Hal W. Stanley and Michelle Stanley, Individually and as Parents and Legal Guardians v. Asa Hutchinson

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
___________________________
No. 20-1822
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Hal W. Stanley and Michelle Stanley, Individually and as Parents and Legal Guardians
lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiffs - Appellants
v.
Asa Hutchinson, et al
lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellees
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Western District of Arkansas - Hot Springs
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Submitted: April 13, 2021
Filed: September 8, 2021
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Before LOKEN, WOLLMAN, and STRAS, Circuit Judges.
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LOKEN, Circuit Judge.
On January 12, 2015, child abuse investigators removed seven minor children
from the private home of their parents, Hal and Michelle Stanley, in Hot Springs,
Arkansas. After extensive state administrative and judicial proceedings, the Stanleys
filed this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action asserting a variety of claims against the Governor
of Arkansas; the Arkansas Department of Human Services (DHS); Garland County;
and numerous employees of the State and Garland County in their official and

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individual capacities. The State defendants moved to dismiss plaintiffs’ official
capacity claims and to dismiss the individual capacity claims based on qualified
immunity. The district court1 dismissed the official capacity claims and granted
qualified immunity on all individual capacity claims but one, the claim that Katherine
Finnegan, an investigator for the Crimes Against Children Division (CACD) of the
Arkansas State Police, removed the Stanleys’ minor children from their home without
reasonable suspicion of child abuse. Finnegan appealed that ruling. Reviewing de
novo, we affirmed. Stanley v. Finnegan (Stanley I), 899 F.3d 623 (8th Cir. 2018).
On remand, after discovery closed, the remaining defendants -- Finnegan and
the Garland County defendants -- moved for summary judgment on the remaining
claims. The Stanleys moved for partial summary judgment. The district court2
granted defendants’ motions and dismissed all claims with prejudice. The Stanleys
appeal, identifying as Orders Being Appealed the dismissal order granting qualified
immunity to Finnegan on claims other than reasonable suspicion of child abuse, and
the summary judgment order in favor of Sergeant Mike Wright and Corporal Terry
Threadgill of the Garland County Sheriff’s Department and Finnegan.3
1The Honorable P.K. Holmes, III, Chief Judge of the United States District
Court for the Western District of Arkansas.
2The Honorable Robert T. Dawson, United State District Judge for the Western
District of Arkansas.
3The Notice of Appeal also names the district court’s dismissal of Major Ron
Slayton, then Commander of the CACD, for failure to state a claim. However, no
claim against Slayton was properly preserved. The argument on appeal is based on
deposition testimony by Finnegan long after Slayton was dismissed. The Stanleys did
not move to amend their complaint and reopen their claim against Slayton based on
evidence supporting a theory that was not initially pleaded. Nor did they include
Slayton in their partial motion for summary judgment, or argue on appeal the district
court erred in granting a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal.
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Our review of summary judgment based on qualified immunity considers the
evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs to determine whether the movant
is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “Qualified immunity
protects public officials from § 1983 damages actions if their conduct does not violate
clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person
would have known. To determine whether a defendant is entitled to dismissal on the
basis of qualified immunity, we consider (1) whether the official’s conduct violated
a constitutional right; and (2) whether the violated right was clearly established.”
Stanley I, 899 F.3d at 626-27 (citations omitted; cleaned up). At issue here are due
process and Fourth Amendment rights of the parents and the children.4 Reviewing
both the dismissal and summary judgment orders de novo, we affirm. Helvey v. City
of Maplewood, 154 F.3d 841, 844 (8th Cir. 1998) (standard of review).
In briefing the various claims resolved by the district court on the expanded
summary judgment record, the Stanleys generally follow the Complaint in separating
their claims into two time frames -- the initial warrant search and removal of the
children from their home, and the subsequent administrative and judicial proceedings
that resulted in extended state custody of their children for months beyond the initial
72-hours authorized by the Arkansas Child Maltreatment Act. See Ark. Code Ann.
§ 12-18-1001(b). We will do likewise, but we add legal standards and precedents that
govern each distinct § 1983 claim to cabin the Stanleys’ unorganized stream of
conclusory assertions of intentional misconduct by all defendants.
4On appeal, the Stanleys’ Briefs do not separately argue that the district court
erred in dismissing procedural due process and First Amendment claims. Likewise,
the Stanleys do not argue on appeal that the court erred in dismissing official capacity
claims against the individual defendants and Monell claims against Garland County.
Accordingly, those claims are abandoned. See Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(5) and (8). We
consider only substantive due process and Fourth Amendment claims against
Finnegan, Wright, and Threadgill.
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I. The Initial Removal.
The background facts and removal allegations in the Stanleys’ forty-seven-page
Complaint are set forth in our prior opinion. See Stanley I, 899 F.3d at 625-26. We
now recount the summary judgment record as further developed in discovery. At the
time in question, the Stanley household consisted of Hal, Michelle, and their seven
minor children. The eldest son at home, sixteen-year-old Jonathan, wanted to attend
public school instead of continuing to receive Christian home-schooling. Hal refused.
In December 2014, prompted by Jonathan, a neighbor reported the Stanleys to the
child abuse hotline for inadequate clothing and physical abuse by Hal. A DHS
investigator determined the allegations were “unsubstantiated” after speaking with
the family. See Ark. Code § 12-18-702(a)(1)(A).
On January 9, 2015, two complainants, relaying information provided by
Jonathan, reported allegations of abuse and neglect within the Stanley home to
Sergeant Wright of the Sheriff’s Department and Arkansas State Police investigator
Russell Rhodes. The primary allegation was that Hal tried to force his children to
drink an “industrial grade” sodium-chlorite solution known as Miracle Mineral
Supplement (“MMS”), which could cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and symptoms
of acute liver failure. When the children refused to drink MMS, the complainants
alleged, Hal diffused MMS through the home’s ventilation system into the children’s
school room. Hal kept a container of MMS in the family’s refrigerator where it could
seep into food. The complainants also reported excessive corporal punishment,
medical and educational neglect, and inadequate nutrition.
After speaking with the complainants, Wright and Rhodes interviewed
Christopher, an adult son who had recently moved out of the home but still visited.
Christopher confirmed that Hal “experimented” with MMS but denied that he forced
the children to drink it. Christopher said his father had diffused MMS through the
ventilation system but stopped after Christopher protested. Christopher expressed
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concern about his younger siblings’ education and health. On January 11, Wright
spoke to a former sheriff of Lonoke County, who expressed concerns about the
Stanley household based on what he heard from Madelyn, the eldest adult child now
staying with the former sheriff. On January 12, Jonathan provided the two
complainants a plastic bottle containing a bleach-like liquid identified as MMS,
which they delivered to Sergeant Wright. Hand-written notes, allegedly written by
two Stanley children, accompanied the bottle, echoing Jonathan’s claims of physical
and mental neglect.
Alerted by the Sheriff’s Department, the CACD began a child abuse
investigation of poisonous substances, assigning Finnegan to investigate. After
meeting with Finnegan and other officers, Sergeant Wright applied for a warrant to
search the Stanley residence for MMS “and any other evidence related to the crime
of Endangering Welfare of A Minor . . . in violation of Arkansas State Statute 5-27-
205.” The Affidavit recited that the CACD “has opened an investigation and intends
to remove the children from the home to have them examined by a medical doctor.”
A Garland County Circuit Court Judge issued a warrant to search “for the property
specified.” The warrant made no reference to removing the children.
Later that afternoon, a team of thirty government agents executed the warrant.
Sergeant Wright oversaw the criminal investigation while investigator Finnegan
oversaw the civil child maltreatment investigation. Upon entering the home, Sergeant
Wright smelled bleach and experienced a tingling sensation in his lips and a scratchy
throat. Finnegan suffered a headache and a raw throat the next day. Sergeant Wright,
Corporal Threadgill, and Finnegan searched the house for MMS. In the refrigerator,
they found a gallon bottle labeled “Hydrogen Peroxide 35%,” an empty Cool Whip
container labeled “Sodium Chlorite 2/24/14,” and a bottle labeled “Hydrogen
Peroxide Solution” and “CDH.” In the bathroom, officers found a dropper bottle
marked “MMS.”
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Finnegan interviewed the two oldest minor children, Jonathan and fourteen-
year-old V.S. Jonathan alleged child abuse events during the past two years -- Hal
excessively using a paddle and choking, and using MMS to remove a mole on a
younger child, C.S., which caused a chemical burn, and to cure C.S.’s illness, causing
her to throw up. Like Christopher, V.S. said their father did not force them to drink
MMS but strongly encouraged it. Both said if the children remained at the home,
their parents planned to flee immediately to another location. Finnegan inspected the
family van. It was packed with boxes, clothes, and tents, which she believed were for
the purpose of flight. Finnegan interviewed the five youngest children. P.S. stated
she smelled MMS in the home and had been punished with a paddle in the past. C.S.
said the smell of MMS bothered her and, “in the school room, they have to open the
doors and turn on the fan so they can breathe.” Finnegan did not interview Hal and
Michelle. Dr. Patrick Kennedy inspected the children in an ambulance, finding no
immediate indication of exposure to toxic substances, burns, bruises, or malnutrition.
Dr. Kennedy recommended that an off-site doctor examine the children to determine
the effects of MMS. No evidence suggesting physical abuse was found.
Finnegan asked the State DHS to determine whether the children could safely
remain in the home. Lenny Robinson arrived to conduct a DHS safety assessment
which he failed to complete. Finnegan’s CACD supervisor, Detective Michelle
Gatlin, spoke with Dr. Teresa Esquivel who conferred with Poison Control and
advised that MMS is a very poisonous substance and the children should not remain
in the home if MMS is present. Finnegan conveyed the results of her interviews and
the recommendations of Dr. Kennedy and Dr. Esquivel to Sergeant Wright. When
“it became apparent that DHS was not going to remove the children,” Wright
exercised his statutory authority as a “law enforcement” officer to have the children
placed in 72-hour DHS protective custody pursuant to the Maltreatment Act. See
Ark. Code Ann. § 12-18-1001. He based this decision on the substantial risk of
serious harm to the children from exposure to dangerous chemicals, excessive
discipline, and the threat of flight or retaliation.
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On appeal, the Stanleys challenge the district court’s conclusion that Sergeant
Wright and Investigator Finnegan did not violate the family’s clearly established
constitutional rights in removing the children to DHS protective custody at the end
of the five-hour warrant search. In addition to not defining precisely what rights were
violated under what prevailing standards of law, the Stanleys ignore controlling law
of the case established in Stanley I:
As the district court recognized, it is clearly established that the
removal of children from their parents’ custody violates a constitutional
right if the removal occurs without reasonable suspicion of child abuse.
See Heartland Acad. Cmty. Church v. Waddle, 427 F.3d 525, 534 (8th
Cir. 2005); Abdouch v. Burger, 426 F.3d 982, 987 (8th Cir. 2005).
“Parents have a liberty interest in the care, custody, and management of
their children,” but this interest is “limited by the state’s compelling
interest in protecting a child . . . .” Swipies v. Kofka, 348 F.3d 701, 703
(8th Cir. 2003). To balance these competing interests, we have adopted
the rule that, “when a state official pursuing a child abuse investigation
takes an action which would otherwise unconstitutionally disrupt
familial integrity, he or she is entitled to qualified immunity, if such
action is properly founded upon a reasonable suspicion of child abuse.”
Id., citing Manzano v. S.D. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 60 F.3d 505, 510-11
(8th Cir. 1995). Thus, the issue is whether the allegations in the
Stanleys’ Complaint, taken as true and viewed in their favor, state a
plausible claim that Finnegan lacked reasonable suspicion of child abuse
when she participated in removing the Stanleys’ minor children from the
home and custody of their parents.
899 F.3d at 827 (emphasis added). Thus, the issue in reviewing the grant of summary
judgment dismissing the Stanleys’ removal claims is whether the Stanleys’ “liberty
interest in the care, custody, and management of their children” was violated because
Wright and Finnegan lacked reasonable suspicion of child abuse when the children
were removed from the Stanley home. “[A] balancing test which weighs the interest
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of the parent against the interests of the child and the state makes the qualified
immunity defense difficult to overcome.” Manzano, 60 F.3d at 510.
Reasonable suspicion “must be determined by analyzing the totality of the
circumstances at the time of the removal.” Stanley I, 899 F.3d at 629. “The liberty
interest in familial relations is limited by the compelling government interest in
protection of minor children, particularly in circumstances where the protection is
considered necessary as against the parents themselves.” Myers v. Morris, 810 F.2d
1437, 1462 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 828 (1987). Later-developed facts and
later-acquired knowledge are relevant only to the Stanleys’ post-removal claims,
which we discuss in Part II. As the Third Circuit noted in Croft v. Westmoreland
County Children & Youth Services, “We realize there may be cases in which a child
services bureau may be justified in removing either a child or parent from the home,
even where later investigation proves no abuse occurred.” 103 F.3d 1123, 1126 (3rd
Cir. 1997).
Sergeant Wright obtained a warrant to search for MMS and other evidence of
child abuse after investigating third party complaints of child abuse in the Stanley
household, including allegations the father subjected his minor children to a
potentially toxic and poisonous substance “similar to industrial-grade bleach.” When
Wright and Finnegan executed the warrant, they smelled “bleach.” Officers found
containers for “sodium-chlorite” and “MMS” where the complainants said they would
be and a dropper bottle marked “MMS” in the bathroom. Finnegan interviewed the
children. Two teenagers confirmed that Hal exposed the children to MMS. A
younger child said that, due to the smell of MMS, “they have to open the doors and
turn on the fan [in the school room] so they can breathe.” Two younger children said
their parents planned to flee if the children were left in the home, which Finnegan’s
personal inspection of the family vehicle tended to confirm. A CADC supervisor
called Dr. Esquivel, who advised that MMS is a poisonous substance and the children
should not remain in the home if MMS is present. Dr. Kennedy examined the
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younger children and found no obvious signs of abuse but recommended off-site
medical examinations to determine the effects of MMS. Having gathered this
information and determined that DHS would not take action, Sergeant Wright
exercised his statutory authority as a law enforcement officer to have the children
removed to DHS custody under a 72-hour protective hold where the children could
be given a more thorough medical examination for MMS exposure or other abuse.
The district court concluded: “Based on these undisputed facts, a reasonable
suspicion of child abuse existed when the children were removed. . . . Accordingly,
Wright and Finnegan are entitled to qualified immunity as to the removal of the
children.” We agree. See Thomason v. SCAN Volunteer Servs., Inc., 85 F.3d 1365,
1373 & n.6 (8th Cir. 1996).
The Stanleys argue the officers unreasonably relied on Jonathan’s
unsubstantiated and bizarre allegations of Hal piping MMS fumes and allowing the
chemical to seep into food. They argue MMS is a legal chemical and the officers had
no evidence it is harmful or the children ingested it. Ignoring what interviews of four
children confirmed, they argue that “if there had been a chemical in the Stanley home
that was causing irritation . . . such a fact might support reasonable suspicion, which
is why Wright, Threadgill, and Finnegan concocted the bleach smell and physical
symptoms unrelated to MMS exposure.” Nothing in the record supports their
assertion that the officers fabricated evidence to justify their “premeditated” decision
to seize the children. “[M]ore than the mere recitation of an improper state of mind
such as malice, bad faith, retaliatory motive or conspiracy is required to defeat
qualified immunity . . . by a defendant otherwise entitled to that defense.” Myers, 810
F.2d at 1453.
The Stanleys emphasize that none of the children exhibited symptoms of
poisoning during the warrant search, and that MMS is a “legal” substance that has
been promoted “as a remedy for the simple cold” and other ailments. True enough.
But federal agencies have warned MMS is dangerous if ingested. In this day and age,
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when scientists and government investigators have discovered long-term adverse
health effects from inhaling cigarette smoke, asbestos fumes, and other legal
products, child abuse officials should not be held liable in damages for determining
that short-term protective custody is needed to determine whether parents have
exposed their minor children to serious health risks that may not be immediately
apparent. The district court did not err in concluding that the children were removed
based on reasonable suspicion of child abuse and therefore Wright, Finnegan, and
Threadgill are entitled to qualified immunity. See Manzano, 60 F.3d at 511. The
Stanleys’ contrary contentions bring to mind the Supreme Court’s observation in
DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services: “In defense of [the
child abuse investigators] it must also be said that had they moved too soon to take
custody of the son away from the father, they would likely have been met with
charges of improperly intruding into the parent-child relationship, charges based on
the same Due Process Clause that forms the basis for the present charge of failure to
provide adequate protection.” 489 U.S. 189, 203 (1989).
The Stanleys further argue that the children’s removal violated their Fourth
Amendment right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures because the
officials did not have probable cause to seize the children. We have never held that
children have a Fourth Amendment right not to be separated from their parents absent
probable cause to believe the parents are guilty of child abuse. See, e.g., Swipies, 348
F.3d at 703-04 (discussing only the “parental liberty interest”). Although we stated
in Stanley I that Fourth Amendment standards “properly framed” the issue, 899 F.3d
at 628, we held that reasonable suspicion is the governing standard in this situation.
The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.
“[S]eizing a child who may be the victim of abuse presents a different Fourth
Amendment dynamic than seizing an individual suspected of criminal wrongdoing.
In the latter case, the government seizes the individual in order to keep that individual
from harming others, while in the former case, the child is seized to keep others from
harming him.” Gates v. Tex. Dep’t of Protective and Reg. Servs., 537 F.3d 404, 427-
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28 (5th Cir. 2008). As the Supreme Court noted in Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645,
653 (1972), “We do not question the assertion that neglectful parents may be
separated from their children.”
In considering whether the Fourth Amendment applies when children are
separated from parents suspected of child abuse or neglect, our sister circuits have not
fully agreed on whether reasonable suspicion, exigent circumstances, or probable
cause is required. See, e.g., the majority and dissenting opinions in Kovacic v.
Cuyahoga Cnty Dep’t of Child. & Family Servs., 724 F.3d 687, 699 & n.5 (6th Cir.
2013), cert. denied sub nom. Campbell-Postingle v. Kovacic, 572 U.S. 1149 (2014);
Doe v. Dist. of Columbia, 796 F.3d 96, 104 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (collecting cases). The
Ninth Circuit has said that the tests under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments
“are equivalent.” Kirkpatrick v. City of Washoe, 843 F.3d 784, 789 (9th Cir. 2016)
(en banc). These decisions appear to agree that the Fourth Amendment is not violated
when officers seize a child without a warrant or a court order if exigent circumstances
exist. Here, the district court concluded that “the undisputed material facts establish
the presence of exigent circumstances on the night the children were removed” --
allegations of MMS exposure that Dr. Esquivel advised could cause serious health
issues and the children reporting the family would flee if the children were not
immediately removed. We agree.
We have held that the Fourth Amendment may be violated if government
officials separate children from a parent or from a school where they were living
without either a court order or probable cause to believe the children’s welfare was
in danger. See Heartland, 427 F.3d at 533, followed in Riehm v. Engelking, 538 F.3d
952, 965 (8th Cir. 2008). Neither case involved child abuse officers placing children
in protective custody after a warrant search of their home. In Riehm, 538 F.3d at 965,
we upheld the seizure, concluding probable cause existed, whereas in Heartland, 427
F.3d at 533, we held that the seizures were unreasonable “because there was neither
probable cause nor exigent circumstances to justify the taking” without a court order.
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Here, the district court upheld removal applying the Heartland exigent circumstances
standard. Moreover, the removal was ordered in executing a warrant issued by a
magistrate who was advised removal was intended. Finally, even if the Fourth
Amendment applies in this situation, an issue we do not decide, the defendants are
entitled to qualified immunity because it was not clearly established in the Eighth
Circuit when the Stanley children were removed from their home. See Dist. of
Columbia v. Wesby, --- U.S. ---, 138 S. Ct. 577, 589-90 (2018) (“To be clearly
established, a legal principle must have a sufficiently clear foundation in then-
existing precedent” so that “every reasonable official would interpret it to establish
the particular rule the plaintiff seeks to apply.”).
II. Post Removal Proceedings.
Judicial Proceedings. On January 16, the day after the children were taken into
protective custody, they were observed by medical professionals, who did not find
signs of toxicity. That day, the DHS filed a petition for emergency custody and
dependency-neglect in the circuit court of Garland County, Arkansas, seeking
continued custody. See Ark. Code §§ 9-27-303(17), 9-27-306(a)(1)(C), 9-27-
310(b)(2). The petition was supported by affidavits of Finnegan, Wright, and a
Family Service Worker Supervisor, as well as a two-page letter from Dr. Esquivel.
The juvenile court issued an ex parte order for emergency custody, finding “probable
cause to believe that the juveniles are dependent-neglected” and that “[i]mmediate
removal of the juveniles from [their parents] is in the best interest of the juveniles and
is necessary to protect [their] health and safety.” After a hearing at which Hal and
Michelle testified, the court entered a probable cause order finding that “the Arkansas
Department of Human Services has met its burden by a preponderance of the
evidence and finds that there was probable cause and emergency conditions which
necessitated removal of the juveniles from the custody of the mother and father and
finds that probable cause continues to exist.” The children were placed in foster care.
On March 23, the court entered an Adjudication and Disposition Order continuing
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DHS custody pursuant to a compromise agreement providing for trial home visits and
parental visitation. On June 24, the court entered an Order Returning Custody to
Parents and Agreed Closure Order noting that four children successfully returned to
the Stanley home in May and returning custody of the other three to their parents.
Administrative Proceedings. On March 6, 2015, CACD entered administrative
findings of child maltreatment against Hal and Michelle for exposing the children to
poisonous and noxious substances and educational neglect, based on investigator
Finnegan’s “find true” determinations. See Ark. Code Ann. § 12-18-702(2)(A). The
Stanleys appealed to the DHS Office of Appeals and Hearings. In February 2016, the
hearing officer upheld the educational neglect allegations but unsubstantiated the
poisonous and noxious substance exposure and physical abuse allegations, finding
Jonathan and V.S.’s statements unreliable. After the Stanleys appealed the
educational neglect finding, a hearing was set, and CACD advised it would not
defend the “true” determination. The OAH then issued a Final Order changing the
findings against the Stanleys to unsubstantiated, meaning they would not be listed on
the Arkansas Child Maltreatment Central Registry. In her deposition, Finnegan
testified that, when she prepared her “find true” determination, she doubted having
enough evidence to sustain it, but Major Slayton told her to find true even without an
evidentiary basis, because the case was “too political.”
On appeal, the Stanleys argue that Finnegan violated their rights to due process
by fabricating evidence -- “find true” child maltreatment allegations she knew could
not be substantiated -- and giving perjured testimony first at the probable cause
judicial hearing one week after the removal and later during administrative
proceedings. In rejecting these claims, the district court concluded that “Finnegan’s
[find true] admissions reflect poorly upon CACD and its investigators [but] do not
provide a basis for liability” because “whether the children should have remained in
DHS custody rested with the sufficiency of the family court’s judicial proceedings.”
We agree.
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Finnegan’s decision to “find true” did not impact the Stanleys’ familial
integrity. After removal, custody of the children taken into 72-hour protective hold
was immediately determined by the state court, and the Stanleys failed to rebut the
presumption of regularity attending judicial proceedings that determined DHS
custody of the children should be extended after the initial post-removal confirmation.
See Southerland v. City of New York., 680 F.3d 127, 154-55 (2d Cir. 2012), cert.
denied, 568 U.S. 1150 (2013). The true findings may have initiated the
administrative hearings regarding alleged child abuse, but this was a prosecutorial
decision meriting absolute immunity. See Thomason, 85 F.3d at 1373. Finnegan is
also entitled to absolute immunity for her testimony before the state court, regardless
of the allegations of perjury. See Myers v. Bull, 599 F.2d 863, 866 (8th Cir.), cert.
denied, 444 U.S. 901 (1979). The Stanleys rely on White v. Smith, 696 F.3d 740, 754
(8th Cir. 2012), as reaffirmed in Dean v. Searcy, 893 F.3d 504, 518-19 (8th Cir.
2018), cert. denied, 139 S. Ct. 1291 (2019), for their claim that fabricating evidence
and perjury can violate a victim’s substantive due process rights. But these cases
arose out of a criminal conviction in which law enforcement officers “systematically
and intentionally coached witnesses into providing false testimony.” White, 696 F.3d
at 754. The Stanleys introduced no evidence that Finnegan’s find true determination
and testimony in administrative and judicial proceedings were “fabricated” or came
anywhere near this level of conscience-shocking behavior. At a minimum, qualified
immunity is warranted.
III. Conclusion.
Without question, the Stanley family suffered emotional pain and disruption
during a lengthy ordeal that may have been caused, at least in part, by overzealous
government officials who were hostile to or skeptical of parents who home-schooled
their children in an isolated, religion-dominated environment. But child protection
and family integrity issues often require government officials to weigh conflicting
interests in situations when immediate protective action may be necessary. Thus, the
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defense of qualified immunity to federal § 1983 claims is properly difficult to
overcome. After thorough review of the record, we agree with the district court that
the Stanleys failed to overcome the defense. Accordingly, the judgment of the district
court is affirmed.
______________________________
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