United States of America v. Bryant Keethe Smith Ford

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
___________________________
No. 20-1573
___________________________
United States of America
lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee
v.
Bryant Keethe Smith Ford
lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant
____________
Appeal from United States District Court
for the Western District of Arkansas - Fayetteville
____________
Submitted: January 11, 2021
Filed: February 17, 2021
____________
Before SMITH, Chief Judge, KELLY and ERICKSON, Circuit Judges.
____________
ERICKSON, Circuit Judge.
Bryant Keethe Smith Ford pled guilty to two offenses: conspiracy to distribute
marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(B)(vii), and 846; and

-- 1 of 8 --

money laundering, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1957. The district court1 sentenced
Ford to a term of imprisonment of 168 months for the drug trafficking conviction and
a concurrent term of 120 months for money laundering. Ford appeals the court’s
Sentencing Guidelines calculation and denial of his motion for a downward variance.
We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
In June 2017, Drug Enforcement Administration (“DEA”) agents in Arkansas
began investigating a drug trafficking organization in Fayetteville. Through the use
of confidential sources, the agents obtained information indicating Ford was
distributing multiple pounds of marijuana and multiple ounces of cocaine in
Arkansas. Meanwhile, DEA agents in Colorado were investigating Long Phan, who
was operating a drug trafficking organization in Colorado. In October 2017, agents
intercepted communications revealing that Phan was a source of supply for Ford and
that Ford planned to travel to Colorado to purchase 35 to 40 pounds of marijuana.
Agents conducted surveillance on Ford and Phan and observed them meet at
a known “stash house” in Denver, Colorado. Through continued intercepted
communications the agents learned that Ford would be sending payment for the
marijuana he received in Denver to Phan via FedEx. At the Englewood, Colorado,
FedEx Office, agents used a canine service dog to inspect a package mailed by Ford
to Phan. After the dog alerted, agents opened it and found $32,000 in currency.
Two days later, agents learned of another planned transaction in which Phan
and Ford scheduled to meet in Aurora, Colorado. During the call, Phan stated there
were “45 good ones instead of 50 this time,” which agents understood referenced
1The Honorable Timothy L. Brooks, United States District Judge for the
Western District of Arkansas.
-2-

-- 2 of 8 --

marijuana. Agents resumed surveillance of Phan and Ford, observed them meet in
a hotel parking lot, and followed them as they drove in tandem to a known “stash
house” in Arapahoe County, Colorado. The pair stayed at the house for a short time
and then left in different directions, each followed by agents. Phan drove to a FedEx
office to retrieve the already seized package with the money Ford had sent. When
Phan was unable to pick up the package, he called Ford. The pair discussed the
money being seized by the DEA, how the package had their names on it, their
suspicion that they were under investigation, and what excuse they would give to the
marijuana supplier who was owed money.
While some agents were monitoring Phan, Aurora Police Department officers
working in conjunction with the DEA approached Ford who was in a vehicle at a
restaurant parking lot. The officers used a service canine to inspect the vehicle. After
the canine alerted, officers searched the vehicle and found two duffle bags containing
45 pounds of marijuana in individually wrapped one-pound bundles.
In less than two years, Ford encountered law enforcement several more times.
In April 2019, approximately a year and a half after Ford’s arrest by the Aurora police
officers, Ford was a passenger in a vehicle stopped by the Kansas Highway Patrol.
During a search of the vehicle, the trooper discovered 137 pounds of marijuana and
4.4 pounds of THC “vape” cartridges. Ford told the trooper that he was not
concerned about the marijuana because none of it belonged to him. Ford also told the
trooper that he was a rapper and the driver of the vehicle was his bodyguard. Despite
disclaiming ownership interest of the marijuana to the trooper, the next day Ford
posted on his Facebook account a message, stating: “Biggest Lost I’ve Ever Took in
My Life Head Hurt N Prolly Won’t See Me On Social Media For Awhile.” The
investigating DEA agents believed the message referenced the 137 pounds of
marijuana seized by the Kansas Highway Patrol. The following month law
enforcement stopped Ford’s vehicle in Arizona. A vehicle search revealed 66 pounds
-3-

-- 3 of 8 --

of marijuana, 500 vials of THC oil, 200 grams of THC wax, 200 grams of THC syrup,
and 200 pre-rolled marijuana cigarettes.
In addition to the intercepted communications and law enforcement encounters,
investigators obtained information about Ford’s drug trafficking organization through
controlled buys, his posts on several different social media accounts, recorded jail
calls, and statements from cooperating witnesses. For instance, Ford posted pictures
on his social media account depicting images of large amounts of cash bundled
together with rubber bands. They also learned Ford used over $129,000 in cash to
purchase vehicles, including a 2015 Range Rover Evoque for $26,800; a 2015 BMW
i8 coupe for $63,000; and a 2015 Chevrolet Corvette for $40,000.
Law enforcement eventually obtained a warrant and searched Ford’s residence
in Fayetteville along with his car. Inside the house officers found $15,016 in cash in
the master bedroom, suspected high value jewelry in the same room, an electronic
money counting machine in a utility closet, and 738 THC cartridges plus two baggies
of marijuana in the kitchen. In the trunk of Ford’s BMW, officers found seven
vacuum-sealed packages of marijuana, each containing one-pound of marijuana.
Although Ford denied using safe deposit boxes to store cash, another individual told
law enforcement that, at Ford’s direction, she would place envelopes full of cash in
a safe deposit box opened under her name. This same individual also informed
officers that Ford directed her to register various vehicles he purchased in her name,
including a BMW i8 coupe, a Range Rover Evoque, a Fisker Karma, a Dodge
Challenger, a Bentley sedan, and a Chevrolet Corvette. Agents seized $137,000 in
currency from the safe deposit box rented by the cooperating individual and an
additional $111,076 held in a safe deposit box opened in Ford’s name.
Ford pled guilty to conspiracy to distribute marijuana and money laundering.
He also agreed to forfeit the currency seized from the two safe deposit boxes and his
house, three vehicles (a 2015 BMW i8 coupe, 2015 Range Rover Evoque, and 2012
-4-

-- 4 of 8 --

Fisker Karma), and two 9 mm pistols. Ford’s Sentencing Guidelines range was
calculated to be 168 to 210 months, based on a total offense level of 32 and criminal
history category IV. The court sentenced Ford to a term of imprisonment of 168
months on the drug trafficking count and a concurrent term of 120 months for money
laundering. It also imposed a fine in the amount of $20,000. Ford timely appealed.
II. DISCUSSION
Ford challenges the district court’s application of two Sentencing Guidelines
enhancements: a four-level increase under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a) for being an organizer
or leader of criminal activity involving five or more participants or which was
“otherwise extensive,” and a two-level increase under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(16)(E) for
committing the offense as part of a pattern of criminal conduct engaged in as a
livelihood. We review a district court’s factual findings for an enhancement for clear
error and its legal conclusions de novo. United States v. Sherrod, 966 F.3d 748, 754
(8th Cir. 2020) (quoting United States v. Cordy, 560 F.3d 808, 817 (8th Cir. 2009)).
The government bears the burden of proving an enhancement applies by a
preponderance of the evidence. United States v. Musa, 830 F.3d 786, 788 (8th Cir.
2016).
With regard to the leadership role enhancement, U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a) allows for
a four-level increase to a defendant’s offense level “[i]f the defendant was an
organizer or leader of a criminal activity that involved five or more participants or
was otherwise extensive.” A “participant” is defined as a person who is “criminally
responsible for the commission of the offense, but need not have been convicted.”
U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 cmt. n.1. In order for the enhancement to be properly applied, the
district court must make a finding that the defendant organized or led another
participant. Musa, 830 F.3d at 788. Here, the court, relying on the undisputed
statements in the Presentence Investigation Report (“PSIR”), found that Ford’s drug
trafficking activities met the “otherwise extensive” prong of § 3B1.1(a) and identified
-5-

-- 5 of 8 --

two participants that Ford directed. The court also found that Ford’s drug trafficking
organization included more than five participants and identified with specificity the
involvement of more than five participants. Having carefully reviewed the record,
we are confident that the district court correctly understood and applied § 3B1.1(a).
We conclude the district court’s findings are supported by the record and the court
did not err in applying a leadership role enhancement.
Ford also challenges the district court’s application for criminal livelihood,
which consisted of a two-level increase to his offense level under § 2D1.1(b)(16)(E)
of the Sentencing Guidelines. Ford asserts there was insufficient evidence to prove
the sale of drugs was his primary occupation, arguing the district court improperly
ignored evidence that he derived income from a clothing line, his music career, and
gambling. In support of his argument, Ford cites to three paragraphs in the PSIR.
The first one included Ford’s assertion made during a law enforcement interview in
which Ford stated the business he co-owned, Northwest Arkansas Restoration, did not
make him any money but he earned a living through a clothing line and his music
career. The second paragraph cited by Ford described 1099-MISC tax forms filed by
various casinos. We note the court sustained Ford’s objection to this paragraph and
indicated it would not consider the information for sentencing purposes. In the other
paragraph cited by Ford, he self-reported that his clothing business was “a small
operation” that he conducted as a “side project.” Although Ford reported the business
earned approximately $2,000 a month, agents were unable to corroborate Ford’s
representation and learned that most, if not all, of the individuals who wore clothing
with Ford’s graphic designs were persons connected to his drug trafficking operation.
Outside of his clothing business, Ford reported to the PSIR writer that he was last
employed at a Dunkin’ Donuts where he worked for approximately one month and
was paid minimum wage.
For the two-level increase under § 2D1.1(b)(16)(E) to apply, the evidence must
establish that (1) in a 12-month period the defendant received an income from the
-6-

-- 6 of 8 --

criminal activity that was 2,000 times the federal minimum wage, and (2) during the
12-month period, the criminal activity was the defendant’s primary occupation.
U.S.S.G § 4B1.3 cmt. n.2. At sentencing, Ford acknowledged that he made money
from the sale of marijuana, but argued the court was unable to quantify the amount
without making assumptions. Ford contends on appeal the district court erred by
applying the criminal livelihood enhancement because it did not make a specific
finding on the second prong, which requires criminal conduct to be Ford’s primary
occupation in a 12-month period. The court made thorough findings regarding
application of the first prong of the criminal livelihood enhancement. At the
conclusion, the court asked Ford if it “failed to address or resolve any of defendant’s
objections.” Ford responded, “No.” When “a defendant fails to timely object to a
procedural sentencing error, the error is forfeited and may only be reviewed for plain
error.” United States v. Phelps, 536 F.3d 862, 865 (8th Cir. 2008).
In determining a defendant’s primary occupation, a court may consider
evidence regarding the market value of the drugs sold as well as evidence that
defendant lacked gainful employment. United States v. Denson, 967 F.3d 699, 707
(8th Cir. 2020) (citations omitted). The record contains substantial evidence about
the large quantities of marijuana involved in Ford’s drug trafficking operation;
however, there is little evidence about gainful employment. There is no evidence
about how much money Ford purported to have earned from his music career and he
objected to the court considering the 1099-MISC tax forms regarding his casino
gambling. Even considering Ford’s self-serving statement that he earned $2,000 a
month from his clothing business, it is plain on this record that this income could not
serve as Ford’s primary occupation. In addition to purchasing vehicles for $89,800
in cash in February 2019 and having in excess of $250,000 in cash in July 2019, Ford
rented a residence in Fayetteville for $1,195 per month and he paid $1,894 per month
for an apartment in Texas. Ford also reported a shoe collection to be worth an
estimated $20,000. The undisputed facts in the record lead to only one rational
conclusion: Ford’s drug trafficking was his primary occupation during the relevant
-7-

-- 7 of 8 --

12-month period. Ford cannot show any error that affected his substantial rights. See
United States v. Isler, 983 F.3d 335, 341–343 (8th Cir. 2020) (concluding the
defendant cannot succeed on his sentencing challenges because, under plain error
review, he must show an error that affected his substantial rights).
Lastly, Ford challenges the district court’s denial of his motion for a downward
variance. We review the denial of a motion for downward variance by reviewing the
sentence for reasonableness, applying a deferential abuse of discretion standard.
United States v. Acosta, 619 F.3d 956, 962–63 (8th Cir. 2010) (quoting United States
v. Gonzalez, 573 F.3d 600, 607 (8th Cir. 2009)). Ford’s within-Guidelines sentence
is presumptively reasonable. United States v. Chavarria-Ortiz, 828 F.3d 668, 672 (8th
Cir. 2016). When explaining the reasons for its sentence, the court identified several
mitigating factors, such as Ford’s mental health issues, drug addiction, and lack of
youthful guidance. The court also detailed a number of aggravating factors, including
Ford’s position as distributor of the single largest marijuana trafficking organization
the court had ever encountered, possession of a firearm while engaging in drug
trafficking, a significant criminal history that is indicative of a lack of respect for
rules and the law, a high likelihood to recidivate unless Ford changes his attitude, and
concern about public safety. The district court thoroughly discussed the factors set
forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), took into consideration mitigating factors identified by
Ford (as well as aggravating factors), and adequately explained the reasons for the
sentence. Ford has neither rebutted the presumption of reasonableness nor
demonstrated that the court’s refusal to vary downward rendered the sentence
substantively unreasonable.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
______________________________
-8-

-- 8 of 8 --