United States of America v. Jessica Lyn Mathes

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 22-1824
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United States of America,
Plaintiff Appellee,
v.
Jessica Lyn Mathes,
Defendant Appellant.
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Arkansas - Delta
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Submitted: November 18, 2022
Filed: January 26, 2023
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Before COLLOTON, SHEPHERD, and GRASZ, Circuit Judges.
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COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.
Jessica Mathes pleaded guilty to possession with intent to distribute
methamphetamine. On appeal, Mathes challenges an order of the district court*
*The Honorable Lee P. Rudofsky, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Arkansas.

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denying her motion to suppress evidence obtained during a traffic stop. We conclude
there was no error, and affirm the order.
This case began with a traffic stop near West Memphis, Arkansas. In February
2020, Detective Jamie Counce, a narcotics officer with the West Memphis Police
Department, stopped a truck for careless driving and improper display of a license
plate, in violation of Arkansas law. See Ark. Code Ann. §§ 27-51-104(a), -14-716(b).
After initiating the stop, Counce approached the truck and identified the driver,
Clinton Humes, who was shaking and acting nervously. Counce also identified two
passengers: Juston Ashburn, sitting in the back seat, and Mathes, sitting in the front
passenger seat. Counce then contacted a police dispatcher to obtain background
information on the occupants and the truck.
While waiting for information from the dispatcher, Counce asked the occupants
if they had ever been arrested. Ashburn and Mathes both responded that they had
been arrested for drugs. Shortly thereafter, the dispatcher notified Counce that
Ashburn was on “active supervision probation,” but did not relay any information
about Mathes or Humes.
Counce asked Humes to step out of the truck and follow him to the back of the
vehicle. He asked Humes where the truck was heading. Humes responded that
Mathes had just picked him up from work, and that they were heading back to St.
Francis County. Counce then obtained Humes’s consent to search the truck and
asked the passengers to exit the vehicle.
Counce searched Ashburn, found methamphetamine in his undergarment, and
arrested him. Counce next searched the truck and found a digital scale inside the
console between the front seats. The scale was covered in a white powder residue,
which Counce believed was methamphetamine. Counce arrested both Mathes and
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Humes for possession of drug paraphernalia. A female officer searched Mathes and
found small bags of methamphetamine in Mathes’s bra and pants.
Officers transported the three arrestees to the police department. There, Mathes
admitted to owning the scale found in the console and the methamphetamine found
on her person. She also confessed to selling methamphetamine.
A grand jury charged Mathes with one count of possession with intent to
distribute methamphetamine. See 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B). Mathes moved
to suppress all evidence and testimony related to her arrest based on alleged
violations of the Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable search and seizure.
The district court denied the motion, and Mathes entered a conditional guilty plea that
reserved her right to appeal the denial of the motion to suppress. See Fed. R. Crim.
P. 11(a)(2).
Mathes first argues that Counce unlawfully prolonged the traffic stop in
violation of the Fourth Amendment. An officer’s authority for a traffic stop “ends
when tasks tied to the traffic infraction are—or reasonably should have
been—completed.” Rodriguez v. United States, 575 U.S. 348, 354 (2015). During
a stop, officers may complete “routine tasks,” such as “running a computerized check
of the vehicle’s registration and insurance; running a similar check of the occupants’
identification documents and criminal histories . . . and asking the occupants about
their destination, route, and purpose.” United States v. Cox, 992 F.3d 706, 710 (8th
Cir. 2021) (internal quotation omitted).
Mathes contends Counce extended the stop by asking questions about the
destination and arrest histories of the vehicle’s occupants, and by requesting consent
from Humes to search the truck. These questions, however, did not impermissibly
extend the length of the stop. Inquiries about travel destination that are reasonably
related to the purpose of the traffic stop are permissible. Counce asked about arrest
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histories while waiting for routine information from the dispatcher, so the questions
did not extend the duration of the detention. As long as the stop is not unreasonably
extended, the Fourth Amendment does not preclude officers from asking questions
unrelated to the traffic stop. United States v. Jones, 269 F.3d 919, 924-25 (8th Cir.
2001). Counce’s request for permission to search required only a couple of seconds
while Humes was standing at the rear of the vehicle. That inquiry did not extend the
stop beyond the time that would have been required for Humes to return to the
driver’s seat. The officer thus did not unreasonably prolong the traffic stop.
Mathes also maintains that Counce lacked probable cause to arrest her for
possession of drug paraphernalia. Under the Fourth Amendment, “[a]n officer has
probable cause to make a warrantless arrest when the facts and circumstances are
sufficient to lead a reasonable person to believe that the defendant has committed or
is committing an offense.” United States v. Torres–Lona, 491 F.3d 750, 755 (8th Cir.
2007). We consider the totality of the circumstances known to the officers at the time
of arrest. District of Columbia v. Wesby, 138 S. Ct. 577, 588 (2018).
Mathes contends that Counce did not have probable cause to believe that the
scale was drug paraphernalia, because he did not conduct a field test of the residue
to confirm that it was methamphetamine. A field test, however, is not required when
the totality of the circumstances establish a fair probability or substantial chance that
the substance is illicit. See United States v. Cook, 949 F.2d 289, 292-93 (10th Cir.
1991). When Counce discovered the scale, he had just learned that both Mathes and
Ashburn had a history of drug arrests, that Ashburn was a probationer, and that
Ashburn possessed methamphetamine on his person in the vehicle. Counce also had
training and experience as a narcotics officer in identifying methamphetamine. These
circumstances were enough to establish probable cause that the white powder on the
scale was methamphetamine. With probable cause to believe that the white powder
was contraband, it follows that the officer had probable cause to believe that the scale
was drug paraphernalia used to weigh drugs for sale or use.
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Mathes next argues that Counce lacked probable cause to believe that she
knowingly possessed the scale and exercised dominion and control over it.
Possession may be actual or constructive. “Constructive possession of drugs can be
established either by [the suspect’s] exercise of ownership, dominion, or control over
the contraband itself or dominion over the premises in which the contraband is
concealed.” United States v. Blakey, 449 F.3d 866, 869 (8th Cir. 2006). Possession
requires “knowledge of an object, the ability to control it, and the intent to do so.”
United States v. Tenerelli, 614 F.3d 764, 770 (8th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation
omitted).
Mathes contends that Counce lacked probable cause that she was aware of the
scale and drugs in the console. But Counce knew that Mathes had just driven the car
to pick up Humes, and was riding in the front passenger seat at the time of the stop.
The console was immediately adjacent to Mathes throughout the relevant episode,
and she controlled the vehicle as driver for one segment of the trip. Counce also
knew that Mathes had admitted a prior arrest for drugs, and that her traveling
companion Ashburn—with whom she had been alone in the car before meeting
Humes—was in possession of methamphetamine. These circumstances increased the
likelihood that Mathes knew about drugs and drug paraphernalia in the console.
Probable cause “is not a high bar: It requires only the kind of fair probability
on which reasonable and prudent people, not legal technicians, act.” Kaley v. United
States, 571 U.S. 320, 338 (2014) (internal quotations and alterations omitted).
Counce was not required to exclude all reasonable possibility that Mathes was
ignorant of the scale; he needed only a fair probability that she knew what was in the
console. The combination of Mathes’s control over the vehicle, her proximity to the
console, her history of an arrest for drugs, and her association with a back seat
passenger who possessed drugs was sufficient to establish probable cause for an
arrest.
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In disputing the existence of probable cause, Mathes relies on a decision
holding that evidence was insufficient to support a conviction for constructive
possession of a firearm. United States v. Ramos, 852 F.3d 747, 754 (8th Cir. 2017).
Ramos has little purchase here, because it considered only whether the government
had satisfied the highest standard of proof known to the law—proof beyond a
reasonable doubt. That decision, moreover, reversed a conviction based on the
proposition that joint occupancy of an apartment is insufficient by itself to prove
beyond a reasonable doubt that an occupant possesses everything in the apartment.
Id. at 754-55. The circumstances here involved considerably more than joint
occupancy of a residence. Mathes also cites United States v. Dooley, 580 F.3d 682
(8th Cir. 2009), but that decision concerned a flawed jury instruction directing that
a defendant constructively possessed a firearm if he merely exercised control over a
vehicle in which the gun was located. Id. at 686. The case did not address whether
a particular set of facts was sufficient to prove knowing possession beyond a
reasonable doubt, much less whether facts analogous to Mathes’s were sufficient to
clear the much lower threshold of probable cause.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
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