Morningside Church, Inc.; Morningside Church Productions, Inc.; Jim Bakker v. Leslie Rutledge, Attorney General for the State of Arkansas

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 20-2954
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Morningside Church, Inc.; Morningside Church Productions, Inc.; Jim Bakker
lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiffs - Appellants
v.
Leslie Rutledge, Attorney General for the State of Arkansas; Kimberly R. H.
Lewis, District Attorney for the County of Merced, California; Tori Verber
Salazar, District Attorney for the County of San Joaquin, California; Mike Feuer,
City Attorney for the City of Los Angeles, California
lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellees
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Western District of Missouri - Joplin
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Submitted: June 17, 2021
Filed: August 12, 2021
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Before LOKEN, KELLY, and ERICKSON, Circuit Judges.
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KELLY, Circuit Judge.
The plaintiffs here sued several out-of-state defendants in Missouri federal
court, alleging that the defendants, while acting in their official capacities, violated

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their First, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights. The district court1 dismissed the
case for lack of personal jurisdiction, and the plaintiffs appeal. We affirm.
I.
Jim Bakker is a televangelist and the lead pastor of Morningside Church. In
coordination with Morningside Church and Morningside Church Productions
(collectively, Morningside), Bakker hosts the Jim Bakker Show, a nationally
broadcast television program that airs Morningside Church services. Bakker is a
resident of Stone County, Missouri, and Morningside Church and Morningside
Church Productions are both headquartered in Stone County.
In February 2020, as the Covid-19 pandemic was beginning in the United
States, Bakker and Morningside began advertising a product called Silver Solution
on the Jim Bakker Show. During broadcasts, Bakker and his guests allegedly claimed
that Silver Solution “has been proven by the government that it has the ability to kill
every pathogen it has ever been tested on”; that it “has been tested on other strains of
the coronavirus and has been able to eliminate it within 12 hours”; and that it is
“patented, it works, we have tested it, it works on just about everything.” Bakker
explains that he sees “[e]ducating” viewers about Silver Solution and offering the
product for sale as “an expression of [his and his church’s] religious beliefs” and “an
important religious practice of itself.”
The claims about Silver Solution by Bakker and his guests soon drew scrutiny
from law enforcement and regulatory bodies nationwide. On March 11, 2020, Mike
Feuer, the Los Angeles City Attorney, sent a letter by email and by physical mail to
the Stone County offices of the Jim Bakker Show expressing concern about how
1The Honorable M. Douglas Harpool, United States District Judge for the
Western District of Missouri.
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Silver Solution was being marketed to California consumers. Citing California’s
false advertising law, Feuer requested business records to substantiate a number of
claims about Silver Solution made on the air. He explained that the letter “serve[d]
as a formal demand” and that “[f]ailure to adequately substantiate the claims listed
. . . may result in further action.”
Leslie Rutledge, the Attorney General for the State of Arkansas, was also
troubled by the Silver Solution broadcasts and launched an investigation into whether
Bakker and Morningside had violated Arkansas’s deceptive trade practices law. On
March 24, 2020, a representative from Rutledge’s office sent a civil investigative
demand to Bakker’s address in Stone County. Rutledge requested information on the
sale and marketing of Silver Solution to Arkansas consumers; records of complaints
and investigations concerning Silver Solution; and a list of Bakker’s social media
accounts. In an accompanying letter, she explained that failure to comply with the
demand could result in Rutledge “petitioning a circuit court for an order compelling
. . . compliance, or other such relief as permitted by law,” including suspension of
Bakker and Morningside’s business in Arkansas.
Around May 4, 2020, Bakker and Morningside heard from a third law
enforcement agency: the District Attorney’s Office for the County of Merced,
California, led by Kimberly Lewis. Lewis’s office served a subpoena on a registered
agent of Morningside Church Productions in California, alleging that it had reason
to believe that Morningside had violated California’s Business and Professions Code.
The subpoena commanded the company to produce documents regarding the sale and
marketing of Silver Solution to California consumers; the basis of claims about Silver
Solution made on the Jim Bakker Show and related websites; and the company’s
communications with other entities that sold Silver Solution. The subpoena
explained: “For failure to comply with this subpoena, you will be liable to the
proceedings and penalties provided by law.”
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According to Maricela Woodall, the president of Morningside Church
Productions, the company’s counsel responded to Lewis’s subpoena by calling her
office. On this call, someone from Lewis’s office allegedly said that the subpoena
had been issued “in conjunction with a joint investigation by Lewis, Feuer, and Teri
[sic] Verber Salazar, the District Attorney for the County of San Joaquin, California”
and that all three offices would need to be involved in any discussion of that
investigation. On May 28, 2020, Morningside’s counsel had a conference call with
Lewis’s, Feuer’s, and Salazar’s offices in which Morningside sought to limit the
scope of the subpoena; in Woodall’s account, Lewis, Feuer, and Salazar “indicated
that they would not agree to unilaterally limit the scope of the Subpoena in a way that
satisfie[d] [Morningside’s] Constitutional concerns.”
That same month, Morningside’s counsel also had a phone call with Rutledge’s
office, during which a representative allegedly agreed to limit the scope of the March
24 demand. The following day, Bakker and Morningside emailed a response to the
demand that provided some of the information sought but objected to many of the
requests. Woodall claims that this response “complied with the [demand] as limited
by the agreement.” On May 27, 2020, the Attorney General’s Office sent
Morningside and Bakker an email rejecting their objections. The office again
requested the information originally identified in the demand and wrote, “If the
responses are not fully received by June 12, 2020, the State will have no choice but
to file a petition requesting a court order requiring Morningside and Pastor Bakker
to fully answer the [demand] and an injunction against Morningside and Pastor
Bakker from conducting business in Arkansas.”
Bakker and Morningside did not respond to the communications from May 27
and 28. Instead, on June 5, 2020, they filed suit against Feuer, Lewis, Rutledge, and
Salazar (the defendants) in the Western District of Missouri. Bakker and
Morningside allege that the defendants’ investigations into Silver Solution violate
their constitutional rights and that the state statutes the defendants have acted under
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are unconstitutional. Laying out the basis for federal jurisdiction, the complaint
states:
A substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim
occurred, or a substantial part of the property that is the subject of the
action is situated, in Stone County, Missouri, including, inter alia, the
subpoena and investigative demands at issue (a) relate to the purported
conduct of Plaintiffs in Stone County, Missouri, (b) were served or
delivered to one or more Plaintiffs in Stone County, Missouri, (c)
purport to compel conduct of Plaintiffs in Stone County, Missouri, and
(d) seek documents, writings, communications, and electronically stored
information and data that are situated in Stone County, Missouri.
In response to this complaint, the defendants moved to dismiss the case for lack
of personal jurisdiction.2 The district court granted their motion, and Bakker and
Morningside now appeal.
II.
We review the district court’s decision on personal jurisdiction de novo.
Pederson v. Frost, 951 F.3d 977, 979 (8th Cir. 2020). “The plaintiffs bear the burden
of establishing a prima facie showing of jurisdiction, and we view the evidence in the
light most favorable to the plaintiffs.” Whaley v. Esebag, 946 F.3d 447, 451 (8th Cir.
2020).
Because Bakker and Morningside acknowledge that the defendants are not
subject to general personal jurisdiction in Missouri, the issue here is whether the
2On June 16, 2020, the same day she filed her motion to dismiss in federal
court, Rutledge also filed a complaint in Arkansas state court against Bakker,
Morningside, and others, alleging violations of the Arkansas Deceptive Trade
Practices Act.
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district court had specific personal jurisdiction. “A district court may exercise
specific jurisdiction over an out-of-state defendant only to the extent permitted by the
state’s long-arm statute and the Constitution’s due process clause.” Federated Mut.
Ins. Co. v. FedNat Holding Co., 928 F.3d 718, 720 (8th Cir. 2019). For the purposes
of this appeal, we will assume that the defendants fell under Missouri’s long-arm
statute by “commi[tting] a tortious act within” the state. Mo. Rev. Stat.
§ 506.500.1(3). “Our task, then, is to determine whether the exercise of personal
jurisdiction comports with due process.” Henry Law Firm v. Cuker Interactive, LLC,
950 F.3d 528, 532 (8th Cir. 2020); see also Eagle Tech. v. Expander Ams., Inc., 783
F.3d 1131, 1136 (8th Cir. 2015) (“Because the Missouri long-arm statute authorizes
the exercise of jurisdiction over non-residents to the extent permissible under the due
process clause, we turn immediately to the question whether the assertion of personal
jurisdiction would violate the due process clause.” (quoting Romak USA, Inc. v.
Rich, 384 F.3d 979, 984 (8th Cir. 2004) (cleaned up)).
“Due process requires that a defendant have certain ‘minimum contacts’ with
the forum State for the State to exercise specific jurisdiction.” Creative Calling Sols.,
Inc. v. LF Beauty Ltd., 799 F.3d 975, 980 (8th Cir. 2015). The defendant’s
connection with the forum state must “be more than random, fortuitous, or attenuated,
and must permit the defendant to reasonably anticipate being haled into court there.”
Id. (cleaned up). The contacts therefore have to be based on “some act by which the
defendant purposely avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the
forum State, thus invoking the benefits and protections of its laws.” Federated Mut.,
928 F.3d at 720 (quoting Fastpath, Inc. v. Arbela Techs. Corp., 760 F.3d 816, 821
(8th Cir. 2014)). In this circuit, we apply a “five-factor test for assessing the
sufficiency of a defendant’s contacts,” considering: “(1) the nature and quality of
contacts with the forum state; (2) the quantity of such contacts; (3) the relation of the
cause of action to the contacts; (4) the interest of the forum state in providing a forum
for its residents; and (5) [the] convenience of the parties.” Id. (cleaned up). The first
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three factors are “of primary importance,” while the fourth and fifth factors “carry less
weight.” Whaley, 946 F.3d at 452 (cleaned up).
Because Bakker and Morningside’s “claims sound in intentional tort,” we
evaluate specific jurisdiction by reference to the “effects test” first set forth in Calder
v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783 (1984), and later clarified in Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277
(2014). Whaley, 946 F.3d at 451. In Calder, the Supreme Court “held that personal
jurisdiction can exist over a nonresident defendant who commits an intentional tort
when its effect is felt primarily within the forum state.” Pederson, 951 F.3d at 981
(cleaned up). But more recently, in Walden, the Court made clear that the effects test
is subject to two “interrelated limitations.” Id. First, the defendant’s relationship
with the forum state “must arise out of contacts that the defendant himself created
with the forum state. Second, we look to the defendant’s contacts with the forum
state itself, not the defendant’s contacts with persons who reside there.” Whaley, 946
F.3d at 451 (cleaned up). As the Court explained, the “proper question” for personal
jurisdiction “is not where the plaintiff experienced a particular injury or effect but
whether the defendant’s conduct connects him to the forum in a meaningful way.”
Walden, 571 U.S. at 290. “[T]he plaintiff cannot be the only link between the
defendant and the forum.” Id. at 285; see also id. at 290 (“Calder made clear that
mere injury to a forum resident is not a sufficient connection to the forum.”).
Bakker and Morningside do not allege “that any of the defendants ever visited
[Missouri], had any suit-related business there, or otherwise purposefully availed
themselves of the state’s benefits and protections.” Pederson, 951 F.3d at 980
(cleaned up). Rather, their argument for personal jurisdiction is based on the letters
and phone calls the defendants directed toward them in Missouri requesting that they
produce information. “To be sure, calls, emails, and text messages directed at a
plaintiff can be relevant contacts. But when the only connection between the
defendants and the forum state is the plaintiff himself, they are not enough on their
own.” Id. (cleaned up). The same is true of physical letters. See Federated Mut., 928
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F.3d at 721 (“[D]irecting a few emails or letters to Federated Mutual in Minnesota is
not enough to establish personal jurisdiction there.”). In Pederson v. Frost, 951 F.3d
977, for example, we held that a federal court in Minnesota did not have personal
jurisdiction over out-of-state defendants who sent “hundreds of telephone and email
contacts” to the plaintiff at his Minnesota office. Id. at 979. Because there was no
indication “that these communications were part of some broader effort by the
defendants to create a connection with Minnesota” and no evidence of any additional
contacts with the state, we concluded that they were insufficient to establish the
minimum contacts necessary under the Due Process Clause. Id. at 980.
Here, the defendants’ isolated letters and calls represent their only contacts
with the forum state. These communications were directed at Missouri simply
because Bakker and Morningside “just happen[ed]” to reside there, id.—had they
been in California or Iowa, the defendants would have reached out to them in those
states instead. Because Bakker and Morningside are “the only link between the
defendant[s] and the forum,” Walden, 571 U.S. at 285, the defendants’ Missouri-
directed communications “fit into the ‘random, fortuitous, or attenuated’ category,”
Pederson, 951 F.3d at 980. Accordingly, the first factors we consider—the nature and
the quality of the defendants’ contacts with Missouri, as well as the quantity of those
contacts—weigh heavily against personal jurisdiction. Cf. Pederson, 951 F.3d at 980.
Bakker and Morningside argue that jurisdiction is nonetheless appropriate
because the alleged tort—the constitutional deprivation they claim to have suffered
when the defendants requested information about sales of Silver Solution—occurred
in Missouri, where they received the defendants’ letters and calls. This argument
seems to be directed to the third factor of our test: the relationship between the
defendants’ contacts with the forum state and the cause of action. But in Pederson,
where we held that the first three factors all weighed against jurisdiction, see id., the
alleged tort was committed in the same way. There, the defendants were accused of
committing fraud via communications they sent to the plaintiff in Minnesota, which
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is where he received and relied on the defendants’ representations. See id. at 979.
Though the plaintiff experienced the alleged tort in Minnesota, we concluded that the
state did not have personal jurisdiction over the defendants because they did “nothing
to tether the effect of their actions to Minnesota.” Id. at 981 (cleaned up). As we
explained, “it is the defendant’s contacts and conduct with the forum state itself that
are the focus, not the defendant’s contacts with people who happen to reside there.”
Id. (cleaned up); cf. Eagle Tech., 783 F.3d at 1136–37 (concluding that no personal
jurisdiction existed in a quantum meruit suit even though the defendant allegedly
terminated the contract through a letter sent to the plaintiff in the forum state);
Walden, 571 U.S. at 287–88 (explaining that personal jurisdiction existed in Calder
because there the “effects caused by the defendants’ article—i.e., the injury to the
plaintiff’s reputation in the estimation of the California public—connected the
defendants’ conduct to California, not just to a plaintiff who lived there” (cleaned
up)). Finding nothing to distinguish this case from Pederson, we are not persuaded
by Bakker and Morningside’s argument and conclude that the third factor also
disfavors personal jurisdiction. Cf. Whaley, 946 F.3d at 453 (holding that the third
factor supported personal jurisdiction where the defendant’s “actions in and affecting
Arkansas,” rather than the plaintiffs themselves, were “central to the plaintiffs’
allegations of fraud and misrepresentation” (emphasis added)).
“The less important fourth and fifth factors offset each other”: while Missouri
has an interest in establishing a forum for its residents, that forum is an inconvenient
one for the defendants, who are not from Missouri and have no business in the state.
Whaley, 946 F.3d at 453. Considering all five factors together, we conclude that
Bakker and Morningside have not demonstrated that the defendants’ “conduct
connects [them] to the forum in a meaningful way.” Walden, 571 U.S. at 290.
Accordingly, the district court properly determined that it lacked personal jurisdiction
over the defendants under the Due Process Clause.
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III.
We affirm the judgment of the district court.3
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3Because the district court did not have jurisdiction in the first place, we do not
reach the parties’ additional arguments on whether it should have abstained from
exercising its jurisdiction.
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