United States of America v. Alison Lee Gendreau

NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
ALISON LEE GENDREAU,
Defendant-Appellant.
No. 22-30136
D.C. No.
2:21-cr-00022-DLC
MEMORANDUM*
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Montana
Dana L. Christensen, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted September 15, 2023**
Seattle, Washington
Before: W. FLETCHER, R. NELSON, and COLLINS, Circuit Judges.
Defendant Alison Lee Gendreau pleaded guilty to five counts of violating 18
U.S.C. § 1343. Gendreau was the accounting manager of the Yellowstone Harley-
Davidson franchise in Belgrade, Montana. Gendreau admitted both to the owners
FILED
NOV 17 2023
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

-- 1 of 4 --

of the Harley-Davidson franchise and a sheriff’s deputy that she had been
embezzling money. She was subsequently indicted on five counts of wire fraud in
an amount totaling $13,095.56. Gendreau pled guilty. At sentencing, the
government sought restitution under the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act
(MVRA), 18 U.S.C. § 3663A, for the full amount that the Harley-Davidson
franchise owners testified was missing. Gendreau argued both that the government
could only recover restitution for the amount listed in the indictment and that she
embezzled only from the payroll account. The district court found by a
preponderance of the evidence that Gendreau had stolen $306,419.72 and awarded
that amount in restitution. Gendreau timely appealed.
We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. “[T]he legality of a restitution
order” is reviewed de novo. United States v. Peterson, 538 F.3d 1064, 1074 (9th
Cir. 2008). If the restitution order “is within the bounds of the statutory
frame-work” the order “is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.” United States v.
Hackett, 311 F.3d 989, 991 (9th Cir. 2002) (internal quotation marks omitted).
“Factual findings supporting an order of restitution are reviewed for clear error.”
Id.
Gendreau argues that the MVRA permits restitution only up to the amount
set forth in the indictment to which she pleaded guilty. We have squarely held that
2

-- 2 of 4 --

the MVRA permits restitution for “an entire scheme, including uncharged
conduct.” United States v. Grice, 319 F.3d 1174, 1177–78 (9th Cir. 2003) (per
curiam); accord In re Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Can., 785 F.3d 1273,
1276 (9th Cir. 2015) (per curiam).
Gendreau argues that this application of the MVRA violates the Fifth
Amendment’s Grand Jury Clause because only five wire transactions were charged
in the indictment. However, wire fraud requires the government to prove “a
scheme to defraud.” United States v. Hussain, 972 F.3d 1138, 1143 (9th Cir. 2020)
(internal quotation marks omitted). As a result, “the fraudulent scheme as a
whole” is “part of the charged offense” of wire fraud. United States v. Loftis, 843
F.3d 1173, 1177 (9th Cir. 2016).
Gendreau also contends that she had a right to a jury trial on the amount of
restitution. Our precedent forecloses this argument. See, e.g.¸ United States v.
Dadyan, 76 F.4th 955, 961 (9th Cir. 2023) (collecting cases).
Finally, Gendreau argues that there was inadequate proof that she skimmed
cash. We find no clear error in the district court’s findings of fact. The Harley-
Davidson franchise’s owners provided detailed accounting that revealed significant
amounts of cash missing. Gendreau also admitted to a sheriff’s deputy that she
3

-- 3 of 4 --

skimmed cash. There were no further discrepancies in the company’s accounts
after Gendreau was fired.
AFFIRMED.
4

-- 4 of 4 --