affirm.
I. Background
In reviewing the district court’s grant of summary judg-
ment to the City, we construe the facts and draw all reasona-
ble inferences in the light most favorable to Jezior, the non-
moving party. See Vesey v. Envoy Air, Inc., 999 F.3d 456, 459
(7th Cir. 2021).
Jezior has worked at the Department since 1997, first as a
paramedic and later as an engineer-paramedic. In 2009, he ap-
plied to become a lieutenant and was placed on an eligibility
list. The Department offers candidates promotions in the or-
der they appear on the list as vacant lieutenant positions arise.
In 2013, Jezior suffered a stroke and lost mobility on the
left side of his body. Through physical therapy, his condition
improved, but he still lacked fine motor skills, needed a leg
brace to walk, and had difficulty standing for longer than 10
minutes. Jezior could no longer perform the essential duties
of an engineer-paramedic (his position at the time), so he sub-
mitted a request for an accommodation. The Department of-
fered him a non-firefighting position in the Bureau of Opera-
tions performing procurement tasks at O’Hare Airport, where
he has worked ever since.
In the following years, as part of the City’s effort to reduce
costs, the Department undertook efforts to “civilianize” cer-
tain positions in its workforce that did not require firefighting.

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No. 25-1546 3
One of the targeted positions was a lieutenant-rank procure-
ment role at O’Hare held by Leslie Muse, who happened to
be Fire Department Commissioner Richard Ford’s sister.
Muse left the airport for a different lieutenant position, and
Jezior took over at least some of her procurement responsibil-
ities.
By March 2021, the Department reached Jezior’s name on
the eligibility list for lieutenant promotions. Jezior and his su-
pervisor, John Gies, initially expected Jezior to receive the
promotion while staying in his procurement position at the
airport. But Deputy Fire Commissioner Brian Helmold disa-
greed. Helmold arranged a meeting with Jezior, Gies, and
Jezior’s union representative, during which Helmold in-
formed Jezior that he could not receive an in-place promotion
because all available lieutenant positions at the airport re-
quired firefighting. Instead, Jezior could either accept the pro-
motion and go through the Department’s accommodation
process to find a suitable position or waive it and remain in
his current position. Helmold did not identify a specific posi-
tion that could accommodate Jezior, but he suggested that one
might become available in the Fire Prevention Bureau.
Commissioner Ford formally denied Jezior’s requested in-
place promotion through a title change form. He did so be-
cause he had not received any accommodation paperwork in-
dicating that Jezior could physically qualify for a lieutenant
position in the Bureau of Operations with an accommodation.
By the second time Jezior met with Gies and Helmold, a
lieutenant had retired from the Fire Prevention Bureau. Hel-
mold told Jezior that he could accept the open lieutenant po-
sition in the Bureau subject to medical clearance or waive the
promotion. Jezior and Helmold dispute whether Helmold

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4 No. 25-1546
specified that Jezior could alternatively seek a different ac-
commodation through the City’s disability office.
In any event, a couple days later, Jezior spoke with the
City’s disability officer who told him that she would try to
find a lieutenant position at a location with an elevator (to ac-
commodate Jezior’s difficulty using stairs) but that she could
not guarantee one. He would need to file accommodation pa-
perwork, including a medical questionnaire, to kick off this
process. But Jezior declined to file the paperwork because he
did not want to risk failing medical clearance for a new posi-
tion and get forced into early retirement. Instead, he decided
to stay at the airport in his current rank for the time being.
II. Discussion
We review the district court’s order granting summary
judgment de novo. Tate v. Dart, 51 F.4th 789, 793 (7th Cir. 2022).
Summary judgment is appropriate when “there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
A. Failure to Accommodate
Jezior first argues that he marshaled evidence from which
a reasonable jury could find that the Department failed to rea-
sonably accommodate his disability when it refused to offer
him a lieutenant position at the airport.
The ADA prohibits discrimination “against a qualified in-
dividual on the basis of disability,” including by failing to
make “reasonable accommodations.” 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a),
(b)(5)(A). To recover for an employer’s failure to accommo-
date, a plaintiff must show that “(1) he was a qualified indi-
vidual with a disability, (2) the employer was aware of his dis-
ability, and (3) the employer failed to reasonably

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No. 25-1546 5
accommodate his disability.” Kinsella v. Baker Hughes Oilfield
Operations, LLC, 66 F.4th 1099, 1104 (7th Cir. 2023) (citation
omitted).
The parties agree that the Department was aware of
Jezior’s disability, so the only disputed elements are the first
and the third.
Under the ADA, a “qualified individual” is one “who,
with or without reasonable accommodation, can perform the
essential functions of the employment position that such in-
dividual holds or desires.” 42 U.S.C. § 12111(8). And it is the
employer’s prerogative “to define the core qualifications for a
position.” Leisen v. City of Shelbyville, 153 F.3d 805, 808
(7th Cir. 1998). This is especially true in the public-safety con-
text where even rarely performed duties may be essential to a
position. Tate, 51 F.4th at 796; see Vargas v. DeJoy, 980 F.3d
1184, 1189 (7th Cir. 2020) (“Consider the firefighter: while he
may not often have to carry an unconscious adult from a
burning building, failing to require that he ably perform this
function when called upon would run counter to his duty to
public safety.”).
Jezior argues that he was qualified for an in-place promo-
tion because he had performed his role at the airport for many
years without issue. But this reasoning presupposes that a
lieutenant position involving no changes to his duties in fact
existed—it did not. And we have held that “[a]n employer
need not create a new job or strip a current job of its principal
duties to accommodate a disabled employee.” Gratzl v. Office
of the Chief Judges of the 12th, 18th, 19th, & 22nd Judicial Circuits,
601 F.3d 674, 680 (7th Cir. 2010).

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6 No. 25-1546
Here, the essential duties of the lieutenant positions at the
airport included firefighting, a task that Jezior admits he can-
not perform. And on this record, we cannot find that such a
requirement was illusory, especially where the position im-
plicates public-safety concerns. Jezior therefore was not qual-
ified for an in-place promotion.
Even if he were qualified, Jezior’s claim fails for another
reason: his requested accommodation is not reasonable. He
contends that an in-place promotion was a reasonable request
because it would not have caused the Department undue
hardship to keep him in the same position with a higher rank.
Jezior effectively requests a rule that an employee is enti-
tled to the accommodation of his choice or, alternatively, a
promotion in place. But the ADA requires neither. We have
held time and again that “[a]n employer is not obligated to
provide an employee the accommodation he requests or pre-
fers.” Mobley v. Allstate Insurance Co., 531 F.3d 539, 546 (7th
Cir. 2008) (citation omitted); see, e.g., Igasaki v. Illinois Dep’t of
Financial & Professional Regulation, 988 F.3d 948, 961 (7th Cir.
2021); Malabarba v. Chicago Tribune Co., 149 F.3d 690, 699
(7th Cir. 1998). And as we have already explained, an em-
ployer has no obligation to create a new role or change the
essential duties of an existing one. Gratzl, 601 F.3d at 680. Con-
sider that Commissioner Ford’s own sister left her non-oper-
ational procurement role at the airport after the Department
decided to no longer finance it as a lieutenant position. The
Department did not have to recreate that position, contrary to
the City’s cost-cutting civilianization efforts, to reasonably ac-
commodate Jezior.
Rather, “[w]hen a qualified employee has requested an ac-
commodation, the ADA requires both parties to engage in an

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No. 25-1546 7
informal interactive process to identify an appropriate accom-
modation.” Youngman v. Peoria County, 947 F.3d 1037, 1042
(7th Cir. 2020). If this process breaks down, “courts should at-
tempt to isolate the cause and then assign responsibility.” Kin-
sella, 66 F.4th at 1105 (cleaned up).
We agree with the district court that Jezior voluntarily cut
off this interactive process when he refused to explore alter-
natives. During the first meeting between Helmold and Jezior,
Helmold explained that Jezior would need to go through the
Department’s accommodation process to accept his promo-
tion and that a non-operational lieutenant position might be-
come available in the Fire Prevention Bureau. But Jezior
demonstrated no interest in pursuing these options. Instead,
he opted to remain in his current position without submitting
any accommodation paperwork.
Jezior seeks to excuse his failure to engage in the process
by arguing that the Department offered him a “Hobson’s
choice” to either waive the promotion or risk early retirement
for failing to medically clear a new position. He notes that
Helmold did not know the requirements for an available role,
the extent of Jezior’s physical abilities, or whether any specific
position would open.
But this theory relies only on speculation. We cannot fault
Helmold or the Department for not knowing what specific po-
sitions could accommodate Jezior because those facts would
have been developed through the accommodation process,
including the medical questionnaire that Jezior declined to
submit. No one knows what would have resulted from the
process because Jezior decided not to pursue it. We cannot as-
sume that Jezior’s worst-case scenario would have come to

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8 No. 25-1546
pass. Accordingly, summary judgment was appropriate on
Jezior’s failure-to-accommodate claim.
B. Disability Discrimination
Jezior also says that he presented evidence from which a
reasonable jury could find that the Department discriminated
against him based on his disability by denying him a lieuten-
ant position at the airport.
To establish disability discrimination under the ADA, a
plaintiff must show that “(1) he is disabled; (2) he is otherwise
qualified to perform the essential functions of the job with or
without reasonable accommodation; and (3) his disability
caused the adverse employment action.” Igasaki, 988 F.3d
at 961.
Jezior’s disability-discrimination claim suffers from one of
the same defects as his failure-to-accommodate claim: he can-
not show that he was qualified for a lieutenant position at the
airport. See Schoper v. Board of Trustees of Western Illinois Uni-
versity, 119 F.4th 527, 534 (7th Cir. 2024).
But this claim also fails on causation grounds. To evaluate
causation, we consider whether a reasonable juror could con-
clude that Jezior would have been given his requested promo-
tion “if he was not disabled, and everything else had re-
mained the same.” Graham v. Arctic Zone Iceplex, LLC, 930 F.3d
926, 929 (7th Cir. 2019) (cleaned up).
On causation, Jezior first argues that he has presented di-
rect evidence of discrimination by Commissioner Ford—
namely, that Ford refused to promote him despite knowing
that a lieutenant position in procurement would not require
any more physical ability than the role Jezior was already per-
forming. But again, this argument relies on the false

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No. 25-1546 9
assumption that such a position existed. As to lieutenant-rank
positions that did exist, Jezior was told multiple times that he
could transfer to the Fire Prevention Bureau, or seek an ac-
commodation with the disability office to remain in the Bu-
reau of Operations. He pursued neither path.
Jezior next contends that inconsistencies in the Depart-
ment’s explanations for its refusal to offer an in-place promo-
tion demonstrate pretext. He suggests that Helmold focused
on the fact that a lieutenant-rank procurement position did
not exist, while Commissioner Ford’s denial of his title change
cited Jezior’s physical limitations.
“Shifting and inconsistent explanations can provide a ba-
sis for a finding of pretext. But the explanations must actually
be shifting and inconsistent to permit an inference of mendac-
ity.” McCann v. Badger Mining Corp., 965 F.3d 578, 589–90 (7th
Cir. 2020) (citation omitted). Here, Helmold and Commis-
sioner Ford’s positions are consistent: the Department sought
to reduce costs by civilianizing positions that did not require
firefighting, so the existing lieutenant positions at the airport
required firefighting. This legitimate rationale does not sug-
gest pretext.
Jezior finally points to three comparators without disabil-
ities who he maintains were similarly situated and treated
more favorably. “The similarly situated inquiry is a flexible,
common-sense one that asks, at bottom, whether there are
enough common factors to allow for a meaningful compari-
son in order to divine whether intentional discrimination was
at play.” Monroe v. Indiana Dep’t of Transportation, 871 F.3d 495,
507 (7th Cir. 2017) (cleaned up).

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10 No. 25-1546
First, Jezior contends that Lieutenant John McGill, who
was in the same lieutenant class as Jezior, was promoted in
place. But McGill was in an exempt-rank position—deputy
district chief—meaning he was appointed by the fire commis-
sioner outside the typical promotion process. He received the
title of lieutenant while serving in that role but received no
increase in his salary with that promotion. Thus, he did not
receive a promotion like the one Jezior sought, which would
involve the same job responsibilities as a lower-rank position
but with higher pay.
Next, Jezior notes that Helmold received a promotion
when a budget line had been unavailable for his new position.
But Helmold’s promotion moved him to an entirely different
role—from district chief to director of training at the acad-
emy—both of which were exempt-rank positions. Jezior, by
contrast, asked to remain in the same role with a new rank.
Lastly, Jezior asserts that Lieutenant Timothy Sampey re-
ceived a promotion in place through manipulation of budget
lines. But he neither presented evidence of Sampey’s promo-
tion history to the district court nor developed this compari-
son in his brief on appeal, so the issue is waived. See Bradley v.
Village of University Park, 59 F.4th 887, 897 (7th Cir. 2023).
Jezior presented no evidence of a comparator who re-
ceived what he was denied: a promotion and pay raise that
entailed no changes to his job responsibilities. The district
court thus correctly granted summary judgment to the City
on Jezior’s disability-discrimination claim.
III. Conclusion
For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the district
court’s judgment.

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