Eugenio Alonso-Juarez v. Pamela Bondi, Attorney General of the United States

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 24-2476
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Eugenio Alonso-Juarez
Petitioner
v.
Pamela Bondi, Attorney General of the United States
Respondent
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Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
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Submitted: October 20, 2025
Filed: March 12, 2026
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Before GRUENDER, STRAS, and KOBES, Circuit Judges.
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STRAS, Circuit Judge.
Eugenio Alonso-Juarez faces deportation. His hope is that the hardship to his
family will make it possible for him to stay. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1)(D)
(discussing cancellation of removal). With nothing “exceptional” or “extremely
unusual” about it, however, we deny the petition for review. Id.

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I.
A native of Mexico, Alonso-Juarez illegally entered the United States over a
decade ago and settled in Missouri along with his wife. He experienced some bad
luck a few years later, when he had removal proceedings brought against him and
suffered multiple injuries after falling from a roof.
The immigration proceedings have not gone his way. After admitting he was
removable, he requested cancellation based on “exceptional and extremely unusual
hardship” to his two American-born children. Id. At one point, he asked for more
time to gather evidence about his injuries, but the immigration judge denied it for
lack of good cause. See Choge v. Lynch, 806 F.3d 438, 441 (8th Cir. 2015)
(discussing the standard for granting a continuance).
Only he and his wife testified at the removal hearing. Both explained that
deportation would cause hardship for their children, mainly because of the lower
standard of living and poor educational prospects in Mexico. Each also thought
work would be harder to find there.
The immigration judge denied relief. Although Alonso-Juarez satisfied
several requirements for cancellation of removal, he did not show that a qualifying
relative would suffer “exceptional and extremely unusual hardship.” 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229b(b)(1)(D). The Board of Immigration Appeals agreed—both with the denial
of a continuance and his ineligibility for relief—and dismissed the appeal.
II.
The purpose of asking for a continuance, as Alonso-Juarez told the
immigration judge, was to gather medical reports to document his injuries. If they
were as severe as he thought, then it would show the “potential insufficiency of
medical care” in Mexico and his inability “to work and earn a livable wage,” which
would have strengthened his claim of hardship. Even though granting a continuance

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usually lies within the discretion of the immigration judge, see Thimran v. Holder,
599 F.3d 841, 845 (8th Cir. 2010), our review is de novo because Alonso-Juarez
claims that the denial of one violated his due-process rights, see Zacarias-Velasquez
v. Mukasey, 509 F.3d 429, 435 (8th Cir. 2007). The constitutional test is whether
rejecting the request was a “fundamental procedural error” that “prejudice[d]” him.
Alva-Arellano v. Lynch, 811 F.3d 1064, 1066 (8th Cir. 2016).
The immigration judge and the Board both concluded that there was no good
cause for a continuance, primarily because “the record already contained
documentary evidence relating to [Alonso-Juarez’s] medical condition.” Getting to
“fundamental procedural error” is an even steeper hill to climb. Id. By the time of
the hearing, he was awaiting a single medical report from a doctor evaluating his
workers’ compensation claim. It is unclear what it would have added to a record
that included several already. Immigration judges are free to “avoid unduly
protracted proceedings,” Thimran, 599 F.3d at 845 (citation omitted), and moving
them along here was not fundamentally unfair, see Choge, 806 F.3d at 441–42.
Nor was it prejudicial. See Alva-Arellano, 811 F.3d at 1066. At this point,
we can only guess what the extra report would have said, because he never provided
it to the Board or us. Perhaps it would have been helpful, perhaps not. What we can
say is that there is no basis on this record to conclude that “the outcome of the
proceeding may . . . have been different” if the immigration judge had given him a
continuance. Tun v. Gonzales, 485 F.3d 1014, 1026 (8th Cir. 2007).
III.
Missing was the hardship necessary for cancellation of removal. Not just any
will do: it must be “exceptional and extremely unusual.” 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1)(D).
Even if Alonso-Juarez showed that deportation would pose a hardship for his
children, the immigration judge ruled that nothing was “exceptional” or “extremely
unusual” about it. Id.

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A.
Reviewing a hardship determination is new to us. Before Wilkinson v.
Garland, we left it to the immigration judge and the Board. 601 U.S. 209 (2024);
see, e.g., Meraz-Reyes v. Gonzales, 436 F.3d 842, 843 (8th Cir. 2006) (per curiam)
(holding that it was “precisely the discretionary determination that Congress
shielded from our review”). Post-Wilkinson, however, “application of the
exceptional and extremely unusual hardship standard to a given set of facts is
reviewable.” 601 U.S. at 217. Now we just need to figure out how to do it.
The how includes the standard of review. Wilkinson provides a clue. It says
that the hardship determination is, “inescapably, a mixed question of law and fact.”
Id. at 221. For a “mixed question,” picking a standard “depends . . . on whether
answering it entails primarily legal or factual work.” U.S. Bank N.A. ex rel.
CWCapital Asset Mgmt. LLC v. Vill. at Lakeridge, LLC, 583 U.S. 387, 396 (2018);
see Guerrero-Lasprilla v. Barr, 589 U.S. 221, 228 (2020) (noting that this test
provides the “proper standard” for review of “mixed questions in . . . a district,
bankruptcy, or agency decision” (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks
omitted)). If a case requires us to “expound on the law, particularly by amplifying
or elaborating on a broad legal standard,” our review is de novo. U.S. Bank, 583
U.S. at 396. But clear error or another deferential standard applies when a mixed
question “immerse[s] [the] court[] in case-specific factual issues,” like “marshal[ing]
and weigh[ing] evidence, mak[ing] credibility judgments, and otherwise
address[ing] . . . narrow facts that utterly resist generalization.” Id. (citation
omitted).
Properly categorizing the hardship inquiry depends, once again, on Wilkinson,
which places the focus on whether a qualifying relative would suffer hardship
“substantially different from, or beyond, that which would normally be expected
from [an applicant’s] deportation.” 601 U.S. at 222 (quoting In re Monreal-
Aguinaga, 23 I. & N. Dec. 56, 65 (B.I.A. 2001)). Factors the Board considers
include “the health of the [applicant] and qualifying family members,” any “family

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ties in the United States and abroad,” and “the political and economic conditions in
the country of return.” In re Monreal-Aguinaga, 23 I. & N. Dec. at 63. Those are
“about as factual sounding as any mixed question gets.” U.S. Bank, 583 U.S. at 397–
98 (discussing a similar multi-factor balancing test).
We know from Wilkinson that factually intensive mixed questions get a “more
deferential standard of review,” but which one? 601 U.S. at 222. Among the choices
are substantial evidence, clear error, and abuse of discretion. This time, the answer
comes from an immigration statute, 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B), which says that “the
administrative findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator
would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” We have interpreted it as requiring
review for substantial evidence when factual issues predominate a mixed question.
See Singh v. Gonzales, 495 F.3d 553, 556 (8th Cir. 2007) (discussing the provision’s
history). It provides the default standard for reviewing factual findings of all kinds
in immigration proceedings. See Ramirez v. Sessions, 902 F.3d 764, 773 (8th Cir.
2018) (explaining that we review “decisions on asylum, withholding of removal, and
[Convention Against Torture] protection” for substantial evidence (citation
omitted)); see also Urias-Orellana v. Bondi, 607 U.S. __, No. 24-777, slip op. at 1–
2 (Mar. 4, 2026) (holding that it applies when determining whether “a given set of
undisputed facts . . . constitute[s] persecution” in asylum proceedings).
In fact, we already assess whether an alien has “good moral character,” one of
the other statutory requirements for cancellation of removal, 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229b(b)(1)(B), under the substantial-evidence standard. See Ikenokwalu-White
v. I.N.S., 316 F.3d 798, 803, 805 (8th Cir. 2003). It too is a fact-intensive mixed
question. See Hernandez v. Garland, 28 F.4th 917, 921 (8th Cir. 2022) (noting that
the finding on moral character “is a matter of applying the law to the facts”). We
cannot think of a reason why a similar fact-intensive inquiry like “exceptional and
extremely unusual hardship,” which appears in a nearby provision of the same
statute, would be any different. See Lopez-Martinez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 149 F.4th
1202, 1210–11 (11th Cir. 2025) (holding that “substantial evidence” governs review
of the hardship determination); Gonzalez-Juarez v. Bondi, 137 F.4th 996, 1003 (9th

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Cir. 2025) (same); Wilkinson v. Att’y Gen., 131 F.4th 134, 142 (3d Cir. 2025)
(Wilkinson II) (same). But see Toalombo Yanez v. Bondi, 140 F.4th 35, 42 (2d Cir.
2025) (adopting clear error).
The other possibilities do not work. Clear error, for example, is the standard
for findings made by a court, not an agency, even when the subject is immigration.
See, e.g., Monasky v. Taglieri, 589 U.S. 68, 83–84 (2020) (reviewing a district
court’s determination of a “habitual residence” under the Hague Convention for
clear error). The equivalent standard for reviewing agency findings, by contrast, is
generally substantial evidence. See Dickinson v. Zurko, 527 U.S. 150, 155–56
(1999) (observing that, as a default, “the term ‘clearly erroneous’ . . . signal[s]
court/court review” and “the term ‘substantial evidence’ . . . signal[s] . . .
court/agency review” (emphases added) (citations omitted)).
Abuse of discretion has a place in reviewing agency decisions, but only when
the underlying decision is discretionary. See Santos-Zacaria v. Garland, 598 U.S.
411, 427 (2023) (explaining that agency “decisions on matters of discretion are
reviewable for abuse of discretion” (citation omitted)). Granting cancellation of
removal is ultimately an exercise of discretion by the Attorney General. See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229b(b)(1). It just comes after an alien has already satisfied the eligibility
requirements, including good moral character and exceptional and extremely
unusual hardship. See Wilkinson, 601 U.S. at 212–13 (discussing the exercise of
discretion at step two). Those requirements, which are mandatory, leave no room
for abuse-of-discretion review.1 See id. at 218.
1 A prior version of the statute allowed for suspension of removal if, “in the
opinion of the Attorney General,” it would “result in extreme hardship to the alien”
or a qualifying relative. 8 U.S.C. § 1254(a)(1) (1995) (emphasis added). Some
courts interpreted this language as requiring abuse-of-discretion review. See, e.g.,
Amezquita-Soto v. I.N.S., 708 F.2d 898, 902–03 (3d Cir. 1983); Bueno-Carrillo v.
Landon, 682 F.2d 143, 145–46 (7th Cir. 1982) (per curiam). But once the statute
changed in 1996, it no longer had the phrase “in the opinion of the Attorney
General,” see Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of
1996, Pub. L. No. 104-208, § 240A(b)(1)(D), 110 Stat. 3009-546, 594 (codified at 8

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B.
Having decided that our review of the hardship determination is for substantial
evidence, our final task is to decide whether it exists on this record. We conclude it
does.
In finding that any hardship to Alonso-Juarez’s children was neither
exceptional nor extremely unusual, the immigration judge “closely reviewed” the
evidence. Central to the analysis was a medical report explaining that he could
“return to work without restriction,” which cast doubt on his claim that he would be
unable to find a job in Mexico. Also playing a role was the presence of family that
could “help with the . . . transition.” Together with other proof, there was enough
for a reasonable factfinder to conclude that any hardship would not be “substantially
different from, or beyond, that which would normally be expected to result from . . .
deportation.” Wilkinson, 601 U.S. at 222 (citation omitted); see N’Diaye v. Barr,
931 F.3d 656, 662 (8th Cir. 2019) (describing what qualifies as “substantial
evidence”).
IV.
We accordingly deny the petition for review.
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U.S.C. § 1229b), which eliminated any discretion that previously existed. See
Wilkinson, 601 U.S. at 224 (rejecting the government’s attempt to “read” the
Attorney General’s “discretion back into the current version of the statute”);
Wilkinson II, 131 F.4th at 141 (“As the Supreme Court made crystal-clear in
remanding this case, . . . hardship determinations [a]re no longer discretionary.”).

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