Randall Miller v. City of Santa Monica

NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
RANDALL MILLER, et al.,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
CITY OF SANTA MONICA, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
No. 17-55516
D.C. No.
2:16-cv-03142-SJO-AS
MEMORANDUM*
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Central District of California
S. James Otero, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted July 11, 2018
Pasadena, California
Before: BERZON and N.R. SMITH, Circuit Judges, and CASTEL,** District
Judge.
Plaintiffs Randall Miller, Sixteenth Street Medical Center, LP, and Nautilus
Group 16th Street, LLC appeal the district court’s order granting defendants’
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
** The Honorable P. Kevin Castel, United States District Judge for the
Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.
FILED
JUL 24 2018
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

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motion for judgment on the pleadings. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1291, and we affirm.
1. Federal Due Process Claim. The district court correctly determined that
plaintiffs have not adequately alleged a property interest sufficient to trigger due
process protection. Plaintiffs alleged that they had a contractual “right to manage
. . . and receive any and all revenues associated with” a parking facility owned by a
third-party. Plaintiffs have not provided, and research does not reveal, any support
for the proposition that such an interest amounts to a property interest under
California law. See Guatay Christian Fellowship v. County of San Diego, 670 F.3d
957, 985–86 (9th Cir. 2011) (explaining that state law creates the “underlying
substantive interest of a due process claim”). And although a party may have a
protected property interest in a license, see, e.g., Gerhart v. Lake County, 637 F.3d
1013, 1019 (9th Cir. 2011), that interest generally exists “[o]nly if the governing
statute compels a result ‘upon compliance with certain criteria, none of which
involve the exercise of discretion by the reviewing body,’” Shanks v. Dressel, 540
F.3d 1082, 1091 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting Thornton v. City of St. Helens, 425 F.3d
1158, 1165 (9th Cir. 2005)). The relevant statute states that the decision-maker
“may approve” a license application if certain criteria are met. SANTA MONICA,
CAL., MUN. CODE § 8.48.070 (emphasis added). It provides the decision-maker

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with significant discretion in deciding whether to grant a license and, thus, does not
create a constitutionally protected property interest.
2. Federal Equal Protection Claim. The district court also correctly held that
plaintiffs did not state a plausible class-of-one equal protection claim. To allege a
viable class-of-one equal protection claim, a plaintiff must plausibly allege “that
the [defendant] intentionally, and without rational basis, treated the plaintiff
differently from others similarly situated.” N. Pacifica LLC v. City of Pacifica,
526 F.3d 478, 486 (9th Cir. 2008). Plaintiffs have not presented allegations from
which it could be inferred that they were treated differently from others similarly
situated. They did not, for example, point to a practice of allowing an appeal from
the denial of a license application to proceed over the objection of the property
owner, nor did they identify any individual or entity that had been allowed to
proceed on appeal in such circumstances.
3. Leave to Amend. The district court did not err when it dismissed the
complaint without leave to amend. Plaintiffs were represented throughout these
proceedings by capable counsel. Before defendants filed their motion for
judgment on the pleadings, the district court ordered that “[a]ny stipulation or
motion to amend as to any claims, defenses and/or parties shall be lodged/filed by
no later than January 2, 2017, failing which it shall be deemed that party’s waiver
of any such amendments in this action.” This deadline passed without plaintiffs

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moving to amend, and defendants subsequently moved for judgment on the
pleadings.
With defendants’ motion outlining the asserted deficiencies in plaintiffs’
complaint in hand, plaintiffs did not request leave to amend. When the district
court granted defendants’ motion, the Clerk did not enter judgment. Plaintiffs, at
this point, could have requested leave to amend their complaint without having to
move to reopen the judgment. See Benson v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 673
F.3d 1207, 1217 (9th Cir. 2012). Instead, plaintiffs elected to appeal.
A district court order limiting the time for amendments to the pleadings may
be modified only for “good cause,” and none has been shown. FED. R. CIV. P.
16(b)(3)(A), (b)(4); In re W. States Wholesale Nat. Gas Antitrust Litig., 715 F.3d
716, 737 (9th Cir. 2013), aff’d sub nom. Oneok, Inc. v. Learjet, Inc., 135 S. Ct.
1591 (2015). The district court, therefore, did not err in dismissing plaintiffs’
complaint without leave to amend after the deadline to amend had passed.
AFFIRMED.

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