Dillard v. State

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

BAKR DILLARD, §
§
Defendant Below, § No. 256, 2024
Appellant, §
§ Court Below: Superior Court
v. § of the State of Delaware
§
STATE OF DELAWARE, § Cr. ID No. 2205002834 (N)
§
Appellee. §

Submitted: April 16, 2025
Decided: June 30, 2025

Before SEITZ, Chief Justice; VALIHURA, TRAYNOR, LEGROW,
GRIFFITHS, Justices, constituting the Court en Banc.

ORDER

The Court, having considered the briefs and the record below, and after oral

argument, rules as follows:

(1) A grand jury indicted Bakr Dillard for attempted murder and related

crimes. During the jury trial for his charges, the State discovered that it had not

shared with the defense all police reports related to the investigation. The Superior

Court denied Dillard’s motion to dismiss the charges or to declare a mistrial. But

the court excluded inculpatory evidence from the missing reports and instructed the

jury to disregard that evidence. A Superior Court jury eventually found Dillard

guilty of all charges. On appeal, Dillard argues that the court’s remedy did not
adequately address the prejudice caused by the discovery violation. We disagree

and affirm the Superior Court’s judgment.

(2) On April 14, 2022, a red Chevrolet Malibu with three passengers was

parked near the Monroe and Seventh Street intersection in Wilmington. A gray

Honda Pilot drove up and parked next to the Malibu. Gunfire erupted from the Pilot,

hitting the driver side of the Malibu. Once the passengers of the Pilot stopped firing,

the car sped away.1

(3) After a car chase through the streets of Wilmington, the police cornered

the Pilot.2 Three people got out of the car.3 Detective Michael Smagala, Jr. got out

of his car, identified himself as an officer, and told the nearest suspect to drop his

gun.4 One suspect fled south, another fled east, and the third suspect hesitated.5

Detective Smagala noticed the third suspect held a “Glock-style handgun . . . with a

very long magazine, an extended magazine.”6 After hesitating, the third suspect fled

north toward Adams Street.7

1
App. to Opening Br. at A184–85 [hereinafter A__] (Detective Martin’s Testimony).
2
A217–18 (Corporal Potts’s Testimony).
3
A218; A633–34 (Detective Smagala’s testimony).
4
A634.
5
See A635–36.
6
A634–35.
7
A636–37.

2
(4) DEA Special Agent Jason Tomon arrived at the intersection and saw an

individual holding a “handgun with extended magazines in his hands.”8 He later

identified this individual as Dillard.9 He saw Dillard climb a four-foot wall and a

six-foot chain link fence as he ran toward the Wilmington cemetery. Agent Tomon

pursued Dillard on foot.10 Midway through the cemetery, Agent Tomon noticed

Dillard throw something out of his pocket and toss his coat.11 Dillard then climbed

an iron fence, ran down a hill, and entered a hospital’s parking garage. Agent Tomon

stopped at the iron fence and watched Dillard reach the garage.12 Agent Tomon

returned to the cemetery and found a long, extended magazine (“First Magazine”).

He called in the evidence, and a Wilmington police officer collected it the next day.13

(5) The hospital next to the cemetery had video surveillance cameras. The

cameras caught an individual running through the hospital’s parking garage. The

cameras also showed the individual toss clothing into a trash can and stand next to

two school buses parked at the hospital’s emergency entrance.14 The hospital’s

8
A413 (Agent Tomon’s testimony).
9
A415.
10
A416.
11
Id.
12
A416–17.
13
A418–19.
14
A551–52 (Security Officer Denton’s Testimony).

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security officer walked out to the emergency entrance and encountered the

individual.15 The individual then left the hospital grounds. The security officer later

identified the individual as Dillard.16 A Wilmington police officer searched the trash

can and found a hooded sweatshirt.17

(6) The next morning, a class of police recruits searched the cemetery. A

recruit found a Glock model 23, 0.40-caliber Smith and Wesson handgun. The

recruit also found a magazine next to the gun.18 The magazine was an extended

magazine that held 0.40-caliber rounds (“Second Magazine”).19 Both the gun and

the Second Magazine were broken into pieces.20

(7) The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives examined

the forensic evidence.21 Firearms testing showed that the 0.40-caliber ammunition

casing found in the Pilot had been fired by the Glock.22 The DNA results from the

15
A555–56.
16
A559.
17
A386 (Officer Rivell’s testimony).
18
A426–29 (Officer Gliem’s Testimony).
19
A448–49 (Detective Wicks’s testimony).
20
A428–29 (Officer Gliem’s Testimony).
21
A473 (Forensic Biologist Mann’s Testimony); A519–20 (Firearm Examiner Karner’s
Testimony).
22
A537. The police also recovered nineteen nine-millimeter ammunition casings from the Pilot.
A455 (Detective Wicks’s testimony).

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Glock only excluded Dillard’s accomplices.23 But the results from the Second

Magazine included Dillard.24 The DNA collected from the First Magazine found by

Agent Tomon was “too complex” to be analyzed.25 Lastly, the DNA results from

the recovered sweatshirt included Dillard and excluded his accomplices.26

(8) A grand jury indicted Dillard for attempted murder and other crimes.27

Before trial, the State moved to disclose non-discoverable information to Dillard’s

defense counsel, including unredacted police reports.28 The court granted the

motion.29 The court also severed two person-prohibited charges to a separate “B”

trial.30

(9) The “A” trial began on February 6, 2024. During trial, Dillard’s

counsel asked the State to clarify the DNA testing results.31 In responding to the

request, the State realized that it failed to provide defense counsel with reports from

23
A497 (Forensic Biologist Mann’s Testimony).
24
A509.
25
A497; see A493 (“[I]f I say something is not suitable for comparison due to limited results, that
just means there’s not enough data there for us to make a good comparison to.”).
26
A508; A496.
27
A10–15 (Indictment).
28
A15(a)–(f) (State’s Mot. to Disclose Non-Discoverable Information).
29
A15(g)–(h) (Order Granting State’s Mot.).
30
A43 (Pretrial Conference, Jan. 5, 2024).
31
See A566 (Email from Defense Counsel to the Court, Feb. 12, 2024).

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several officers. After the State provided the missing reports, Dillard moved to

dismiss all charges or to declare a mistrial.32

(10) Up to that point, defense counsel believed that police found Dillard’s

DNA on the First Magazine. Dillard’s counsel verified this fact with the State and

relied on the State’s representations. The undisclosed police reports showed,

however, that Dillard’s DNA was found on the Second Magazine and not on the

First Magazine. Defense counsel claimed that Dillard’s trial strategy was built on

Dillard’s DNA being found only on the First Magazine. He represented as much to

the jury during his opening statement. He also offered Dillard’s outstanding warrant

into evidence to suggest another reason that Dillard ran from the police.33

(11) The Superior Court held that the State violated its discovery agreement

with defense counsel to provide unredacted police reports.34 To remedy the

violation, the court excluded the DNA evidence from the Second Magazine.35 The

32
A564–66.
33
A564–65.
34
A604–05 (Motion Hr., Feb. 12, 2024).
35
A605–06.

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court also asked the parties to draft a curative instruction.36 The following day, the

court instructed the jury to disregard the Second Magazine DNA evidence.37

(12) The jury returned a guilty verdict on all charges. After the parties

presented the “B” trial, the jury returned a guilty verdict for both person-prohibited

charges. The court sentenced Dillard to eighty-five years of Level V custody,

followed by decreasing levels of supervision.38

(13) On appeal, Dillard challenges the Superior Court’s denial of his motion

to dismiss the charges or to declare a mistrial. He claims that the court’s remedy for

the discovery violation – excluding the DNA evidence found on the Second

Magazine and providing a curative instruction – did not adequately address the

prejudice caused by the State’s discovery violation. We review the sanction imposed

to determine if the court exceeded its discretion.39

36
Id.
37
A623 (The Court: “You have heard some testimony here regarding DNA evidence, relating to a
magazine found in the cemetery. You are not to consider the DNA evidence as it relates to the
magazine in your deliberations. You are not to speculate as to why an item of evidence has been
limited or redacted.”).
38
Sentence Order, State v. Dillard, No. N2205002834, at *1–3 (Del. Super. Ct. June 7, 2024).
39
See Ryle v. State, 228 A.3d 1064, at *2 (Del. 2020) (TABLE) (“[T]his Court reviews for abuse
of discretion the sanction imposed by a trial court for a discovery violation, and will reverse the
trial court’s decision only if it was clearly erroneous.” (citing Cabrera v. State, 840 A.2d 1256,
1263 (Del. 2004))).

7
(14) As a preliminary matter, the State argues that Dillard waived his

argument on appeal. “Waiver is the voluntary and intentional relinquishment of a

known right.”40 Unlike forfeited arguments that may be reviewed for plain error,

waived arguments are not subject to appellate review.41 In the criminal context, “we

indulge every reasonable presumption against finding waiver.”42 The State must

demonstrate waiver.43 A party’s affirmative statements are a “stronger

demonstration of waiver ‘than mere absence of an objection.’”44 Also, if the record

reflects that counsel’s failure to object was a “deliberate tactical maneuver” instead

of a lapse in oversight, we will find waiver.45

(15) Here, Dillard waived his discovery violation argument when trial

counsel agreed that the court’s remedy cured the issue. After the parties discussed

40
Purnell v. State, 254 A.3d 1053, 1101 (Del. 2021) (quoting Daskin v. Knowles, 193 A.3d 717,
725 (Del. 2018)).
41
Purnell, 254 A.3d at 1101 (first citing United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 733 (1993); and
then citing Warner v. State, 787 A.2d 101, at *1 (Del. 2001) (TABLE)).
42
Burrell v. State, 332 A.3d 412, 430 (Del. 2024) (citing Purnell, 254 A.3d at 1101).
43
Purnell, 254 A.3d at 1101 (citing Flamer v. State, 490 A.2d 104, 113 (Del. 1983)).
44
Burrell, 332 A.3d at 430 (quoting Stevenson v. State, 149 A.3d 505, 516 (Del. 2016)). Compare
id. (finding waiver when defense counsel affirmatively agreed that the court’s redactions addressed
his concerns for jury confusion), with Johnson v. State, 550 A.2d 903, 910 (Del. 1988) (finding no
waiver when defense counsel renewed an objection by stating “I have no other objection
notwithstanding the initial one that I noted previously.”).
45
Wright v. State, 980 A.2d 1020, 1023 (Del. 2009) (citing Czech v. State, 945 A.2d 1088, 1097
(Del. 2008)).

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appropriate sanctions for the discovery violation, the court offered to instruct the

jury to disregard all DNA evidence. The court asked Dillard’s counsel, “That would

cure the problem, wouldn’t it, [defense counsel]?”46 Defense counsel responded,

“Yes, Your Honor.”47 The State then noted that the DNA evidence included

Dillard’s sweatshirt. The court suggested that it limit the DNA exclusion to the

Second Magazine and the gun. Dillard’s counsel responded, “As far as I’m

concerned, that would be fine.”48 Once the court issued the ruling in full, the court

again asked Dillard’s counsel, “That solves the issue?”49 For the third time, counsel

stated, “Yes, Your Honor.”50 The following day, the parties submitted the curative

instruction to the court. The court verified that the revised DNA report redacted the

Second Magazine and the gun. Defense counsel stated, “And I have no objection to

the redactions for the record.”51

(16) Defense counsel made a tactical decision to waive any objection to the

discovery violation because Dillard benefited from the court’s sanction. Defense

46
A603 (Motion Hr., Feb. 12, 2024).
47
Id.
48
Id.
49
A606.
50
Id.
51
A622 (Trial Tr., Feb. 13, 2024).

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counsel had argued that the State would benefit from a mistrial if the court did not

exclude the DNA evidence.52 The court agreed and excluded the DNA evidence.

Defense counsel was not merely “acquiesc[ing]” to the court’s remedy for the

discovery violation.53 Counsel managed to exclude highly incriminating evidence.

As the court recognized, this remedy was far more favorable to Dillard than a

mistrial.54 Accordingly, Dillard waived the argument below, meaning he cannot

raise it on appeal.

(17) Even if we assume that Dillard’s argument was not waived, the State’s

discovery violation did not prejudicially affect Dillard’s substantial rights.55 To

assess the prejudice caused by the discovery violation,56 we consider three factors:

52
A598–99 (Motion Hr., Feb. 12, 2024) (Defense Counsel: “[I]f the Court declares a mistrial, the
State’s case actually gets better because at a second trial, they can introduce this evidence and
connect him further with the gun. And I don’t think that’s fair to Mr. Dillard for the State’s case
to get better if they were to retry it. But I don’t think based on the record now he can get a fair trial
with this jury.”).
53
See Reply Br. at 2.
54
A606 (Motion Hr., Feb. 12, 2024) (“The Court: Okay. And in my view, frankly -- and I will put
this on the record -- in my view, that course of action and a second trial for Mr. Dillard, this is
much more favorable to Mr. Dillard, because in a second trial, the State would have been able to
fix its problem. In this case, it’s not going to be able to fix this issue, and it will be up for the jury
to determine whether there’s other sufficient evidence to convict Mr. Dillard or not.”).
55
Patterson v. State, 276 A.3d 1055, 1059–60 (Del. 2022) (“In evaluating alleged discovery
violations . . . . We will reverse only if substantial rights of the accused are prejudicially affected.”
(citation modified) (quoting Oliver v. State, 60 A.3d 1093, 1097 (Del. 2013))).
56
The State does not contest on appeal that it violated the discovery agreement. See State’s
Answering Br. at 22 (“The court correctly concluded that this was a violation of the protective
order.”).

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“(1) the centrality of the error to the case; (2) the closeness of the case; and (3) the

steps taken to mitigate the results of the error.”57

(18) Although the DNA evidence was important, this was not a close case.

Dillard argued below that the State could not connect Dillard to a gun even if the

State could place him in the Pilot.58 But significant incriminating evidence

connected Dillard to the gun and the car, independent of the DNA evidence from the

Second Magazine.59 The police followed the Pilot from the shooting until it stopped.

Detective Smagala saw Dillard and his two accomplices step out of the car. He and

Agent Tomon saw Dillard with a handgun and extended magazine. Agent Tomon

chased Dillard through the cemetery and saw him throw something. A hospital

security guard identified Dillard as the individual in the parking garage. Dillard’s

DNA was found on the sweatshirt tossed in the hospital’s trash can. The next day,

police found in the cemetery a 0.40-caliber gun and the Second Magazine, which

held 0.40-caliber rounds. The gun and Second Magazine were in pieces, probably

57
See Patterson, 276 A.3d at 1060 (quoting Oliver, 60 A.3d at 1096–97).
58
A565 (Email from Defense Counsel to the Court, Feb. 12, 2024); A739 (Dillard’s closing
argument).
59
See Secrest v. State, 679 A.2d 58, 64 n.9 (Del. 1996) (“A Rule 16 violation does not require
reversal if ‘significant evidence, independent of [the undisclosed testimony], was before the
jury . . . .’” (alteration in original) (quoting Skinner v. State, 575 A.2d 1108, 1126 (Del. 1990))).

11
from being thrown.60 Dillard’s two accomplices were each found with a nine-

millimeter gun.61 Nine-millimeter guns typically cannot fire 0.40-caliber rounds.62

(19) The Superior Court and the parties also took steps to mitigate any

prejudice caused by the discovery violation. Dillard contends that the only remedies

that could cure the discovery violation were a dismissal or a mistrial. But dismissing

criminal charges is a “drastic” form of relief, which is “plainly inappropriate”

without “demonstrable prejudice.”63 Likewise, we have held that granting a mistrial

is an “extraordinary remedy,” available only if there are “no meaningful and

practical alternatives.”64 The Superior Court’s ruling was a reasonable alternative.

Excluding the Second Magazine DNA evidence greatly benefited Dillard and denied

the State any benefit from its discovery violation.65 The parties also worked together

60
A429 (Officer Gliem’s Testimony) (“Q. Do you have idea [sic] what may have -- why it was in
pieces or anything like that? A. Possibly because the defendant threw his firearm. . . . Q. So if
throw [sic] your gun against something hard, it is possible it might come apart? A. Yes.”).
61
A442 (Detective Wicks’s testimony); A445.
62
A527 (Firearm Examiner Karner’s testimony).
63
State v. Robinson, 209 A.3d 25, 56 (Del. 2019) (emphasis omitted) (quoting United States v.
Morrison, 449 U.S. 361, 365, 367 (1981)).
64
Williams v. State, 296 A.3d 895, 902 (Del. 2023) (quoting Copper v. State, 85 A.3d 689, 693
(Del. 2014)).
65
See Morrison, 449 U.S. at 366 (“The remedy in the criminal proceeding is limited to denying
the prosecution the fruits of its transgression.”); see also A606 (Motion Hr., Feb. 12, 2024) (The
Court: “[T]his is much more favorable to Mr. Dillard . . . .”).

12
on a curative jury instruction to mitigate the discovery violation. Trial counsel

agreed that the court’s remedy satisfactorily addressed any prejudice.

(20) Finally, Dillard contends that it is “unreasonable to expect [the jury] to

wholly disregard the DNA evidence that was just introduced on the previous trial

day and discussed multiple times throughout trial.”66 But our Court has held that an

“[e]rror can normally be cured by the use of a curative instruction to the jury, and

[that] jurors are presumed to follow those instructions.”67 In our view, the

circumstances of this case do not offer any reason to depart from this presumption.68

(21) Dillard waived appellate review. And even if we reach the merits,

Dillard’s substantial rights were not prejudiced by the State’s violation of the

discovery agreement. The Superior Court did not exceed its discretion by refusing

Dillard’s request to dismiss the charges or to declare a mistrial.

66
Opening Br. at 44.
67
Revel v. State, 956 A.2d 23, 30 (Del. 2008) (alteration in original) (quoting Guy v. State, 913
A.2d 558, 565–66 (Del. 2006)).
68
Dillard relies on Oliver v. State and Valentin v. State to argue that the court insufficiently
mitigated the discovery violation. In Oliver, the State failed to provide notes on a forensic drug
report until trial. 60 A.3d 1093. That prevented the defendant from challenging the report’s
findings that he possessed cocaine. In Valentin, the State’s case was based almost entirely on the
testimony of two officers describing their pursuit of the defendant. 74 A.3d 645 (Del. 2013). The
State’s failure to provide an audio recording prevented the defendant from adequately impeaching
the officers’ testimony. But Oliver and Valentin were close cases because the State lacked
significant, independent evidence to convict either defendant. Valentin, 74 A.3d at 652 (“This is
not a case where ‘significant [independent] evidence . . . was before the jury.’” (quoting Oliver,
60 A.3d at 1099)); see Oliver, 60 A.3d at 1099–100. Here, the State produced significant evidence
of Dillard’s guilt independent of the reports not shared with his defense counsel.

13
NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the judgment of the

Superior Court is AFFIRMED.

BY THE COURT:

/s/ Collins J. Seitz, Jr.
Chief Justice

14