United States of America v. Michelle Rae Simmermaker

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 20-2071
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United States of America
Plaintiff - Appellee
v.
Michelle Rae Simmermaker
Defendant - Appellant
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Northern District of Iowa - Cedar Rapids
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Submitted: March 19, 2021
Filed: June 1, 2021
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Before SHEPHERD, ERICKSON, and KOBES, Circuit Judges.
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KOBES, Circuit Judge.
Michelle Simmermaker was indicted for possession with intent to distribute a
controlled substance, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B). The district court1 denied
1 The Honorable C.J. Williams, United States District Judge for the Northern
District of Iowa.

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her motion to suppress evidence seized from her lockbox. She pleaded guilty and
now appeals the denial of her motion. We affirm.
I.
Police officers executed a search warrant of a home in Tipton, Iowa that
belonged to W.S., someone familiar to the officers through drug investigations. The
search warrant request indicated that officers were told that “known drug users” were
“coming and going from the residence.” D. Ct. Dkt. 32-1 at 5. The warrant
authorized a search of the house and of W.S. It also authorized the search of items
related to drug trafficking and “locked containers, safes, hidden compartments or
other items or areas capable of storing or concealing any of the other items listed
herein.” D. Ct. Dkt. 31-2 at 1.
During the search, officers found Simmermaker asleep on the couch in the
living room of the house. Close by on the couch was a meth pipe and a Brink’s
security lockbox. The keys to the Brink’s box were near the box. Officers woke
her, handcuffed her, and removed her from the room. Simmermaker told officers
she had been staying at the home for a week, but they later learned she had been
there for two nights. The officers unlocked the Brink’s box and found 10.95 grams
of methamphetamine and a digital scale inside. The officers then got a second
warrant to search Simmermaker.
Simmermaker was arrested and indicted for a single count of possession of
methamphetamine with intent to distribute. She filed a motion to suppress the search
of her Brink’s box. The magistrate judge recommended suppression because
Simmermaker was a guest at the home and the initial search warrant did not
encompass her belongings. The district court, while adopting the magistrate judge’s
factual findings, disagreed and denied the motion to suppress. Simmermaker then
pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 37 months in prison. She appeals the denial of
her motion to suppress.

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II.
“When reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we review the district
court’s factual findings for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo.” United
States v. Dickerman, 954 F.3d 1060, 1065 (8th Cir. 2020). The question here is
whether the officers violated Simmermaker’s Fourth Amendment rights when they
searched her Brink’s box under the original warrant.
“While possession of a warrant generally justifies searching the effects of
those occupying the premises, special Fourth Amendment concerns arise when the
persons on the premises are visitors.” Hummel-Jones v. Strope, 25 F.3d 647, 651
(8th Cir. 1994) (citation omitted). We evaluate “the relationship between the visitor
and the place, and whether that relationship is such that it is reasonable for the
searchers to believe that the warrant overcomes the visitor’s independent Fourth
Amendment privacy rights.” Id. It is undisputed that, at the very least,
Simmermaker was more than a mere visitor or passerby.2 See Ybarra v. Illinois, 444
U.S. 85, 91 (1979) (“[A] person’s mere propinquity to others independently
suspected of criminal activity does not, without more, give rise to probable cause to
search that person.”); see also United States v. Giwa, 831 F.2d 538, 545 (5th Cir.
1987).
So, was Simmermaker’s lockbox within the scope of the warrant? A visitor’s
privacy interest is complicated when the visitor is connected to the illegal activity at
the location that creates the basis for the search warrant. See United States v. Clay,
640 F.2d 157, 161–62 (8th Cir. 1981) (noting that a frisk of a visitor may be
reasonable if the officer had suspicion that the visitor was “involved in the criminal
activity that constituted the basis of the issuance of the warrant.”).
2 The parties dispute whether Simmermaker was an overnight guest. But the
facts here establish that she had a reasonable expectation of privacy.

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We dealt with similar facts in United States v. Cowan, 674 F.3d 947, 951 (8th
Cir. 2012). There, officers were executing a drug trafficking search warrant on an
apartment and witnessed Cowan running from one room to another. Id. Officers
frisked Cowan, who gave them information linking him to the drug conspiracy they
were investigating. Id. We held that the officers had “particularized suspicion” that
Cowan was involved in the drug trafficking because he was present in the apartment,
ran from the officers when they entered the apartment, and told them he was from
Chicago, a “reputed source of the [specific] crack cocaine” being investigated. Id.
at 954–55.
Here, the search warrant was for evidence of drug use and distribution.
Officers saw Simmermaker on the couch, asleep, with a meth pipe next to her.
“[K]nown drug users” were in and out of the house often. D. Ct. Dkt. 32-1 at 5.
This was enough to give officers “particularized suspicion” that Simmermaker was
connected to the illicit activity that provided the basis for the warrant. Cowan, 647
F.3d at 954–55. It follows that her personal belongings—including the Brink’s
box—would be subject to the warrant, especially because the warrant included all
“locked containers.” D. Ct. Dkt. 32-1 at 1. While Simmermaker had a reasonable
expectation of privacy in the Brink’s box, officers had probable cause that she was
involved in the criminal activity that formed the basis for the warrant.
Simmermaker’s Brink’s box fell within the scope of the warrant and searching it was
lawful.
III.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
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