Miguel Velasquez-Guico; Liz Velasquez-Gutierrez; Tomas Velasquez-Gutierrez v. Merrick B. Garland, Attorney General of the United States

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 22-1659
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Miguel Velasquez-Guico; Liz Velasquez-Gutierrez; Tomas Velasquez-Gutierrez
Petitioners
v.
Merrick B. Garland, Attorney General of the United States
Respondent
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Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
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Submitted: November 7, 2022
Filed: November 10, 2022
[Unpublished]
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Before BENTON, ERICKSON, and KOBES, Circuit Judges.
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PER CURIAM.
Guatemalan citizens Miguel Velasquez-Guico, and Liz and Tomas
Velasquez-Gutierrez (collectively, the Velasquezes), petition for review of an order
of the Board of Immigration Appeals affirming the decision of an immigration judge

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(IJ) denying them asylum and withholding of removal.1 Having jurisdiction under
8 U.S.C. § 1252, this court denies the petition.
This court finds no error in the determination that the Velasquezes’ proposed
particular social group (PSG) was not cognizable. See Rosales-Reyes v. Garland, 7
F.4th 755, 759 (8th Cir. 2021) (whether group qualifies as PSG is a question of law,
reviewed de novo, and turns on whether group is (1) composed of members who
share a common immutable characteristic, (2) defined with particularity, and (3)
socially distinct within the society in question); cf. Tojin-Tiu v. Garland, 33 F.4th
1020, 1024 (8th Cir. 2022) (PSG of “‘young, Guatemalan men who refuse to
cooperate with gang members’ is not cognizable under our established precedent”);
Rivas v. Sessions, 899 F.3d 537, 541 (8th Cir. 2018) (proposed group of “women
who are targeted to become gang girlfriends” was not particular, as particularity
requires that the social group be defined by characteristics that provide a clear
benchmark for determining who falls within the group; and it was not socially
distinct, as persecutory conduct alone cannot define a group).
Even if the proposed PSG were cognizable, substantial evidence supports the
IJ’s conclusion that the Velasquez family failed to show the harms they feared were
because of their membership in the group rather than based on general country
violence. See Garcia-Moctezuma v. Sessions, 879 F.3d 863, 869 (8th Cir. 2018)
(standard of review; this court will reverse only if it determines that a reasonable
factfinder “would have to conclude” that the petitioner’s proposed protected ground
“actually and sufficiently motivated his persecutors’ actions”). As either of these
conclusions is sufficient to doom their claims for relief from removal, the court
declines to consider the Velasquezes’ remaining challenges to the denial of relief.
See Tino v. Garland, 13 F.4th 708, 710 (8th Cir. 2021) (where substantial evidence
1 The denial of relief under the Convention Against Torture is not before this
panel. See Agha v. Holder, 743 F.3d 609, 616 (8th Cir. 2014) (noncitizens may
appeal only issues exhausted at administrative level); Chay-Velasquez v. Ashcroft,
367 F.3d 751, 756 (8th Cir. 2004) (claim not raised in opening brief is waived).

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supported determination that noncitizen failed to demonstrate nexus between
persecution and PSG, failure was dispositive of asylum claim); Miranda v. Sessions,
892 F.3d 940, 944 (8th Cir. 2018) (noncitizen necessarily could not show any past
or future persecution would be on account of a protected ground where PSG was not
cognizable); see also Martin Martin v. Barr, 916 F.3d 1141, 1145 (8th Cir. 2019)
(noncitizen who cannot establish eligibility for asylum necessarily cannot meet the
more rigorous standard of proof for withholding of removal).
The petition is denied. See 8th Cir. R. 47B. The request for oral argument is
denied as moot.
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