Rosaura Flores Brizuela; A. A.L. F.; A. M.L. F.; E. A.C. F. v. Merrick B. Garland, Attorney General of the United States

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 22-1738
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Rosaura Flores Brizuela; A. A.L. F.; A. M.L. F.; E. A.C. F.
Petitioners
v.
Merrick B. Garland, Attorney General of the United States
Respondent
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Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
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Submitted: March 15, 2023
Filed: June 27, 2023
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Before SHEPHERD, ERICKSON, and GRASZ, Circuit Judges.
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SHEPHERD, Circuit Judge.
Rosaura Flores Brizuela and her children, natives and citizens of Honduras,
petition this Court for review of a Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) order
affirming an immigration judge’s (IJ) decision ordering them removed and denying
their claims for relief. Having jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, we deny the
petition.

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I.
Brizuela and her children entered the United States on November 8, 2017, and
were subsequently issued Notices to Appear (NTAs) by the Department of
Homeland Security (DHS), charging them with removability pursuant to 8 U.S.C.
§ 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I) (“[A]ny immigrant at the time of application for admission . . .
who is not in possession of a valid unexpired immigrant visa, reentry permit, border
crossing identification card, or other valid entry document . . . is inadmissible.”).
However, they were extended humanitarian parole on November 11, 2017, to run
until November 10, 2018.1 Nonetheless, removal proceedings commenced; Brizuela
applied for asylum with her children as derivative applicants.2 Brizuela additionally
applied for statutory withholding of removal and protection under the Convention
Against Torture (CAT). An initial hearing was conducted on May 23, 2018, where
Brizuela conceded to the charges in the NTAs.
The IJ held a merits hearing on September 11, 2018. There, Brizuela
contended that she was not removable because her humanitarian parole would not
expire for another two months and, thus, the proceedings should be terminated. The
IJ ultimately decided to continue the proceedings so DHS could have “a chance to
address th[e] issue,” though it recognized the matter would become moot on
November 10, 2018, when the parole status expired. The IJ reset the merits hearing
for December 14, 2018. At that hearing, Brizuela conceded that her parole had
expired and that she was removable. The IJ then took up the issue of Brizuela’s
claims for relief.
1 “The Attorney General may . . . in his discretion parole into the United States
temporarily under such conditions as he may prescribe only on a case-by-case basis
for urgent humanitarian reasons or significant public benefit any alien applying for
admission to the United States . . . .” 8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(5)(A).
2 Given the derivative nature of the relief sought by the children, we refer only
to Brizuela throughout this opinion.

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As relevant to this appeal, Brizuela testified that, in Honduras, her partner,
Darwin Chavarria, was killed by MS-13 “gangsters” in 2013. Brizuela did not
witness his death, nor did she know why the gangsters killed him. Darwin’s mother
reported the incident to law enforcement, and the police arrested one of the gangsters
(but apparently not the shooter). The gangsters began to threaten her over the phone,
stating that Brizuela “was gonna’ pay for it because a report was made.” Brizuela
was never threatened in person, and though she occasionally saw MS-13 gangsters
in public, they never approached her or attempted to carry out their threats. Darwin’s
mother fled to another part of the country, but she later returned. Brizuela testified
that the threats eventually stopped but resumed in 2017. The gangsters called her
place of employment pretending to be clients and threatened her, describing her
clothing and warning her to be careful. According to Brizuela, the gangsters
committed these acts because they believed Brizuela was “part of those who had
filed th[e] report.” Because Brizuela perceived the threats to be “more frequent,
detailed, and serious,” she fled with her children to the United States.
The IJ began with Brizuela’s claim for asylum. While he acknowledged
Brizuela’s evidence of psychological harm, the IJ determined that the threats did not
rise to the level of persecution needed to obtain asylum. The IJ held in the alternative
that her purported particular social groups—“family of Darwin” and “witnesses in
criminal proceedings who will be targeted in Honduras”—were not cognizable. The
IJ also rejected Brizuela’s argument that she was persecuted on account of her
political opinion and found that Brizuela’s objective fear of future persecution was
undercut by the fact that Darwin’s mother still lived in the area unharmed.
Accordingly, the IJ denied her claims for asylum and the more stringent statutory
withholding of removal. Finally, the IJ found that Brizuela had failed to carry her
burden to obtain protection under CAT. Accordingly, he denied her claims for relief
and ordered her and her children removed to Honduras.
Brizuela appealed the decision to the BIA. The BIA agreed with the IJ that
the gangsters’ threats did not rise to level of persecution and that Darwin’s mother’s
presence in Honduras minimized any objective fear of future harm. Accordingly, it

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affirmed the denial of asylum and statutory withholding of removal. The BIA also
agreed that Brizuela had failed to carry her burden to obtain protection under CAT.
Additionally, Brizuela contended that the IJ violated her due process rights when he
continued her case instead of terminating it upon the discovery of her active parole
status. The BIA rejected her argument, finding that her removability at the time of
the appeal was uncontested and that she had not established how the proceedings
would have been different if her case had been terminated. Accordingly, the BIA
dismissed Brizuela’s appeal.
II.
In her petition for review, Brizuela claims that the BIA erred (1) by finding
that her due process rights were not violated when the IJ continued her case instead
of terminating it and (2) by denying her application for asylum and statutory
withholding of removal. We address each argument in turn.
A.
Brizuela claims that the IJ violated her due process rights when he continued,
rather than terminated, her proceedings upon discovery of her active parole status.
“We review procedural due process challenges de novo, ‘as the question of whether
an immigration hearing violates due process is a purely legal issue.’” Ramirez v.
Sessions, 902 F.3d 764, 770 (8th Cir. 2018) (citation omitted). “[I]t is well
established that the Fifth Amendment entitles aliens to due process of law in
deportation proceedings.” Id. at 771 (citation omitted). However, “it is axiomatic
in this Circuit that an alien’s due process claim must demonstrate both a fundamental
procedural error and prejudice.” Id. at 772 (citation omitted).
As an initial matter, Brizuela argues that Matter of Y-S-L-C-, 26 I. & N.
Dec. 688 (BIA 2015) obviated a petitioner’s need to demonstrate prejudice to sustain
a due process claim in the immigration context. In Matter of Y-S-L-C-, the BIA
reviewed a matter that involved an IJ belittling a 15-year-old asylum applicant. See

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id. at 691. The BIA ultimately remanded the matter to a new IJ, finding that “[the]
hearing was not conducted in a manner that me[t] the high standards expected of
Immigration Judges.” Id. Whatever the impact of Matter of Y-S-L-C-, we agree
with our sister circuits that it did not abolish the requisite showing of prejudice in
the context of due process claims. See Tinoco Acevedo v. Garland, 44 F.4th 241,
249-50 (4th Cir. 2022) (noting that while Matter of Y-S-L-C- relied on due process
cases, the decision to remand appeared to be “independent of a due process
violation” as the BIA did not apply the applicable framework); see also Serrano-
Alberto v. Att’y Gen., 859 F.3d 208, 213, 226 (3d Cir. 2017) (requiring a showing
of “substantial prejudice” to establish a due process violation despite citing Matter
of Y-S-L-C-); Cruz v. Att’y Gen., 746 F. App’x 869, 871 (11th Cir. 2018) (per
curiam) (same).
Here, Brizuela argues that she was prejudiced by the continuance because the
IJ should have terminated the proceedings as soon as it determined that Brizuela and
her children were admissible under the humanitarian parole. First, though not
determinative of our decision, we note that Brizuela misstates the IJ’s findings and
reasons for continuing the proceedings. While Brizuela contends that by continuing
the proceedings the IJ “was engineering a preferred outcome,” the record
demonstrates that the IJ “ha[d not] researched th[e] issue before” and simply wanted
“to give [DHS] a chance to address th[e] issue.” Second, we agree with the BIA that
Brizuela has failed to demonstrate that she was prejudiced. By continuing the
removal proceedings, the IJ provided Brizuela with exactly what she was promised:
presence in the United States until November 10, 2018. Brizuela does not contest
that she is now removable under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I), nor does she explain
how she might have otherwise obtained relief had the proceedings been terminated
and she had filed an affirmative asylum application.3 See United States v.
3 “Defensive” asylum refers to when an alien applies for relief once they are
in removal proceedings before an IJ; however, an alien “physically present in the
United States, and not in removal proceedings, may apply affirmatively for asylum
to [DHS], and [DHS’s] Asylum Office will have initial jurisdiction over the

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Rodriguez, 420 F.3d 831, 834 (8th Cir. 2005) (“Actual prejudice exists where defects
in the deportation proceedings ‘may well have resulted in a deportation that would
not otherwise have occurred.’” (citation omitted)).
As a final matter, we note that Brizuela spends a substantial portion of her
briefing contending that the BIA did not alternatively address whether the IJ abused
its discretion by continuing her case without good cause. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.29
(“The immigration judge may grant a motion for continuance for good cause
shown . . . .”). However, Brizuela failed to raise this issue as an independent claim
before the BIA. Despite her arguments to the contrary, Brizuela raised this argument
before the BIA only as a means of establishing the “fundamental procedural error”—
prong one—of her due process claim. Because she did not appropriately assert an
alleged abuse of discretion by the IJ as an independent basis for remand, the BIA
had no reason to evaluate it outside of the context of her due process argument
(which was unnecessary in light of her failure to demonstrate prejudice).
Accordingly, Brizuela has failed to exhaust her administrative remedies as to this
claim, and we decline to review it for the first time in her petition to review.
Marambo v. Barr, 932 F.3d 650, 654 (8th Cir. 2019).4
application.” Dhakal v. Sessions, 895 F.3d 532, 536 (7th Cir. 2018) (citing 8 C.F.R.
§ 208.2(a)).
4 The Supreme Court recently held that a petitioner’s failure to exhaust her
administrative remedies in immigration proceedings is not jurisdictional. See
Santos-Zacaria v. Garland, 143 S. Ct. 1103, 1120 (2023) (“Section 1252(d)(1)’s
exhaustion requirement is not jurisdictional and does not oblige a noncitizen to seek
discretionary review, like reconsideration before the [BIA].”). However, as in
Marambo, we find administrative exhaustion appropriate where, as here, Brizuela
“does not dispute that [s]he was represented or that the proceedings were
adversarial.” See 932 F.3d at 655; see also Santos-Zacaria, 143 S. Ct. at 1116
(declining to address whether “the Court of Appeals’ sua sponte requirement that [a
petitioner] comply with § 1252(d)(1) can be justified on alternative grounds”).

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B.
Next, Brizuela contends that the BIA erred by denying her claims for asylum
and statutory withholding of removal. Brizuela is eligible for asylum and statutory
withholding of removal if she can demonstrate “persecution or a well-founded fear
of persecution” on account of a statutorily recognized basis. 8 U.S.C.
§§ 1101(a)(42)(A), 1158(b)(1)(B)(i). Brizuela argues that the BIA (1) applied the
wrong standard for determining past persecution and (2) erroneously found that
Brizuela does not have a well-founded fear of future persecution. “We review the
[BIA’s] legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings under a substantial
evidence standard.” Bautista-Bautista v. Garland, 3 F.4th 1048, 1052 (8th Cir.
2021). Accordingly, we will not disturb the BIA’s findings of fact “unless any
reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” Id.
(quoting 8 U.S.C § 1252(b)(4)(B)).
First, Brizuela argues that the BIA invented a new, two-step inquiry to
determine whether given conduct rises to the level of past persecution. In its order,
the BIA acknowledged that Brizuela suffers from “generalized anxiety disorder,
moderate post-traumatic stress disorder[,] and major depressive episode[s].”
Nevertheless, it found that the unfulfilled threats received “over the phone,
sporadically, over a 4-year period” were “not extreme conduct” needed to establish
past persecution. The BIA stated, “Although psychological harm is sufficient and
harm need not be permanent or serious to establish persecution, it still must result
from an extreme level of conduct.” In Brizuela’s view, this created a “radical new
legal theory never previously announced or applied either by the [BIA] or this
[C]ourt” that requires petitioners to not only demonstrate that they suffered harm,
but also that such harm resulted from extreme conduct. To the contrary, the BIA
appropriately focused on conduct, not the resulting harm. Lemus-Arita v. Sessions,
854 F.3d 476, 481 (8th Cir. 2017) (“Persecution is ‘an extreme concept that involves
the infliction or threat of death, torture, or injury to one’s person or freedom, on
account of a protected characteristic . . . .’” (emphasis added) (citation omitted)).
While psychological harm may substantiate an allegation of persecutory conduct or

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evince its degree, especially in the context of threats, see id. (noting that threats
constitute persecution only when they “are so menacing as to cause significant actual
suffering or harm” (citation omitted)), the statute offers asylum and statutory
withholding of removal only to those who have suffered from persecutory conduct.
See Niang v. Gonzales, 492 F.3d 505, 511 (4th Cir. 2007) (“Thus, to establish a
claim for withholding [of removal] an applicant cannot rely solely on psychological
harm or a threat of such harm to others, but must also establish injury or a threat of
injury to the applicant’s person or freedom.”). Accordingly, we find that the BIA
correctly articulated the appropriate standard for evaluating past persecution.
Further, we find that substantial evidence supports the BIA’s finding that the
gangsters’ threats did not rise to the level of past persecution. “[U]nfulfilled threats
of physical injury” rarely rise to the requisite level. Lemus-Arita, 854 F.3d at 481
(citation omitted); see also La v. Holder, 701 F.3d 566, 571 (8th Cir. 2012) (“Threats
alone ‘constitute persecution in only a small category of cases . . . .’” (citation
omitted)). “[O]nly when . . . threats are so menacing as to cause significant actual
suffering or harm” will they constitute persecution. Lemus-Arita, 854 F.3d at 481
(citation omitted). Threats that are “exaggerated, nonspecific, or lacking in
immediacy may be insufficient.” Id. (citation omitted); see also Rivero-Guerrero v.
Barr, 926 F.3d 1050, 1052 (8th Cir. 2019) (finding no abuse of discretion in denial
of petitioner’s motion to reopen when his “evidence of vague and unfulfilled threats
failed to establish persecution”).
Here, the threats were telephonic, sporadic, and over a period of four years.
Given that the record does not indicate that the gangsters ever acted, or attempted to
act, upon these threats during this long period, the threats lack immediacy and appear
exaggerated. See, e.g., Villegas Sanchez v. Garland, 990 F.3d 1173, 1179 (9th Cir.
2021) (holding that substantial evidence supported the BIA’s finding that the threats
did not constitute persecution when they were “vague,” occurred “over a period of
weeks,” and were “never followed through”). Indeed, “[w]e have found more direct
and more menacing threats insufficient to demonstrate past persecution.” Lemus-
Arita, 854 F.3d at 481-82 (collecting examples of cases where threats were

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insufficient to establish past persecution, including a threat at knifepoint, a direct
death threat, and multiple written death threats that were not acted upon). While we
acknowledge that some of the threats were specific, such as describing Brizuela’s
clothing, and likely caused Brizuela emotional distress, we find that “the record does
not compel a finding that th[ese] threat[s] w[ere] ‘so menacing’ such that this case
belongs to the ‘small category of cases’ in which . . . threat[s] alone constitute[]
persecution.” Cano v. Barr, 956 F.3d 1034, 1039 (8th Cir. 2020) (citation omitted)
(finding that petitioner’s “experience of being threatened at gunpoint while
helplessly watching her son be beaten and abducted” did not compel a conclusion
that the threats were persecutory when the petitioner “experienced only an
unfulfilled threat of physical injury”).
Second, Brizuela contends that the BIA erred in finding that she did not have
a well-founded fear of future persecution. However, her argument is specifically
tied to a favorable finding on her past-persecution claim, claiming that remand of
the BIA’s findings related to her past persecution would necessarily require remand
to determine her well-founded fears of future persecution. Having affirmed the
BIA’s past-persecution determination, Brizuela offers no further basis for us to
review the BIA’s findings on this matter. Accordingly, we will not disturb them.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we deny the petition for review.
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