Ferrellgas Partners, L.P. v. Zurich American Insurance Company

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
FERRELLGAS PARTNERS L.P., §
FERRELLGAS, L.P., BRIDGER §
LOGISTICS, LLC, BRIDGER §
ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES II, § No. 183, 2023
LLC, BRIDGER LAKE, LLC, §
BRIDGER LEASING, LLC, BRIDGER §
MARINE, LLC, BRIDGER RAIL § Court Below: Superior Court
SHIPPING, LLC, BRIDGER REAL § of the State of Delaware
PROPERTY, LLC, BRIDGER §
STORAGE, LLC, BRIDGER §
TERMINALS, LLC, BRIDGER §
TRANSPORATION, LLC, BRIDGER § C.A. No. N19C-05-275
SWAN RANCH, LLC, BRIDGER §
ENERGY, LLC, J.J. ADDISON §
PARTNERS, LLC, AND J.J. LIBERTY, §
LLC, §
§
Plaintiffs-Below, Appellants, §
§
v. §
§
ZURICH AMERICAN INSURANCE §
COMPANY, §
§
Defendant-Below, Appellee. §

Submitted: March 27, 2024
Decided: June 10, 2024

Before SEITZ, Chief Justice; VALIHURA, and GRIFFITHS, Justices.

Upon appeal from the Superior Court. AFFIRMED.

David J. Baldwin, Esquire, Peter McGivney, Esquire, Berger Harris LLP, Wilmington,
Delaware. Of Counsel: Brent W. Vincent, Esquire (argued), Bryan Cave Leighton Paisner
LLP, Chicago, Illinois for Plaintiffs-Below, Appellants.

Bruce W. McCullough, Esquire, Bodell Bove, LLC, Wilmington, Delaware. Of Counsel:
Louis A. Bové, Esquire (argued), Bodell Bove, LLC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania for
Defendant-Below, Appellee.
VALIHURA, Justice:
INTRODUCTION
This is an appeal of a January 21, 2020 Opinion of the Superior Court (the “2020

Opinion”) which denied a Motion for Summary Judgment brought by Appellants,

Ferrellgas Partners L.P. and Ferrellgas, L.P. (collectively “Ferrellgas”) et al.,1 which sought

declaratory relief obligating Appellee, Zurich American Insurance Company (“Zurich”) to

advance defense costs for underlying litigation pursuant to an insurance policy it issued to

Ferrellgas.

Ferrellgas appeals the 2020 Opinion arguing that the Superior Court erred by

holding that Zurich has no duty to advance defense costs for Ferrellgas’ underlying

litigation because the First Amended Complaint of Eddystone Rail Company, LLC

(“Eddystone,” the plaintiff in the underlying litigation) did not allege loss which falls

within the scope of coverage of the claims-made insurance policy that Zurich issued to

nonparty Bridger, LLC. The overall gravamen of Ferrellgas’ argument is that the

Eddystone Litigation is a claim for wrongful acts occurring before June 24, 2015, a date

contained in a key coverage exclusion which provides that Zurich has no duty advance

defense costs for claims arising from wrongful acts occurring after June 24, 2015.

Analysis of the issue of whether Zurich must advance defense costs can be

summarized into two steps: first, the meaning of the pertinent provisions in Zurich’s

1
The remaining Appellants, who are omitted from the text above for the sake of brevity are Bridger
Logistics, LLC; Bridger Administrative Services II, LLC; Bridger Lake, LLC; Bridger Leasing,
LLC; Bridger Marine, LLC; Bridger Rail Shipping, LLC; Bridger Real Property, LLC; Bridger
Storage, LLC; Bridger Terminals, LLC; Bridger Transportation, LLC; Bridger Swan Ranch, LLC;
Bridger Energy, LLC; J.J. Addison Partners, LLC; and J.J. Liberty, LLC.

2
insurance policy (the “Zurich Policy”) must be ascertained to define the scope of the

policy’s coverage. Second, the nature of the claims in the underlying litigation must be

analyzed with reference to the Zurich Policy.

The first step, the plain meaning of the Zurich Policy itself, finds support in caselaw

construing similar policy language and indicates that the Zurich Policy obligates Zurich to

advance defense costs only for claims arising from wrongful acts which took place before

June 24, 2015. With respect to the second step, Eddystone’s First Amended Complaint,

which underpins the Eddystone Litigation, and when read as a whole, states a claim for

relief from a wrongful act — a breach of contract — occurring after June 24, 2015,

consequently absolving Zurich from any obligation to advance. Accordingly, we AFFIRM

the decision of the Superior Court.

Zurich also brings a cross-appeal, arguing that Ferrellgas’ appeal of the 2020

Opinion is untimely. Zurich contends that the 2020 Opinion, and its declaration of no

coverage dispositively defined the rights between Ferrellgas and Zurich, and left nothing

to be resolved as to them. Zurich further contends that the Superior Court’s approval of a

Joint Stipulation of dismissal between Ferrellgas and Beazley Insurance Company Inc.

(“Beazley”) then resulted in all claims being resolved as to all parties. Ferrellgas’ position

is that the final judgment in this matter is the order by the Superior Court dated May 10,

2023,2 which states explicitly that it is a final judgment. Delaware law requires timely

2
The Superior Court entered judgment on May 9, 2023. However, its order entering judgment is
dated May 10, 2023. This distinction does not affect our analysis. See B0892 (Order Entering
Judgment).

3
appeal within thirty days of the entry of final judgment, and because Zurich maintains that

final judgment occurred no later than November 10, 2021, it argues that Ferrellgas’ May

25, 2023 appeal is untimely. For the reasons explained below, we conclude that Ferrellgas’

appeal is timely.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. The Eddystone Litigation

On February 2, 2017, Eddystone filed a complaint in the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania against Appellants Ferrellgas, Bridger Logistics,

LLC, and nonparties Julio Rios and Jeremy Gamboa.3 In a subsequent amended complaint

filed on September 7, 2018, (the “Eddystone FAC”) a number of current and former direct

or indirect subsidiaries were named as additional defendants, including Bridger

Administrative Services II, LLC; Bridger Lake, LLC; Bridger Leasing, LLC; Bridger

Marine, LLC; Bridger Rail Shipping, LLC; Bridger Real Property, LLC; Bridger Storage,

LLC; Bridger Terminals, LLC; Bridger Transportation, LLC; Bridger Swan Ranch, LLC;

Bridger Energy, LLC; J.J. Addison Partners, LLC; and J.J. Liberty, LLC.4 The allegations

contained in the Eddystone Litigation are critical in resolving the coverage issue.

To understand the nature of the Eddystone Litigation more fully, we explain the

relationship among the parties involved. Julio Rios & Jeremey Gamboa (“Rios” and

3
A0247 (Civil Cover Sheet).
4
A0275 (Eddystone FAC at 1). The case is captioned Eddystone Rail Co., LLC v. Bridger
Logistics, LLC et al., No. 2:17-cv-00495 (E.D. Pa.).

4
“Gamboa” respectively) are former directors of a crude oil trading and logistics business.5

This business involves many “nominally different” entities created by Rios and Gamboa

with the name “Bridger,” with each entity responsible for different attributes of the process

of transporting crude oil from wellheads to end markets in North America. The entities

include Bridger, LLC; Bridger Marketing, LLC; Bridger Logistics, LLC and its

subsidiaries (these three entities and the following are hereinafter referred to collectively

as the “Bridger Group”) Bridger Administrative Services II, LLC; Bridger Marine, LLC;

Bridger Rail Shipping, LLC; Bridger Real Property, LLC; Bridger Storage, LLC; Bridger

Swan Ranch, LLC; Bridger Terminals, LLC; Bridger Transportation, LLC; Bridger Energy,

LLC; Bridger Leasing, LLC; Bridger Lake, LLC; Bridger Administration; Bridger

Management; J.J. Liberty, LLC; J.J. Addison Partners, LLC; and Bridger Transfer

Services.6 The members of the Bridger Group operated in concert and without inter-

company contracts defining their relationship. They were “all headed by the very same

people[,] and shared employees.”7

5
See A0282 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 33).
6
The following entities are identified as the “Fraudulent Transfer Recipient Subsidiaries”: Bridger
Administrative Services II, LLC; Bridger Marine, LLC; Bridger Rail Shipping, LLC; Bridger Real
Property, LLC; Bridger Storage, LLC; Bridger Swan Ranch, LLC; Bridger Terminals, LLC;
Bridger Transportation, LLC; Bridger Energy, LLC; Bridger Leasing, LLC; Bridger Lake, LLC;
Bridger Administration; Bridger Management; J.J. Liberty, LLC; and J.J. Addison Partners, LLC
[hereinafter the “Fraudulent Transfer Recipient Subsidiaries”]. A0369 (Answer to First Amended
Complaint, Affirmative Defenses, and Counterclaims of Defendant Zurich Am. Ins. Co., at ¶ 34
n.1).
7
A0282 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 33).

5
The companies within the Bridger Group that are most relevant to the Eddystone

Litigation are Bridger Logistics, LLC (“Bridger Logistics”), Bridger Transfer Services,

LLC (“BTS”), and Bridger Marketing. Bridger Logistics provided entities which

transported crude oil, known as “shippers,” with the necessary arrangements to do so. BTS

handled the specific process of “transloading,” that is, transferring cargo from one mode

of transportation to another.8 Bridger Marketing handled the facilitation of agreements

between outside clients and the Bridger Group.9 In its complaint, Eddystone pointed out

that, as the sole member of an LLC like BTS, Bridger Logistics “owned all of BTS’[s]

equity and controlled all of BTS’[s] decision-making.”10

In 2013, the price of crude oil from North Dakota wellheads was substantially lower

than the “Brent benchmark.”11 Under these circumstances, crude oil logistics firms could

profit on transporting and selling North Dakota crude notwithstanding its transport cost.12

The Bridger Group knew that it could capitalize on this development by providing the

means to transport crude oil to refineries along the Delaware river. 13 To do this, Bridger

8
A0283 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 36). In this case, transloading entailed transferring crude oil from
railcars to barges. Id.
9
See A0284–A0285 (Eddystone FAC at ¶¶ 40–41) (Bridger Marketing was responsible for
entering into the 2014 Crude Oil Supply Agreement with Monroe Energy, LLC. Bridger Marketing
was also responsible for brokering agreements to acquire crude oil from wellheads).
10
A0282 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 34).
11
The “Brent” benchmark is one of the leading metrics for oil prices and is “used to price over
three-quarters of the world’s traded oil[.]” Mike Wittner, Brent™ the world’s crude benchmark,
ICE (Sept. 2020), https://www.ice.com/insights/market-pulse/brent-the-worlds-crude-benchmark.
12
A0276–A0277 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 4).
13
See A0283 (Eddystone FAC at ¶¶ 35–36).

6
Logistics would need access to a transloading facility.14 Consequently, Bridger Logistics

requisitioned BTS to enter into a contract with Eddystone, which the parties entitled the

“Eddystone Rail Facilities Services Agreement” (“RSA”).

Under the RSA, Eddystone spent over $170 million constructing a transloading

facility which transferred crude oil from railcars to river barges, and the facility was for the

exclusive use of BTS.15 For its part, BTS promised to bring a total of 118,168,750 barrels

of crude oil to the Eddystone transloading facility — a minimum of 64,750 barrels of crude

oil per day — from the date of the facility’s completion on April 17, 2014, to June of 2019.16

Each transloaded barrel would cost BTS $2.25, and if BTS could not meet the quota, it was

required to make a deficiency payment to Eddystone of $1.75 for however many barrels

that were below the minimum.

“Touting” Bridger Logistics’ newfound exclusive transloading ability through the

agreement between BTS and Eddystone, Bridger Marketing was able to secure a deal with

Monroe Energy, LLC (“Monroe”), an owner/operator of an oil refinery located in Trainer,

Pennsylvania in July of 2014.17 This agreement, the Crude Oil Supply Agreement or

“COSA,” obligated Monroe to make an undifferentiated payment to both Bridger

Marketing and Bridger Logistics for the acquisition of 1.95 million barrels of crude oil per

14
A0283 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 36).
15
A0276 (Eddystone FAC at ¶¶ 3–4).
16
A0283–A0284 (Eddystone FAC at ¶¶ 37–39).
17
A0284 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 39).

7
month from July of 2014 to June of 2019.18 On the other side of the deal, Bridger

Marketing was to acquire the crude oil to be sold to Monroe, then Bridger Logistics and its

subsidiaries were responsible for transporting the oil to Monroe.19

BTS and the RSA with Eddystone constituted a critical step in this arrangement.

Indeed, transloading was essential to fulfill the COSA with Monroe, yet BTS’s ability to

uphold the RSA depended on Bridger Logistics. As discussed, BTS was obligated to make

certain payments to Eddystone under the RSA.20 To meet this, Bridger Logistics and its

affiliates credited BTS a portion of the funds from Monroe and the COSA — just enough

to pay Eddystone.21 Without this source of revenue, BTS would have been unable to

independently pay Eddystone.22 Eddystone, in its complaint, alleged that BTS’s financial

dependence on other members of the Bridger Group, like Bridger Logistics, was

misrepresented to the extent that the defendants “held out to Eddystone that BTS was an

independent, bona fide company with substantial operations in addition to the RSA[,]”23

when, in fact, it was not.24

18
A0284 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 40).
19
A0285 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 41).
20
A0283–A0284 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 37).
21
A0286 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 47).
22
See A0286–A0287 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 49).
23
A0285 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 42).
24
See A0278 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 9) (“BTS was in fact not the independent bona fide entity that
Defendants held out. Contrary to Defendants’ holding out of BTS, it was an entirely captive
instrument of Defendants, without operational or financial independence.”).

8
The crude oil transport arrangement involving the Bridger Group, Eddystone, and

Monroe carried on as planned for a time, but in May of 2015, and through June of the same

year, Appellants Ferrellgas acquired Bridger Logistics (and its subsidiaries, including

BTS).25 Rios and Gamboa joined Ferrellgas as its management team for Bridger

Logistics.26

Then in the fall of 2015, oil prices changed resulting in the COSA operation

becoming unprofitable.27 As a result, the days of COSA seemed numbered.28 However,

even if COSA ended, BTS, and by extension Bridger Logistics and Ferrellgas, would still

be obligated to meet the minimum monthly volume deficiency payment commitments to

Eddystone under the RSA. Seeing the proverbial writing on the wall, Ferrellgas and

Bridger Logistics are alleged to have developed a plan to “wind down” the operation with

Monroe while simultaneously insulating themselves from their obligations under the

RSA.29 Eddystone alleged the plan consisted of the following four steps:

65. Between late May 2015 and January 2016, Defendants Rios, Gamboa,
Bridger Logistics, and [Ferrellgas] stripped BTS of assets, including cash
flows, and caused BTS to operate as little more than a liability shield for
other [Ferrellgas] entities. First, the Monroe revenues that had previously
been credited to BTS were redirected to other [Ferrellgas] entities, including
Bridger Logistics and Bridger Rail Shipping – and ultimately passed up to
[Ferrellgas]. Bridger Logistics and Bridger Rail Shipping began making
payments directly to Eddystone on the RSA.

25
A0287 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 50).
26
A0288 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 53).
27
A0290 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 61).
28
See A0290–A0291 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 64).
29
Id.

9
66. Second, throughout this period BTS engaged in a series of intercompany
transactions by which it transferred substantial assets to Defendants Bridger
Logistics, Bridger Administrative Services II, LLC, Bridger Rail Shipping,
LLC, Bridger Real Property, LLC, Bridger Transportation, LLC, Bridger
Energy, LLC, Bridger Leasing, LLC, Bridger Lake, LLC, Bridger
Administration, Bridger Management, J.J. Liberty, LLC, and J.J. Addison
Partners, LLC. [(collectively known as the “Fraudulent Transfer Recipient
Subsidiaries”)] . . . .
67. Third, BTS also transferred away all of its real and personal property and
valuable commercial contracts to other [Ferrellgas] subsidiaries. For
example, in January 2016, BTS transferred to Bridger Swan Ranch, LLC, a
newly-formed [Ferrellgas] subsidiary, the Swan Ranch transloading facility
with all of its transshipment infrastructure, including crude injection stations,
a crude oil transmission pipeline, and associated fixtures, valued at $18.5–20
million. BTS also transferred to Bridger Swan Ranch, LLC, the associated
throughput agreement with Shell that had $23.68 million remaining in fixed
fees. BTS received no consideration. BTS granted Bridger Real Property,
LLC, title to 15 acres of land in Laramie County, Wyoming for $10, though
the land was valued by the county tax assessor at $950,000. BTS transferred
tens of millions of dollars’ worth of assets to Bridger Terminals, LLC,
including land, injection stations, throughput agreements, and equipment,
fixtures, and personal property for $10. BTS also allowed a blanket lien to
be granted on its assets to secure loans made to [Ferrellgas].
68. Fourth, in January 2016, Defendants Rios, Gamboa, Bridger Logistics,
and [Ferrellgas] caused BTS to forgive millions of dollars in accounts
receivable that it was owed by other Bridger Logistics and [Ferrellgas]
affiliates, including the Additional Fraudulent Transfer Recipient
Subsidiaries.30
With the foregoing plan complete, BTS was thoroughly gutted, its value siphoned

away, leaving little more than a corporate crash barrel set to absorb the impact of defaulting

under the RSA while protecting Bridger Logistics and Ferrellgas. The transfers, Eddystone

alleged, were fraudulent — made for virtually no consideration, and caused by, Ferrellgas,

30
A0291–A0292 (Eddystone FAC at ¶¶ 65–68).

10
Bridger Logistics, Rios, and Gamboa who, Eddystone further alleged, were in complete

control of BTS.31 Ferrellgas, in the case at hand, refers to these transfers as the “Improper

Transfer Acts.”

On February 1, 2016, the amended COSA agreement was effectively ended. 32 The

gutted BTS (later renamed “Jamex Transfer Services” but hereinafter still referred to as

BTS) was sold for ten dollars to a new Ferrellgas subsidiary.33 BTS never delivered another

train of crude oil to Eddystone, and refused, in breach of the RSA, to make any more

payments to Eddystone.34 Eddystone was forced to suspend operations, and sought relief.

Eddystone filed a demand for arbitration with the Society of Maritime Arbitrators

(“SMA”) on April 19, 2016.35 Eddystone achieved a settlement on January 5, 2017,

wherein it was to receive deficiency payments that had accrued to that date as well as

anticipatory deficiency payments in light of BTS’s anticipatory breach of contract in the

coming years. BTS, however, was insolvent. It had no money to make the deficiency

payments, and so Eddystone filed the Eddystone Litigation which alleged four counts

relying on theories of alter ego liability, intentional and constructive fraudulent transfer,

and breach of the fiduciary duty of care and loyalty to creditors.36 Eddystone also sought

relief in the form of:

31
A0297–A0298 (Eddystone FAC at ¶¶ 89–92).
32
See A0292–A0293 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 70).
33
A0294 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 73).
34
A0294 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 74).
35
A0294 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 75).
36
See A0294–A0301 (Eddystone FAC at ¶¶ 76–103).

11
(1) An award of all payments BTS owes to Eddystone under the RSA[;]
(2) An award against Defendants of all amounts awarded by the SMA
arbitration panel in the arbitration between Eddystone and BTS[;] (3) All
expectation damages available to a party injured by breach of contract at
common law and by statute and such other and further relief as [the court]
deems just and proper[;] (4) An order avoiding all direct or indirect
transfers from BTS to Defendant transferees and requiring Defendant
transferees to undo those transfers[;] (5) Damages in the amount of the
value of the transfers[;] (6) An award of compensatory damages against
Defendants for the economic injury they caused Eddystone through
breach of their fiduciary duty in the amount of the foregone minimum
volume payments owed under the RSA[;] (7) An award of punitive
damages against Defendants for their intentional fraudulent transfer and
their willful breach of fiduciary duty[;] and (8) Pre- and post-judgment
interest . . . .37
The Eddystone Litigation was still pending at the time of oral argument before this Court.

B. The Zurich Policy
On December 17, 2014, Zurich issued the Zurich Policy covering Bridger, LLC and,

for the purposes of this appeal, its subsidiaries including Bridger Logistics and the

Fraudulent Transfer Recipient Subsidiaries.38 The policy ran from December 17, 2014, to

December 17, 2015 (the “Policy Period”).39 It provided $10 million in coverage for

“Management and Company Liability” in addition to a separate $1 million additional limit

of liability for “Defense Costs.” The Zurich Policy covered all Loss sustained by the

37
A0302 (Eddystone FAC “Prayer for Relief” at ¶¶ 1–8).
38
See B0294 (Management and Company Liability Coverage Part [hereinafter “MC&L”], at
Section III.D). For the purposes of this appeal, the parties agree to assume, arguendo, that the
named Defendants in the Eddystone Litigation qualify as insured subsidiaries under the Zurich
Policy. See Answering Br. at 17–18 n.4 (“For purposes of the instant appeal only, Zurich accepts
Ferrellgas’ contention that Bridger Logistics and the Fraudulent Transfer Recipient Subsidiaries
qualify as Subsidiaries under the Zurich Policy and, consequently, qualify as Insureds under the
definition of Company.”) (emphasis in original).
39
B0273 (Private Company Select Insurance Policy Declarations, at Item 3).

12
insured companies to the extent that the Loss was incurred due to a claim made against the

insured companies during the Policy Period or during an extended Reporting Period or

Run-Off Coverage Period if exercised for a Wrongful Act occurring before or during the

Policy Period.40 In other words, although the claim can be made during the Policy Period

or the Run-Off Coverage Period, the Wrongful Acts which give rise to that Claim must

have occurred before or during the Policy Period, but not during the Run-Off Coverage

Period. As the policy text itself explains:

The Underwriter shall pay on behalf of the Company all Loss for which the
Company becomes legally obligated to pay on account of a Claim first made
against the Company during the Policy Period or the Extended Reporting
Period or Run-Off Coverage Period, if exercised, for a Wrongful Act
taking place before or during the Policy Period, subject to the applicable
Limits of Liability set forth in Items 2 and 6 of the Declarations.41
Although the foregoing text excludes from coverage losses from claims for

wrongful acts occurring after the Policy Period and during the Run-Off Coverage Period,

this notion was restated and clarified in the Run-Off Coverage Period endorsement section

issued to Bridger, LLC when it opted to purchase Run-Off Coverage on June 24, 2015.42

The pertinent text, hereinafter referred to as the “Run-Off Exclusion,” states that Zurich

shall not be liable for losses which occur as a result of claims for Wrongful Acts including

any “Interrelated Wrongful Acts” which take place in whole or in part after the beginning

of the Run-Off Coverage Period on June 24, 2015 (“the Run-Off Date”). It reads:

40
See B0293 (MC&L, at Section I.C).
41
Id. (emphasis in original).
42
See B0378 (Run-Off Coverage Period Purchased by Policyholder Endorsement, at Section IV).

13
The Underwriter shall not be liable for Loss on account of, and shall not be
obligated to defend, any Claim made against any Insured based upon,
arising out of, or attributable to any Wrongful Acts including any
Interrelated Wrongful Acts, taking place in whole or in part subsequent to
06/24/2015.43
Many important terms in the Zurich Policy are worth parsing out for the sake of

clarity. As explained, the “Company” referenced in the policy text refers to Bridger, LLC

and its subsidiaries which include Bridger Logistics and the Fraudulent Transfer Recipient

Subsidiaries.

“Loss” is “the total amount the Insureds become legally obligated to pay on account

of Claims made against them for Wrongful Acts for which coverage applies, including, but

not limited to . . . Defense Costs[.]”44

“Defense Costs” are defined as “that part of Loss consisting of reasonable costs,

charges, fees (including but not limited to attorney’s fees and expert’s fees) and expenses

. . . incurred by the Insureds . . . in defending or investigating Claims . . . .”45 Under the

Zurich Policy, the policyholder may request the advancement of Defense Costs from

Zurich, with the policy stating that “[t]he Underwriter shall advance Defense Costs within

ninety (90) days after receipt from the Insured of invoices for such Defense Costs[.]”46

Zurich’s denial of Ferrellgas’ request for such an advancement gave rise to the matter at

hand.

43
Id. (emphasis in original).
44
B0295 (MC&L, at Section III.E) (emphasis removed).
45
B0369 (Definition of Defense Costs Amended, at Section E) (emphasis removed).
46
B0355 (Defense and Settlement Amended, at Section I.VII.A.1.c.iii) (emphasis removed).

14
A “Claim” is defined, in pertinent part, as “a civil proceeding against any Insured

commenced by the service of a complaint or similar pleading[.]”47 Additionally, “[a]ll

Claims under the Liability Coverage Parts which arise out of the same Wrongful Act and

all Interrelated Wrongful Acts of Insureds shall be deemed one Claim, and such Claim

shall be deemed to be first made on the date [of] the earliest of such Claims is first made

against any Insured, regardless of whether such date is before or during the Policy

Period.”48

The “Policy Period” in this case, ran from December 17, 2014, to December 17,

2015.49

The “Run-Off Coverage Period” ( or “Run-Off Period”), is a “period of [] extended

coverage” which may be purchased at the option of the insured.50 As mentioned,

contemporaneously with Ferrellgas’ acquisition of Bridger, LLC and its subsidiaries on

June 24, 2015, Bridger, LLC purchased run-off coverage with a Run-Off Period which

lasted from June 24, 2015 to June 24, 2021.51 The Run-Off Exclusion, contained within

the endorsement for the Run-Off Period, explicitly excludes coverage of loss on account

47
B0294 (MC&L, at Section III.A.2) (emphasis removed).
48
B0285 (Private Company Select Insurance Policy Definitions, at Section III.D) (emphasis
removed).
49
B0273 (Private Company Select Insurance Policy Declarations, at Item 3).
50
B0283 (Private Company Select Insurance Policy General Terms and Definitions, at Section
II.AA).
51
B0378 (Run-Off Coverage Period Purchased by Policyholder Endorsement, at Section III).

15
of claims arising out of any wrongful acts or interrelated wrongful acts taking place in

whole or in part subsequent to the commencement of the Run-Off Date on June 24, 2015.52

A “Wrongful Act” is defined as
any error, misstatement, misleading statement, act, omission, neglect, or
breach of duty actually or allegedly committed or attempted by any of the
Insured Persons, individually or otherwise, in their capacity as such, or in
an Outside Position, or with respect to Insuring Clause C, by the Company
. . .53
Finally, an “Interrelated Wrongful Act” is defined as “all Wrongful Acts that have

as a common nexus any fact, circumstance, situation, event, transaction, cause or series of

causally connected facts, circumstances, situations, events, transactions or causes.”54

To sum it up, the Zurich Policy provides coverage for any losses incurred because

of a claim made against the insured,55 who, in this case, is Bridger, LLC and its subsidiaries,

including Bridger Logistics and the Fraudulent Transfer Recipient Subsidiaries. 56 The

Eddystone Litigation counts as a claim made against the insured. The claim-related losses

covered by the Zurich Policy include the defense costs for defending against claims.57

Covered defense costs must be advanced upon the proper request of the insured, and

52
B0378 (Run-Off Coverage Period Purchased by Policyholder Endorsement, at Section IV).
53
B0296 (MC&L, at Section III.J.1) (emphasis removed).
54
B0283 (Private Company Select Insurance Policy General Terms and Definitions, at Section
II.R).
55
See B0293 (MC&L, at Section I.C).
56
See Answering Br. at 17–18 n.4.
57
B0295 (MC&L, at Section III.E).

16
Bridger, LLC has properly requested the advancement of defense costs for the Eddystone

Litigation.

There are two important limits to Zurich’s obligation to advance defense costs.58

First, the defense costs must be for claims which have been made during the Policy Period

or during the Run-Off Period.59 In this case, there is no dispute that the Eddystone

Litigation is within these periods.60 Second, the defense costs must be for claims based

upon, arising out of, or attributable to wrongful acts, including any interrelated wrongful

acts, which took place before the Run-Off Period which started on June 24, 2015.61 If, in

other words, the wrongful acts or interrelated wrongful acts which the claim is “based upon,

arising out of, or is attributable to” take place in whole, or in part after June 24, 2015,

Zurich has no obligation to cover the losses, including no obligation to advance defense

costs.

58
During the proceedings in the Superior Court, Zurich argued that Texas likely governed the
issues in dispute, B453–B454 (Zurich Motion for Summary Judgment [hereinafter “Zurich MSJ”],
at 14–15) (Sept. 18, 2019)), but the trial court found a choice of law analysis to be unnecessary
because the parties agreed that the standards applicable to the issues here are largely the same
under Delaware and Texas law. Ferrellgas Partners L.P. v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co., 2020 WL 363677,
at *3 (Del. Super. 2020). The Superior Court also observed that Delaware courts have held that
Delaware law applies to disputes concerning D&O coverage where, as here, the insured companies
are Delaware entities. Our Court recently reaffirmed this principle. See, e.g., RSUI Indem. Co. v.
Murdock, 248 A.3d 887, 901 (Del. 2021) (holding that Delaware law applied to the interpretation
of the D&O policy at issue and acknowledging, in balancing the California contracts, “Delaware’s
interest in protecting the ability of its considerable corporate citizenry to secure D&O insurance
and thereby attract talented directors and officers[.]”). The parties have not raised any choice of
law issues on appeal.
59
See B0293 (MC&L, at Section I.C).
60
See A0275 (Eddystone FAC at 1).
61
See B0378 (Run-Off Coverage Period Purchased by Policyholder Endorsement, at Section IV).

17
C. The Proceedings Below
After the operative complaint in the Eddystone Litigation was filed on September

7, 2018,62 Ferrellgas provided Zurich timely notice of the Eddystone Litigation’s

commencement, and sought from Zurich the advancement of defense costs.63 Zurich

denied coverage.64 Zurich explained that the reason for its denial was the fact that the

underlying wrongful acts which gave rise to the claim in the Eddystone Litigation occurred

after the commencement of the Zurich Policy’s Run-Off Period on June 24, 2015.65 Thus,

due to the Run-Off Exclusion contained in the Zurich Policy, which worked to exclude

advancement for claims arising from wrongful acts wholly or partially occurring after June

24, 2015, Zurich concluded that it had no obligation to advance defense costs for the

Eddystone Litigation.66

In response, on July 1, 2019, Ferrellgas filed its First Amended Complaint

(“Ferrellgas FAC”) against Zurich and Beazley.67 The complaint alleged breach of the

insurance contract and sought a declaratory judgment as to the scope of insurance coverage.

Specifically, the Ferrellgas FAC contained four counts. Counts I and II sought declaratory

relief against Zurich and Beazley, respectively, for advancement of defense costs. Count

III asserted a claim against Zurich for breach of its advancement and indemnification

62
A0275 (Eddystone FAC).
63
See A0841 (Ferrellgas FAC at ¶ 79).
64
See A0841 (Ferrellgas FAC at ¶ 80).
65
See A0841 (Ferrellgas FAC at ¶ 82).
66
See supra Part I.B (explaining in detail the Zurich Policy and the Runoff Exclusion).
67
A0821 (Ferrellgas FAC).

18
obligations. Count IV asserted a claim against Beazley for failing to indemnify Rios and

Gamboa in the Eddystone Litigation.68

Zurich responded with a counterclaim on July 26, 2019, seeking a declaratory

judgment that “Zurich has no coverage for any aspect of the Eddystone Litigation and has

no obligation to defend, indemnify or pay any sums associated with the Eddystone

Litigation[.]”69 Both Zurich and Ferrellgas then moved for summary judgment, with

Zurich requesting “judgment in its favor and a declaration that it has no insuring obligation

in favor of the plaintiffs in this action relative to [the Eddystone Litigation] based on the

[Run-Off Exclusion][.]”70

On January 21, 2020, the Superior Court granted Zurich’s Motion for Summary

Judgment.71 Ferrellgas’ argument to the Superior Court (which is substantially the same

as its argument on appeal) relied on bifurcating the actions of Ferrellgas, Rios, Gamboa,

Bridger Logistics, and the Fraudulent Transfer Recipient Subsidiaries into two separate and

distinct categories of allegedly wrongful acts which allegedly occurred at different times.

Ferrellgas entitled the first category of wrongful acts the “Inducement Acts.” The

so-called Inducement Acts occurred around the time the RSA was being negotiated,

between February of 2013 and April of 2014,72 and consisted of certain statements in the

68
A0850 (Ferrellgas FAC at ¶¶ 130–31).
69
B0265 (Zurich Counterclaim for Declaratory Relief at 54).
70
B0433 (Zurich MSJ).
71
Ferrellgas, 2020 WL 363677, at *10.
72
Opening Br. at 7.

19
Eddystone FAC which alleged that “Eddystone was induced to enter into the [RSA] with

BTS in reliance on certain alleged misrepresentations and improper practices by Rios,

Gamboa and [Bridger Logistics].”73 Specifically, Ferrellgas pointed to language in the

Eddystone FAC which alleged that Bridger Logistics, Rios, and Gamboa held BTS out as

a “bona fide company when it was [actually] undercapitalized and dominated by [Bridger

Logistics][.]”74

Ferrellgas’ second category of alleged wrongful acts, entitled the “Improper

Transfer Acts,” largely followed Ferrellgas’ acquisition of Bridger, LLC on June 24, 2015

and culminated in the February 2016 breach.75 As the Superior Court observed, “[t]he RSA

breach and the causally-related Transfer Acts purportedly occurred between May of 2015

73
A0103 (Ferrellgas Opening Br. in Support of its Motion for Summary Judgment on Defense
Costs [hereinafter “Ferrellgas MSJ Opening Br.”] at 10).
74
Id. (citing A0282–A0285 (Eddystone FAC at ¶¶ 33, 36, 38, 42, 44–45)). Ferrellgas pointed to a
few phrases which it suggests is evidence of Eddystone’s Inducement Acts: (1) Eddystone alleges
that “Defendants Rios, Gamboa, and Bridger Logistics entered into negotiations with Eddystone
to induce Eddystone to commit to building a facility[,]” A0283 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 36), (2) the
entirety of ¶ 42 of the Eddystone FAC which states “Defendants held out to Eddystone that BTS
was an independent, bona fide company with substantial operations in addition to the RSA.
Defendants represented that, as of December 31, 2014, BTS had total assets of $98.1 million,
including shareholders’ (members’) equity of $37.9 million, including crude oil truck injection
units, construction in progress, and receivables. These numbers did not include any value for the
RSA contract[,]” A0285 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 42), (3) a statement that “[t]he course of dealing
among the Bridger entities shows that they either operated with one another without regard to
corporate entities or through a series of implied contracts[,]” A0285 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 44), (4)
another statement that “[u]ntil May 2015, Bridger Logistics affiliates received payments from
Monroe under the COSA and paid BTS amounts sufficient to allow BTS to make all of the RSA
payments due to Eddystone[,]” A0286–A0287 (Eddystone FAC at ¶¶ 47, 49), and (5) the
conclusion stated in the alter ego count that “BTS was thus a façade for the operations of its 100%
equity owner, Bridger Logistics, Bridger Logistics’ control persons Rios, Gamboa, and
[Ferrellgas], and Bridger Rail Shipping.” A0296 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 84).
75
Opening Br. at 7–8.

20
and January of 2016.”76 These acts consisted of the transfer of BTS property to Ferrellgas,

Bridger Logistics, and the Fraudulent Transfer Recipient Subsidiaries. They also consisted

of BTS’s debt forgiveness to the same.77

Ferrellgas made several assertions based on this bifurcated framework. First, it

contended that the two categories of wrongful acts were separate, and, in no way, were

interrelated.78 It argued that the Eddystone FAC alleged multiple claims, with one being a

sort of tacit fraudulent inducement claim which was evidenced by the inclusion of the

Inducement Acts allegations.79 Because the Inducement Acts are supposedly independent

of the Improper Transfer Acts and took place before June 24, 2015, the putative tacit claim

arising from them would not be within the ambit of the Run-Off Exclusion, and

advancement by Zurich would be required.80

Zurich responded that the Eddystone Litigation arose from the Improper Transfer

Acts alone, which almost all occurred after the beginning of the Run-Off Period and thus,

fall under the umbrella of the Run-Off Exclusion.81 The Eddystone Litigation is just one

claim — a breach of contract claim — that was caused by the Improper Transfer Acts

rendering BTS doomed to breach the RSA in February of 2016.82 To support this view,

76
Ferrellgas, 2020 WL 363677, at *10 (internal citation omitted).
77
See id., at *5; see also A0291–A0292 (Eddystone FAC at ¶¶ 65–68) (alleging what Ferrellgas
characterizes as the Improper Transfer Acts).
78
See Ferrellgas, 2020 WL 363677, at *7.
79
Id. at *6.
80
See A0119–A0120 (Ferrellgas MSJ Opening Br. at 26–27).
81
Ferrellgas, 2020 WL 363677, at *6.
82
Id.

21
Zurich asserted that the four counts in the Eddystone FAC were parts of the single breach

claim, and served as mechanisms by which Eddystone could receive damages and other

relief from the breach.83 Zurich further argued that its single-claim characterization is

bolstered by Eddystone’s prayer for relief which seeks redress that is consistent with a

breach of contract claim.

Next, turning to its argument regarding the so-called Inducement Acts, Zurich

contended that the Inducement Acts nonetheless “cannot escape the Run-Off Provision”

because: (1) Eddystone did not allege a fraudulent inducement claim and therefore, under

the Zurich policy, no advancement of defense costs is required; or, in the alternative, (2)

the Inducement Acts constitute Interrelated Wrongful Acts related to the acts giving rise to

the breach of contract claim, which is excluded by the Run-Off Exclusion.

The Superior Court substantially agreed with Zurich. First, the Superior Court

addressed whether the Inducement Acts gave rise to a unique claim which was independent

from the breach of contract claim. The Superior Court noted that, to determine what claims

the Eddystone FAC actually alleges, it must look at the Eddystone FAC as a whole, and the

reasonable inferences that may be drawn from them and is not bound by the Plaintiffs’

characterization of its claims.84 Through this lens, the Superior Court determined that “all

Claims in the FAC stem from the February 16, 2016 breach of the RSA.” 85 The Superior

83
Id. (“The four ‘Counts’ listed in the FAC are: (I) Alter Ego; (II) Intentional Fraudulent Transfer;
(III) Constructive Fraudulent Transfer; and (IV) Breaches of Fiduciary Duties owed to Creditors.”)
(internal citation omitted).
84
See id. at *9.
85
Id. at *10. Notably, in this sentence, the Superior Court used the word “Claims” plural to
describe the contents of the Eddystone FAC. However, later in the very same paragraph, the
22
Court also concluded that “[a]ll requested relief in the Eddystone FAC is in the nature of

damages for breach of contract. Eddystone is not seeking reformation of the RSA or to set

aside the RSA[,]” thus, “the Eddystone Litigation does not raise a Claim for damages based

on fraud in the inducement, the Inducement Acts, or any damages separate and apart from

the breach of contract claim.”86

The Superior Court then analyzed the Zurich Policy. The Policy requires Zurich to

pay for loss, including the advancement of defense costs, which the company becomes

obligated to pay on account of a claim arising from wrongful acts. The Zurich policy does

not require Zurich to pay for loss on account of wrongful acts alone. Indeed, the Superior

Court noted that “[w]rongful Acts, absent a Claim causing Loss to the Insureds, do not

trigger Zurich's duty to advance defense costs under any reasonable interpretation of the

Zurich Policy.”87

Additionally, the Superior Court observed that the Run-Off Exclusion of the Zurich

Policy is “not fairly or reasonably susceptible to more than one meaning[,]” and that it

“clearly and unambiguously excludes coverage for Wrongful Acts outside the policy period

Superior Court characterized the Eddystone FAC as asserting just one claim. Id. (“the Eddystone
Litigation does not raise a Claim for damages . . . apart from the breach of contract claim.”)
(emphasis added). It is clear, though, that the Superior Court held that the Eddystone FAC did not
allege an independent claim based solely on the Inducement Acts. See id. (holding that “[t]he court
finds that the Eddystone Litigation does not raise a Claim for damages based on fraud in the
inducement, the Inducement Acts, or any damages separate and apart from the breach of contract
claim.”).
86
Id.
87
Id. at *9.

23
and Extended Claims Period of December 17, 2014 to June 24, 2015.”88 In other words,

Claims which arose from wrongful acts occurring after June 24, 2015 are excluded from

coverage.89

With these observations in mind, the Superior Court then evaluated the Eddystone

Litigation as it related to the Zurich Policy. The Superior Court found that “the Eddystone

Litigation does not raise a Claim for damages . . . apart from the breach of contract claim.”90

The breach of contract claim is supported by the Improper Transfer Acts, which primarily

took place between May of 2015 and January of 2016, with the alleged improper debt

forgiveness taking place in January 2016, immediately preceding the breach. These acts

predominantly took place after June 24, 2015, which puts them and their concomitant

breach claim firmly within the Run-Off Exclusion.91

88
Id. at *10 (internal citation omitted).
89
Id. (“Wrongful Acts are excluded which took place in whole or in part subsequent to June 24,
2015. The exclusion incorporates any Interrelated Wrongful Acts.”).
90
Id.
91
Id. (“Thus, the Wrongful Acts which gave rise to the Claims based on that breach took place
predominantly subsequent to the coverage expiration. The Run-Off Exclusion denies coverage for
any Interrelated Wrongful Acts taking place in whole or in part subsequent to 06/24/2015.”)
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted) (emphasis in original). The Superior Court never
directly ruled on whether the Inducement Acts are interrelated to the Improper Transfer Acts,
although the Superior Court did recount the parties’ arguments on the subject. See id. at *7. Later,
the Superior Court noted that the “bulk” of the wrongful acts giving rise to the breach of contract
claim took place after June 24, 2015. Id. at *10. Considering that the Improper Transfer Acts
predominantly took place after the commencement of the Run-Off Exclusion, it is not unreasonable
to assume that the other acts referred to by the Superior Court are the Inducement Acts. Thus, we
read the Superior Court to be saying that the Eddystone Litigation did not give rise to a “claim”
for the Inducement Acts, and in any event, those acts are interrelated to the post-acquisition
Wrongful Acts upon which the Claim is based.

24
In sum, the Superior Court concluded that the Run-Off Exclusion excludes coverage

for the breach claim arising out of the Improper Transfer Acts and thus, the Eddystone

Litigation is excluded from coverage. The Superior Court further concluded that

Eddystone did not pursue a claim for the so-called Inducement Acts. Consequently,

Ferrellgas’ motion for summary judgment requiring Zurich to advance defense costs was

denied, with the Superior Court specifically concluding in the following language:

[T]he Eddystone Litigation is excluded from coverage by the Zurich Policy.
Therefore, Zurich's Motion for Summary Judgment is hereby GRANTED.
Plaintiffs' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on Count I, duty to advance
defense costs, is hereby DENIED, and Count I is hereby DISMISSED.92

The Superior Court also denied a motion for summary judgment submitted by

Beazley, the only other party to the litigation,93 and on November 10, 2021, the Superior

Court approved a Joint Stipulation between Beazley and Ferrellgas, dismissing Ferrellgas’

action as against Beazley only.94

With little further activity from Ferrellgas, over one year passed from the date of the

Joint Stipulation, and over three years passed from the date of Superior Court’s 2020

Opinion (on the Motions for Summary Judgment). Then, on March 2, 2023, Ferrellgas

filed a Motion to Dismiss Count III of its own complaint (Ferrellgas’ motion to dismiss

92
Id. (emphasis in original).
93
Id. at *13.
94
B0836 (Stipulation of Dismissal as to Beazley Ins. Co., Inc. dated Nov. 10, 2021) (“[The
Stipulating Parties] . . . hereby STIPULATE AND AGREE that the above-captioned action be
dismissed as to Beazley only . . . . For avoidance of doubt, this stipulation applies to Beazley
only.”).

25
[hereinafter called the “Ferrellgas MTD”]).95 Under Delaware law, Ferrellgas can only

appeal a final judgment.96 Ferrellgas contended that the 2020 Opinion only addressed

Count I of the Ferrellgas FAC, and that Counts II and IV were resolved by the Joint

Stipulation of November, 2021.97 This meant that Count III was still left unresolved.98

Ferrellgas contended that it was unlikely that the Superior Court could address Count III,

which concerned Zurich’s indemnification obligation, until the resolution of the ongoing

Eddystone Litigation.99 Because Ferrellgas had exhausted the Zurich Policy limits, it

wished to dismiss the allegedly still-pending Count III so that a final judgment could be

reached — thus allowing Ferrellgas to appeal the denial of its motion for summary

judgment with respect to Count I (Zurich’s duty to advance defense costs).100

Zurich opposed the motion based on its assertion that there were no claims still

pending before the Superior Court and that the 2020 Opinion was a final judgment.101

Nonetheless, on May 10, 2023, the Superior Court granted the Ferrellgas MTD.102 In its

Order Entering Judgment, the Superior Court explicitly stated that with the dismissal of

Count III, “[f]inal Judgment is hereby entered in [the Ferrellgas] action.”103

95
B0838 (Ferrellgas MTD).
96
See 10 Del. C. § 148.
97
See B0841–B0842 (Ferrellgas MTD at ¶¶ 9–10, 15).
98
See B0842 (Ferrellgas MTD at ¶ 15).
99
See B0842 (Ferrellgas MTD at ¶ 16).
100
See B0843 (Ferrellgas MTD at ¶ 17).
101
See B0844 (Ferrellgas MTD at ¶ 19).
102
B0892 (Order Entering Judgment).
103
Id.

26
With the putative final judgment entered, Ferrellgas brought the instant appeal on

May 25, 2023, challenging the Superior Court’s determination that Zurich had no duty to

advance defense costs.104 Zurich then brought the instant cross appeal, appealing from the

Superior Court’s May 10, 2023 order.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

The Court reviews both the matter on appeal and the matter on cross appeal — a

grant or denial of a motion for summary judgment or dismiss — de novo.105 Further, we

“review the interpretation of insurance contracts de novo.”106

III. ANALYSIS

A. The Superior Court was Correct in Holding that Zurich has no Duty to
Advance Defense Costs for the Eddystone Litigation

To determine whether an insurer has a duty to advance defense costs, Delaware

courts examine “whether the allegations of the complaint, when read as a whole, assert ‘a

risk within the coverage of the policy.’”107 This analysis involves a two-part process. First

104
A1343 (Notice of Appeal).
105
In re Solera Ins. Coverage Appeals, 240 A.3d 1121, 1130 (Del. 2020).
106
Id. (citing In re Verizon Ins. Coverage Appeals, 222 A.3d 566, 572 (Del. 2019)).
107
Verizon Commc’ns, Inc. v. Illinois Nat’l Ins. Co., 2017 WL 1149118, at *7 (Del. Super. 2017)
(quoting Cont’l Cas. Co. v. Alexis I. duPont Sch. Dist., 317 A.2d 101, 103 (Del. 1974)), rev’d and
remanded on other grounds sub nom., In re Verizon Ins. Coverage Appeals, 222 A.3d 566 (Del.
2019); see also Seritage Growth Props., L.P. v. Endurance Am. Ins. Co., 2022 WL 18046813, at
*4–*5 (Del. Super. 2022) (applying the duty to advance test as described). Zurich argues that
under Texas law, the duty to advance defense costs may not be limited to the four corners of the
operative pleading. Answering Br. at 27. The Superior Court, citing to IDT Corp. v. U.S. Specialty
Ins. Co., 2019 WL 413692 (Del. Super. 2019), applied the test as articulated above by the Superior
Court in Verizon. Citing to IDT, the Superior Court stated that it “looks at the facts stated in the
complaint as well as any causes of action, and may review the complaint as a whole and consider
all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from the allegation therein.” Ferrellgas, 2020 WL
363677, at *9 (internal citation omitted). This Court has acknowledged that the duties to defend
27
the meaning and scope of the policy must be ascertained. Second the allegations in the

complaint must be read and applied to that policy. We conclude that Zurich owes no duty

to advance defense costs for the Eddystone Litigation, because the latter is a claim seeking

relief for BTS’s February 2016 breach of the RSA which occurred after the Run-Off Date.

1. The Zurich Policy
The Zurich Policy covers loss, including defense costs, which the company becomes

obligated to pay because of a claim for wrongful acts made against the company, as long

as the wrongful acts take place before or during the Policy Period of December 17, 2014,

to December 17, 2015.108 In this case, it is undisputed that Bridger Logistics and its

subsidiaries are insureds and that there has been loss in the form of defense costs on account

of a claim brought against the insureds during the pertinent period. Thus, the pertinent

question is whether the loss is excluded by the Run-Off Exclusion.

The Run-Off Exclusion extends the period under which a potential claimant can

bring a covered claim but excludes from coverage any claim for wrongful acts or

interrelated wrongful acts taking place in whole or in part after June 24, 2015.109 It states:

The Underwriter shall not be liable for Loss on account of, and shall not be
obligated to defend, any Claim made against any Insured based upon, arising
out of, or attributable to any Wrongful Acts including any Interrelated

and to advance are two distinct obligations. See, e.g., Stillwater Mining Co. v. Nat’l Union Fire
Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa, 289 A.3d 1274, 1281 n.34 (Del. 2023); In re Viking Pump, Inc., 148
A.3d 633, 670 n.163 (Del. 2016). However, the parties have not seriously contended on this appeal
that there are distinctions in the standards which are material to the resolution of the issues before
this Court. See Answering Br. at 28; Reply Br. at 13–14.
108
See B0293 (MC&L, at Section I.C); B0273 (Private Company Select Insurance Policy
Declarations, at Item 3).
109
B0378 (Run-Off Coverage Period Purchased by Policyholder Endorsement, at Section IV).

28
Wrongful Acts, taking place in whole or in part subsequent to 06/24/2015
[the beginning of the Run-Off Coverage Period].110
The Run-Off Exclusion’s meaning is clear. If a claim arises from Wrongful Acts that take

place either partially or completely after June 24, 2015, then the claim is excluded from

coverage. The Run-Off Exclusion incorporates any Interrelated Wrongful Acts.

This construction of the Run-Off Exclusion is supported by other courts construing

similar provisions. Zurich cites Health Corp. v. Clarendon Nat’l Ins. Co. as an example.111

In Health Corp, Zurich offered a layer of D&O coverage to plaintiffs. There, as in this

case, plaintiffs purchased a runoff provision from Zurich which stated:

[Zurich] shall not be liable for Loss on account of any Claim based upon,
arising out of, or attributable to any Wrongful Acts where all or any part of
such acts were committed, attempted or allegedly committed or attempted
subsequent to September 12, 2000.112
After a claim was brought against insured directors for wrongful acts they

committed both before and after September 12, 2000, 113 plaintiffs sought coverage. The

110
Id. (emphasis removed).
Answering Br. at 31 (citing Health Corp. v. Clarendon Nat’l Ins. Co., 2009 WL 2215126 (Del.
111

Super. 2009)).
112
Health Corp., 2009 WL 2215126, at *6.
113
Id. at *9. In Health the insured stipulated that the wrongful acts occurred both before and after
the Run-Off date. Id. Ferrellgas argues that because the timeline of wrongful acts was stipulated,
Heath is inapposite. See Reply Br. at 17. However, this difference is not relevant to the point
Zurich is trying to make by citing Health. By citing to Health, Zurich seeks to illustrate the
meaning and application of the Run-Off Exclusion’s language. See Answering Br. at 34 (“This,
again, reinforced the only plausible reading of the run-off endorsement and exclusionary language
at issue in [Health Corp.] (and here); [i.e.], coverage is barred where the Claim arises from a
Wrongful Act or Interrelated Wrongful Act which occurred, in whole or in part, after the run-off
date”) (emphasis removed).

29
court found that the run-off exclusion barred coverage.114 The court observed that the run-

off exclusion “may bar claims even where the underlying Wrongful Act was not entirely

completed after the cut-off date.”115 The court held that the run-off exclusion “contains

clear language that excludes claims ‘arising out of’ Wrongful Acts committed or allegedly

committed, at least partially after September 12, 2000, regardless of whether certain acts

in furtherance of the underlying conspiracy were committed before the cut-off date.”116

The Health Corp. court relied upon two other cases in reaching its result, namely,

Bainbridge Mgmt. LP v. Travelers Cas. & Sur. Co. of Am.,117 and Champlain Enters., Inc.

v. Chubb Custom Ins. Co.118 Both cases construed exclusion language similar to that in the

case at hand.

In Bainbridge, the plaintiff sought coverage under a directors' and officers' liability

insurance policy after the plaintiff pled guilty to a fraud scheme that ran from 1995 to

December 2000.119 The run-off exclusion in Bainbridge, which included the substantially

similar “in whole or in part” phrase from the Run-Off Exclusion in the instant case,

excluded coverage for “[l]oss including Defense Expenses for, any Claim made against

any Insured . . . arising out of or in any way related to any Wrongful Act committed or

114
Health Corp., 2009 WL 2215126, at *14.
115
Id. at *15.
116
Id. at *16.
117
2006 WL 978880 (N.D. Ind. 2006).
118
316 F.Supp.2d 123 (N.D.N.Y. 2003).
119
Bainbridge, 2006 WL 978880, at *3.

30
alleged to have been committed, in whole or in part, prior to October 6, 1998.”120 Plaintiff

argued that although the fraud scheme began prior to October 6, 1998, wrongful acts

occurred far past that date, and because plaintiff had “wrongful act” coverage, the wrongful

acts after October 6, 1998 ought to be covered.121 The Bainbridge court disagreed. The

policy in Bainbridge, like the policy in the case at hand,122 was a claims-made insurance

policy which “cover[ed] Loss resulting from Claims against the Insureds for Wrongful

Acts, not the Wrongful Acts themselves.”123 The claim arose from a fraud scheme

occurring both before and after October 6, 1998, and the policy “exclude[d] coverage for

Claims, in their entirety, that arise from or are related to any Wrongful Acts that occurred

before that date.”124 Thus, the claim was not covered.125

Similarly, in Champlain, the underlying lawsuit involved three broad counts — the

third of which arose from the purchase, storage, and renovation of four WWII-era airplanes

between 1994 and 2000.126 The policy in Champlain contained a prior acts coverage

exclusion which provided that the insurer “shall not be liable for Loss on account of any

Claim . . . based upon, arising from, or in consequence of Wrongful Acts or Interrelated

120
Id.
121
See id. at *4.
Opening Br. at 1 (“Zurich issued a claims-made insurance policy to non-party Bridger,
122

LLC[.]”).
123
Bainbridge, 2006 WL 978880, at *4.
124
Id. (internal citation omitted).
125
Appellants attempt to distinguish Bainbridge by arguing that the plaintiff there admitted when
the Wrongful Acts occurred. This argument is not persuasive because the court’s holding in
Bainbridge did not depend on the admission, but rather, on the language of the policy.
126
Champlain, 316 F.Supp.2d at 125–26.

31
Wrongful Acts which were committed, attempted or allegedly committed or attempted in

whole or in part prior to May 20, 1999.”127 The plaintiff argued that it should be covered

because part of the storage and renovation of the airplanes occurred after 1999. The court

disagreed. Even though part of the renovation and storage occurred after 1999, “[a]ny

portion of the alleged improper storage and renovation not explicitly covered by the

exclusion most certainly arises from the portion that is covered[.]”128

With this helpful backdrop, we conclude that the way the Run-Off Exclusion factors

into a coverage analysis is as follows: For Zurich to be obligated to advance Defense Costs,

the claim or claims in the Eddystone Litigation must arise out of Wrongful Acts which took

place entirely before June 24, 2015.

Neither party, nor the Superior Court, maintains that the Run-Off Exclusion is

ambiguous; however, Ferrellgas argues that the Run-Off Exclusion should, nonetheless, be

construed in a way that permits coverage consistent with the Reasonable Expectations of

the Insured doctrine (“REI Doctrine”).129

Normally, unless a contract is found to be ambiguous, a court should interpret its

language as it “would be understood by an objective, reasonable third party[,]” 130 and

127
Id. at 127 (internal quotation marks omitted).
128
Id. at 129.
129
See Opening Br. at 37.
Salamone v. Gorman, 106 A.3d 354, 367–68 (Del. 2014) (internal quotation marks and citation
130

omitted).

32
ascribe to it its “ordinary and usual meaning.”131 “[I]f the language is clear and

unambiguous a Delaware court will not destroy or twist the words under the guise of

construing them.”132 However, “[b]ecause an insurance policy is an adhesion contract and

is not generally the result of arms-length negotiation, courts have developed rules of

construction which differ from those applied to most other contracts.”133 In State Farm

Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Johnson,134 this Court adopted the doctrine of reasonable

expectations. A fundamental premise of the doctrine is that “the policy will be read in

accordance with the reasonable expectations of the insured ‘so far as its language will

permit.’”135

In Hallowell, we articulated the doctrine as follows: “the Court will look to the

reasonable expectations of the insured at the time when he entered into the contract if the

terms thereof are ambiguous or conflicting, or if the policy contains a hidden trap or pitfall,

or if the fine print takes away that which has been given by the large print.”136 We

emphasized that “the doctrine is not a rule granting substantive rights to an insured when

131
AT&T Corp. v. Faraday Cap. Ltd., 918 A.2d 1104, 1108 (Del. 2007) (internal quotation marks
and citation omitted).
132
Hallowell v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 443 A.2d 925, 926 (Del. 1982).
133
Id.
134
320 A.2d 345, 347 (Del. 1974).
135
Hallowell, 443 A.2d at 927 (quoting Johnson, 320 A.2d at 347).
136
Hallowell, 443 A.2d at 927 (emphasis added). As we said in Hallowell, “we decline to extend
the reasonable expectations doctrine as far as it has been taken in some other jurisdictions; to do
so would, in our judgment, effectively overrule Johnson and almost a century of Delaware case
law.” Id. (internal citation omitted).

33
there is no doubt as to the meaning of policy language.”137

Ferrellgas argues that the Superior Court erred in stating “[t]he Court will only apply

[the REI Doctrine] where the policy is ambiguous.”138 We observe that in Stoms v.

Federated Serv. Ins. Co.,139 this Court did say, in speaking of the doctrine, that it “applies

only after a determination that an insurance contract is ambiguous.”140 But even assuming

137
Id.
138
See Ferrellgas, 2020 WL 363677, at *4 (internal citation omitted) (emphasis in original).
139
125 A.3d 1102, 1108 (Del. 2015).
140
Id. (internal citation omitted). Hallowell arguably held that the doctrine of reasonable
expectations applied even to insurance policies that were unambiguous but which were otherwise
“conflicting, or if the policy contain[ed] a hidden trap or pitfall, or if the fine print purport[ed] to
take away what [was] written in large print.” Hallowell, 443 A.2d at 928. Appellants cite Med.
Depot, Inc. v. RSUI Indem. Co., 2016 WL 5539879, at *7 (Del. Super. 2016), abrogated on other
grounds by First Solar, Inc. v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, PA, 274 A.3d 1006 (Del.
2022), for the proposition that the doctrine may apply even where the insured’s expectations
contravene the unambiguous meaning of exclusionary clauses. See also Roger C. Henderson, The
Doctrine of Reasonable Expectations in Insurance Law After Two Decades, 51 OHIO ST. L.J. 823,
833 (1990) (quoting Hallowell’s language above and stating that “it appears that the Delaware
Supreme Court will recognize rights at variance with the unambiguous language of a policy.”)
(internal citation omitted). Two subsequent cases decided by our Court, however, have interpreted
Hallowell more narrowly. Those cases, albeit without any in-depth analysis, limited the
application of the doctrine to contracts involving ambiguity. See, e.g., Stoms, 125 A.3d at 1108
(“But that [reasonable expectations] doctrine applies only after a determination that an insurance
contract is ambiguous.”) (internal citation omitted); Derrickson v. Am. Nat’l Fire Ins. Co., 538
A.2d 1113, 1988 WL 5729, at *1 (Del. 1988) (TABLE) (“We agree with the Superior Court that if
the language of a contract or policy of insurance is clear and unambiguous, there is no basis for
judicial construction to determine its meaning . . . . Absent such ambiguity, there is no need, or
authority, for a court to apply rules of construction which require an insurance contract to be
construed in favor of the insured, or attempt to discern the reasonable expectations of the
purchaser.”).
Several states have confined the doctrine to contracts that are ambiguous. See, e.g., Liggatt v.
Emps. Mut. Cas. Co., 46 P.3d 1120, 1128 (Kan. 2002) (“Consistent with the trial court’s decision,
the reasonable expectations of a party to a contract cannot be used to modify unambiguous
contractual provisions.”); Thomas v. State Farm Fire and Cas. Co., 626 S.W.3d 504, 509 (Ky.
2021) (“[T]he reasonable expectations doctrine applies only to policies with ambiguous terms.”)
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted); Nat’l Am. Ins. Co. v. New Dominion, LLC, 499
34
that Hallowell’s arguably broader statement of the policy survives Stoms’ arguably

narrower formulation of the doctrine, Ferrellgas does not frame its argument in terms of

P.3d 9, 16 (Okla. 2021) (“The reasonable expectations doctrine states that where an ambiguity in
an insurance contract exists, it should be resolved in accordance with the reasonable expectations
of the parties.”); Jenkins v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 632 S.E.2d 346, 352 (W. Va. 2006)
(“However, generally, [i]n West Virginia, the doctrine of reasonable expectations is limited to those
instances . . . in which the policy language is ambiguous.”) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted); Harper v. Fid. and Guar. Life Ins. Co., 234 P.3d 1211, 1222 (Wyo. 2010) (“In order to
state a claim under the ‘reasonable expectations’ doctrine, the plaintiff must show the subject
contract is ambiguous as to the provision in dispute . . . . The doctrine will not be applied where
the insurance contract is plain and unambiguous.”).
However, other courts have construed the doctrine more broadly. See, e.g., West v. Umialik Ins.
Co., 8 P.3d 1135, 1138 (Alaska 2000) (“The court need not find the policy ambiguous, however,
to construe it under the reasonable expectations doctrine.”) (internal citation omitted); Bailey v.
Lincoln Gen. Ins. Co., 255 P.3d 1039, 1043 (Colo. 2011) (“In Colorado, there are two general
circumstances where the doctrine of reasonable expectations renders exclusionary language
unenforceable: (1) where an ordinary, objectively reasonable person would, based on the language
of the policy, fail to understand that he or she is not entitled to the coverage at issue; and (2) where,
because of circumstances attributable to an insurer, an ordinary, objectively reasonable insured
would be deceived into believing that he or she is entitled to coverage, while the insurer would
maintain he or she is not.”); Steeve v. IMT Ins. Co., 926 N.W.2d 561, 2018 WL 6338611, at *3
(Iowa Ct. App. 2018) (TABLE) (“The doctrine of reasonable expectations is applicable if the
exclusion (1) is bizarre or oppressive, (2) eviscerates terms explicitly agreed to, or (3) eliminates
the dominant purpose of the transaction.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
Some courts have rejected the doctrine entirely. See, e.g., Deni Assocs. of Florida, Inc. v. State
Farm Fire & Cas. Ins. Co., 711 So.2d 1135, 1140 (Fla. 1998) (“We decline to adopt the doctrine
of reasonable expectations.”); Wilkie v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co., 664 N.W.2d 776, 788 (Mich. 2003)
(“[W]e hold that the rule of reasonable expectations has no application in Michigan, and those
cases that recognized this doctrine are to that extent overruled.”).
The doctrine has suffered from a lack of clear definition in many jurisdictions. See e.g., Bensalem
Twp. v. Int’l Surplus Lines Ins. Co., 38 F.3d 1303, 1310 n.3 (3d Cir. 1994) (Judge Roth, in
attempting to apply Pennsylvania’s formulation of the doctrine, observed that “a considerable
number of trees have been sacrificed in the name of reasonable expectations as the academic
community has debated what reasonable expectations means, which courts have adopted the
doctrine, and whether it is desirable for them to have done so.”). We need not today definitively
resolve the unsettled state of our Delaware case law because even applying Hallowell’s arguably
broader formulation, as opposed to Stoms’ narrower formulation, Ferrellgas would not prevail.

35
the doctrine’s other triggering conditions (that is, conflict, pitfalls, or dubious fine print)

and thus, we reject its argument on that basis. This is not a case where it can be fairly said

that the other factors come into play — that is, there is no conflict, “hidden trap or pitfall.”

Nor is this a case where there is fine print which eviscerates rights conferred in large print.

Accordingly, the doctrine of reasonable expectations affords Appellants no relief.

In an attempt to fit within the “conflicting language” part of the doctrine, Ferrellgas

contends that the Run-Off Exclusion puts the Runoff Coverage at odds with the

expectations of the insured because it is an additional expense which actually reduces

coverage instead of expanding it.141 Ferrellgas contends that if a group of wrongful acts

occurred both within and outside the Policy Period and Runoff Coverage Period, then

claims arising from those acts are excluded by the Runoff Exclusion. By contrast, if a

customer never purchased a Runoff Coverage Period at all, then that group of acts would

give rise to a covered claim because the claim would not be subject to the Runoff Exclusion.

Thus, Ferrellgas contends that the Runoff Exclusion limits coverage for conduct previously

covered without it. Because “‘no one’ purchasing the Run-Off Endorsement would intend

to spend over $80,000, as Bridger, LLC, did, to eliminate existing coverage[,]” the

provision is inconsistent with the reasonable expectations of the insured and must be

reconstrued using the REI Doctrine.142

141
See Opening Br. at 39 (“When read properly as a whole, the application of the Exclusion to the
Run-Off Endorsement is irreconcilable with the coverage provided by the Zurich Policy, and the
reasonable expectations of the insureds must be considered and the Zurich Policy construed in
favor of coverage.”).
142
See id. at 39–40.

36
We see no “conflict” in the policy’s language. Given that we have determined that

the Eddystone FAC asserts a claim for relief from a Wrongful Act — breach of the RSA —

occurring after June 24, 2015, and given that it does not give rise to a separate claim based

upon the Inducement Acts, we see no conflict.

Moreover, the baseline Zurich policy, without Runoff Coverage, requires that a

claim be brought against the insured during the Policy Period.143 If a claimant had a claim

for wrongful acts that occurred during the Policy Period, but filed the claim after the Policy

Period had expired, then the insured would be uncovered under the baseline policy.

However, if an insured purchased the Run-Off Coverage Period, the time during which a

potential claimant could bring a covered claim is extended.144 Although the claim must be

for Wrongful Acts occurring before the Run-Off Coverage Period, a purchaser of the Run-

Off Period would still derive additional benefit in that they would be covered for qualifying

claims brought after the Policy Period has lapsed. Thus, the Run-Off Coverage Period

allows coverage for a claim first made during the Run-Off Coverage Period, provided that

the Claim does not arise out of Wrongful Acts or Interrelated Wrongful Acts which

occurred, in whole or in part, after the Run-Off Dates.

2. The Eddystone Litigation Applied to the Zurich Policy
Having addressed the relevant provisions of the Zurich Policy, including the Run-

Off Exclusion, the next step in the analysis is analyzing the Run-Off Exclusion in the

143
See B0293 (MC&L, at Section I.C).
144
Id. (“The Underwriter shall pay on behalf of the Company all Loss for which the Company
becomes legally obligated to pay on account of a Claim first made against the Company during
the Policy Period . . . or Run-Off Coverage Period . . . .”) (emphasis removed).

37
context of the Eddystone Litigation. For Zurich to owe a duty to advance, the Eddystone

FAC must assert a claim covered by the Zurich Policy. As noted above, the relevant inquiry

is whether the complaint “when read as a whole, assert[s] ‘a risk within the coverage of the

policy.’”145

The Zurich Policy covers the risk of loss on account of a Claim.146 A “Claim” is “a

civil proceeding against any Insured commenced by the service of a complaint or similar

pleading[.]”147 We conclude that the Eddystone FAC, when read as a whole, sets forth a

claim for relief arising from Wrongful Acts occurring in whole or in part after June 24,

2015 resulting in the breach of the RSA.148 Zurich has no duty to advance defense costs

for this claim.

Although other events are mentioned in the Eddystone FAC, the allegations as a

whole weave a clear overarching narrative thread that culminates in the 2016 breach and

the fallout it caused for Eddystone. The Eddystone FAC describes how Ferrellgas, Bridger

Logistics, Rios, and Gamboa (“the Eddystone Defendants”) had total control over BTS.149

Seeking to take advantage of a lucrative opportunity to transport oil, the Eddystone

145
Verizon, 2017 WL 1149118, at *7 (quoting Cont'l Cas. Co., 317 A.2d at 105).
146
See B0293 (MC&L, at Section I.C).
147
B0294 (MC&L, at Section III.A.2) (emphasis removed).
148
See Answering Br. at 35 (“The Eddystone Litigation undeniably arises out of – and is dependent
upon – the breach, in February 2016, of the RSA.”); Ferrellgas, 2020 WL 363677, at *10
(“Viewing the Eddystone FAC in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, the Court finds that all
Claims in the FAC stem from the February 16, 2016 breach of the RSA.”).
149
A0296 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 84).

38
Defendants entered into a contract with Eddystone while Eddystone was unaware of the

financially dependent nature of BTS.150

When the oil market began to change in light of newly unfavorable prices, the

Eddystone Defendants used their control of BTS to avoid the fallout of remaining in a now-

expensive contractual relationship with Eddystone.151 The Eddystone Defendants

developed a plan to “wind down” their oil transport business, which necessarily included

escaping their contract with Eddystone.152 The Eddystone Defendants then exercised their

control over BTS and “stripped [it] of assets, including cash flows, and caused BTS to

operate as little more than a liability shield for other [Ferrellgas] entities.”153 The

Eddystone Defendants’ plan involved four steps. First they redirected BTS’s revenue

stream to other Bridger entities and Ferrellgas itself, leaving BTS without income.154

Second, the Eddystone Defendants caused BTS to transfer its assets to the Fraudulent

Transfer Recipient Subsidiaries for nominal consideration.155 Third, the Eddystone

Defendants did the same with all of BTS’s real and personal property.156 Finally, the

150
See A0285 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 42) (“Defendants held out to Eddystone that BTS was an
independent, bona fide company with substantial operations in addition to the RSA.”); A0278
(Eddystone FAC at ¶ 9) (“BTS was in fact not the independent bona fide entity that Defendants
held out. Contrary to Defendants’ holding out of BTS, it was an entirely captive instrument of
Defendants, without operational or financial independence.”).
151
See A0290 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 61).
152
See A0290–A0291 (Eddystone FAC at ¶¶ 63–64).
153
A0291 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 65).
154
See id.
155
See A0291 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 66).
156
See A0292 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 67).

39
Eddystone Defendants caused BTS to forgive millions of dollars in debts owed to it by

debtors, including the Fraudulent Transfer Recipient Subsidiaries.157

Once the Eddystone Defendants’ plan was complete, and following the sale of BTS

to a new Ferrellgas subsidiary for ten dollars, BTS’s “only ‘asset’ was the RSA[.]”158 A

now worthless BTS was nothing more than a “mere tool of Defendants through which they

hoped to evade the RSA obligations without cost to [themselves].”159 Lacking any

meaningful assets, BTS ceased payment of the RSA, and predictably breached the

agreement in February of 2016.160

Eddystone was then in dire straits. “Abruptly cut off from the business on which

Eddystone had relied, Eddystone had to suspend operations.”161 Eddystone filed a demand

for arbitration with the SMA and was able to reach an agreement whereby BTS consented

to an arbitration award for its currently and as-of-yet unpaid invoices under the RSA,162

but BTS had no funds to pay those invoices. The Eddystone Litigation followed, “a civil

proceeding against [the Eddystone Defendants] commenced by the service of a complaint

or similar pleading[.]”163

157
See A0292 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 68).
158
A0293 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 72).
159
A0292 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 69).
160
See A0294 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 74).
161
Id.
162
See A0294 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 75).
163
B0294 (MC&L, at Section III.A.2) (emphasis removed).

40
The four counts of the Eddystone FAC are aimed at creating a fund from which

Eddystone could collect the SMA arbitration award or the equivalent consequential

damages arising out of the February 2016 breach of the RSA. Each count presents a path

for Eddystone to overcome the fact that BTS, allegedly by design, has no assets to

compensate them. Count I — Alter Ego against Ferrellgas, Bridger Logistics, Rios,

Gamboa, and Bridger Rail Shipping — seeks to pierce the corporate veil under an alter ego

theory.164 If successful on that count, Eddystone would be capable of reaching up the chain

and getting at the assets of the listed defendants to compensate themselves for the February

2016 breach of the RSA.165 Counts II and III, Intentional Fraudulent Transfer166 and

Constructive Fraudulent Transfer,167 would serve to return BTS’s assets so Eddystone could

tap them for damages.168 Count IV — Breach of Fiduciary Duties of Care and Loyalty to

Creditors against Ferrellgas, Bridger Logistics, Rios, and Gamboa — seeks to hold the

listed parties personally liable for the February 2016 breach.169 It is evident that the

Eddystone Litigation was a claim for the February 2016 breach of the RSA.

164
A0296 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 86).
165
See Manichaean Cap., LLC v. Exela Techs., Inc., 251 A.3d 694, 706 (Del. Ch. 2021) (“Plaintiffs
. . . provide ample bases to pierce SourceHOV Holdings’ corporate veil to reach up the chain to
Exela.”).
166
A0296.
167
A0299.
168
A0299–A0301 (Eddystone FAC at ¶¶ 98, 101) (“Eddystone is entitled to an order from the
Court avoiding the [fraudulent transfers] and requiring Defendants to return the assets to BTS to
the extent necessary to satisfy obligations owed to Eddystone, damages in the amount of the value
of the transfer, and all relief [sought in the rest of the Eddystone FAC].”).
169
A0301 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 103).

41
What is also evident is that substantially all the allegedly wrongful acts from which

each count and the putative breach claim arise either occurred in whole or in part after June

24, 2015. The breach itself indisputably occurred in February of 2016,170 well past June

24, 2015. As Eddystone alleges, the breach was caused by the wrongful acts of Ferrellgas,

Bridger Logistics, Rios, and Gamboa, who, using their four-part plan “caused BTS to

transfer, without reasonably adequate consideration in exchange, all of its cash, accounts

receivable, real and personal property, valuable commercial agreements, and other assets,

to [the Fraudulent Transfer Recipient Subsidiaries].”171 All of the alleged Improper

Transfer Acts which fueled this plan occurred between May of 2015 and January of

2016;172 they comprised an interrelated scheme taking place partially after June 24, 2015,

thus triggering the Run-Off Exclusion.

Further, each constituent count is supported by wrongful acts occurring within the

Run-Off Exclusion. Counts II and III, Intentional and Constructive Fraudulent Transfer,

are supported by the Improper Transfer Acts, which took place between May of 2015 and

January of 2016.173 Count IV relies on Ferrellgas’ control over BTS, which took place after

the commencement of the Run-Off Exclusion because Ferrellgas’ acquisition of Bridger

Logistics did not occur until that period began.174

170
A0294 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 74).
171
A0296–A0297 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 88).
172
See Ferrellgas, 2020 WL 363677, at *2; see also A0291–A0292 (Eddystone FAC at ¶¶ 65–68).
173
Id.
174
See A0300 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 100).

42
Count I, Alter Ego, warrants a bit more discussion. Count I, is supported by

wrongful acts taking place over the course of the entirety of BTS’s and Eddystone’s

relationship, including during the Run-Off Period. As Zurich points out, “[t]he Eddystone

FAC alleges that Bridger Logistics, among others, completely ‘dominated BTS in all

aspects of its business, directing and controlling its day-to-day operations and treating it

like a mere department instead of respecting it as an independent legal entity’ both before

and after [Ferrellgas]’s acquisition.”175 From the beginning “[Rios and Gamboa] created a

series of nominally different companies with the name ‘Bridger’ to carry on this business,

but treated them all as part of an undifferentiated whole.”176 “Bridger Logistics was the

sole ‘member’ of BTS,” and thus “owned all of BTS’[s] equity and controlled all of [its]

decision-making.”177 This state of affairs is part of the Alter Ego count, and persisted both

before and after the Run-Off Date.178

175
Answering Br. at 42 (quoting A0294–A0295 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 77)).
176
A0282 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 33).
177
A0282 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 34).
178
See generally A0285 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 42) (“Defendants held out to Eddystone that BTS
was an independent, bona fide company with substantial operations in addition to the RSA.”);
A0286–A0287 (Eddystone FAC at ¶¶ 47, 49) (“Until May 2015, Bridger Logistics affiliates
received payments from Monroe under the COSA and paid BTS amounts sufficient to allow BTS
to make all of the RSA payments due to Eddystone.”); A0289 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 57) (“From
May 2015 onward, Defendants Rios, Gamboa, Bridger Logistics, and [Ferrellgas] re-directed the
portions of the Monroe revenue stream that had gone to BTS . . . . From this point forward, BTS
was paid nothing for its transloading capacity under the RSA . . . . As long as they needed the
capacity to service Monroe and the transportation and logistics agreements, Bridger Logistics,
Bridger Rail Shipping, and their non-BTS affiliates continued to fund payments to Eddystone
under the RSA by paying Eddystone directly.”); A0291 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 65) (“Between late
May 2015 and January 2016, Defendants Rios, Gamboa, Bridger Logistics, and [Ferrellgas]
stripped BTS of assets, including cash flows, and caused BTS to operate as little more than a
liability shield for other [Ferrellgas] entities.”).

43
Ferrellgas argues that the Alter Ego count seeks relief for the so-called Inducement

Acts only and that these wrongful acts stand alone and occurred wholly before the Run-

Off Period.179 Its argument is unavailing. There is no claim for fraudulent inducement and

the Alter Ego count is set forth as an avenue to remedy the February 2016 breach as

discussed above.

Finally the Prayers for relief in the Eddystone FAC relate specifically to the breach

of the RSA.180 Eddystone sought:

(1) all payments BTS owes Eddystone under the RSA; (2) the amounts
owed pursuant to the arbitration award; (3) expectation damages
available to a party injured by breach of contract at common law or by
statute; (4) injunctive relief from transfers BTS made to the Fraudulent
Transfer Recipient Subsidiaries; (5) damages for the value of the
transfers; (6) compensatory damages for economic injury; (7) punitive
damages for intentional fraudulent transfer and willful breach of
fiduciary duty; and (8) any pre- and post-judgment interest.181
Prayers one and three directly pertain to the RSA contract and its breach. Prayer two

likewise does, as it seeks to recover the arbitration award arising from the breach of the

RSA.182 The remaining prayers are all in line with the rest of the counts, and, like them,

are meant to address the harm caused by the RSA breach.

Ferrellgas’ primary rebuttal is that the Eddystone FAC alleges the so-called

Inducement Acts, which are a distinct category of events taking place wholly outside of the

179
See Opening Br. at 33.
180
Ferrellgas, 2020 WL 363677, at *6.
181
Id. (paraphrasing A0302 (Eddystone FAC “Prayer for Relief” at ¶¶ 1–8)).
182
See A0294 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 75).

44
Run-Off Period. The Inducement Acts occurred around the time the RSA was being

negotiated, between January of 2013 and April of 2014, and consisted of certain statements

in the Eddystone FAC which allege that “Rios, Gamboa, and Bridger Logistics improperly

induced Eddystone to enter into the RSA with BTS (and only BTS), which was allegedly

not a bona fide entity with sufficient assets to perform under the RSA.”183 Ferrellgas argues

that all the Zurich Policy requires for coverage to be warranted is loss resulting from a

claim for wrongful acts occurring before the Run-Off Exclusion. Because the Eddystone

Litigation is a claim, because it includes allegations for the Inducement Acts, and because

the Inducement Acts apparently took place completely before the Run-Off Exclusion, the

Eddystone Litigation is a claim for the wrongful acts that are the Inducement Acts.184

This argument falls flat because the Zurich Policy is a “claims-made” policy,185 not

an occurrence-based policy. It covered “[l]oss resulting from Claims against the Insureds

for Wrongful Acts, not the Wrongful Acts themselves.”186 When read as a whole, the

Eddystone FAC advances a claim for relief for the February 2016 breach of the RSA, it

does not advance a claim to set aside the RSA on grounds that it was fraudulently induced,

reform it as a consequence of any misrepresentation, or recover sums it spent building the

transloading facility.187 Even the allegations in the Eddystone FAC, which Ferrellgas

183
Opening Br. at 33.
184
See id. at 31–33.
185
Id. at 1.
186
Bainbridge, 2006 WL 978880, at *4.
187
Answering Br. at 40. As counsel for Zurich argued before this Court:

45
argues comprise the Inducement Acts, are most reasonably understood to be support for

the alleged Counts. For example, as hallmarks of the Inducement Acts, Ferrellgas puts

forth such allegations from the Eddystone FAC as the fact that Defendants held out to

Eddystone that “BTS was an ‘independent, bona fide company with substantial

operations’” in addition to the RSA;188 that Bridger Logistics and Rios and Gamboa

“‘represented that, as of December 31, 2014, BTS had total assets of $98.1 million[;]’”189

and that Eddystone built the Transloading Facility “in reliance” on those manifestations.190

Although Ferrellgas contends that these facts would support a fraudulent inducement

action, they never asserted one and the only reasonable reading of the Eddystone FAC is

that they are intended to support Eddystone’s Alter Ego count.

The Court: Was there actually a fraudulent inducement claim in the underlying
complaint?
Counsel: There was not. There was not, and it makes sense, they’re not trying to
void the contract. They’re not trying to say we don’t want to recover under the rail
services agreement, they want to recover under it. What they want to do is recover
against somebody other than the shell, other than Bridger Transfer Services.
They’re trying to bring in the parents with the assets into the case. That’s why they
make these allegations that we call the Inducement Acts, that’s why they have an
Alter Ego count, because they want to expand the parties they can collect from.
They say, in essence, the fraudulent inducement wasn’t inducing me to enter into
the contract, the fraudulent inducement was inducing me to enter into the contract
with only Bridger Transfer Services, the no asset, completely dependent LLC, so
that I basically, if they breach, have no remedy against the real parties at interest,
the real counterparties. And that’s the gravamen of the complaint.
Oral Argument, at 7:43–8:47, https://vimeo.com/928031761
188
Opening Br. at 15 (quoting A0285 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 42)).
189
Id.
190
Opening Br. at 15 (citing A0284 (Eddystone FAC at ¶ 38) (internal quotation marks omitted)).

46
Based on the foregoing, it is apparent that the Eddystone Litigation is a claim

seeking relief for the February 2016 breach of the RSA. The facts pled in the Eddystone

FAC demonstrate that BTS performed under the RSA through January 1, 2016, and that

the focal point of the Claim is the February 2016 breach of the RSA, and BTS’s inability

to pay the arbitration award due to the diversion of assets by BTS’s new owners. The

overall narrative, nature of counts, and prayer for relief all support this interpretation.

Because the breach of the RSA, including all the acts which caused it to happen, occurred

either in whole or in part after June 24, 2015, Zurich has no duty to advance defense costs

for this matter because of the Run-Off Exclusion. Thus, we AFFIRM the decision of the

Superior Court.

B. The Cross-Appeal — The Ferrellgas Appeal was Timely Filed
On cross appeal, Zurich argues that Ferrellgas’ appeal was untimely because it

occurred three years after the 2020 Opinion, and over a year after the November 10, 2021

Joint Stipulation between Ferrellgas and Beazley which Zurich contends together

constitute a final adjudication of all claims, rights, and liabilities between Zurich and

Ferrellgas.191 Ferrellgas responds that the appeal was, in fact, timely, as it occurred within

thirty days of the May 10, 2023 Order which Ferrellgas contends constitutes the final

judgment.192

191
See Answering Br. at 54.
192
Reply Br. at 29. Ferrellgas also asserts that to the extent Zurich believed that the 2020 Opinion
constituted a final decision of the claims between it and Zurich, Zurich did not seek entry of the
final judgment under Rule 54(b). Id. at 5.

47
Because the 2020 Opinion did not address Count III of the Ferrellgas FAC and only

explicitly addressed Counts I and II, and because the Joint Stipulation only resolved matters

as to Beazley and not Zurich, there was no final judgment with the entry of the November

10, 2021 Joint Stipulation. Rather, a final judgment was not entered until the Superior

Court’s May 2023 Order, which expressly addressed Ferrellgas’ Motion to Dismiss Count

III.

Under 10 Del. C. § 148,

No appeal from a final judgment of the Superior Court in a civil action shall
be received or entertained in the Supreme Court unless the praecipe or notice
of appeal is duly filed in the office of the Clerk thereof within 30 days after
the date of the judgment or decree.193

To start the thirty-day countdown of Section 148, a “final judgment” is required. Under

Delaware law, a “final judgment” is a judgment that “determines the merits of the

controversy or defines the rights of the parties and leaves nothing for future determination

or consideration.”194 “When a civil action involves multiple claims and multiple parties, a

judgment regarding any claim or any party does not become final until the entry of the last

judgment that resolves all claims as to all parties, unless an interlocutory ruling . . . is

certified . . . .”195 In other words, “a final judgment is one that determines all the claims as

to all the parties.”196 “The test for whether an order is final and therefore ripe for appeal is

193
10 Del. C. § 148.
194
Tyson Foods, Inc. v. Aetos Corp., 809 A.2d 575, 579 (Del. 2002).
Plummer v. R.T. Vanderbilt Co., Inc., 49 A.3d 1163, 1167 (Del. 2012) (quoting Harrison v.
195

Ramunno, 730 A.2d 653, 653–54 (Del.1999); Super. Ct. Civ. R. 54(b)) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
196
Tyson Foods, 809 A.2d at 579.

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whether the trial court has clearly declared its intention that the order be the court's ‘final

act’ in a case.”197 Although a party may interpret an order to be a final judgment, “the

finality of a court’s order is not determined by reservations of the parties to which it applies

but by the court itself.”198

In this case, the 2020 Opinion of the Superior Court made no mention of Count III.

Rather, the discussion in the 2020 Opinion centered entirely on Count I (Zurich’s Duty to

Advance) of the Ferrellgas FAC199 and Count II of the Ferrellgas FAC (Beazley’s Duty to

Advance).200 Considering a final judgment requires that a court “determine[] the merits of

the controversy[,]” complete silence as to Count III does not appear to meet that

standard.201

What is more, in the 2020 Opinion, the Superior Court only explicitly denied

“[p]laintiffs’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on Count I, duty to advance defense

costs,” and dismissed the same.202 This explicit ruling of denial and dismissal was repeated

in the opinion’s conclusion,203 but in neither instance did the 2020 Opinion rule on Count

III. The Joint Stipulation between Ferrellgas and Beazley settled matters as between

197
Id.; see also Plummer, 49 A.3d at 1167.
198
Tyson Foods, 809 A.2d at 581.
199
See Ferrellgas, 2020 WL 363677, at *5–*11 (discussing and interpreting the Zurich Policy, the
Run-Off Exclusion, Interrelated Wrongful Acts, and the general scope of the Duty to Advance, all
in an effort to determine whether Zurich must advance defense costs).
200
See id. at *11–*14 (discussing and interpreting the Beazley Policy, the Retroactive Date
Exclusion, and their effect on Beazley’s duty to advance).
201
Tyson Foods, 809 A.2d at 579.
202
Ferrellgas, 2020 WL 363677, at *10 (emphasis added).
203
Id. at *13.

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Ferrellgas and Beazley only.204 Thus, Count III was unresolved. The fact that the 2020

Opinion and 2021 Joint Stipulation did not address Count III with any specific finality

undercuts the claim of finality. Rather, a final judgment occurred upon entry of the 2023

Order on the Ferrellgas MTD which explicitly and unequivocally dismissed Count III and

entered final judgment in the matter.205

Zurich points out that the 2020 Opinion stated that “the Eddystone Litigation is

excluded from the Zurich Policy coverage[,]”206 and that this left nothing for future

determination between Ferrellgas and Zurich.207 Although, as a practical matter, such

language suggests how Count III likely would be determined, the fact that it was couched

in an analysis and finding regarding Count I which makes no reference to Count III,

nonetheless, suggests that it does not constitute a clear declaration of a final act with respect

to Count III. Further, as Ferrellgas points out, indemnification claims are resolved after

resolution of the underlying litigation — here, the Eddystone Litigation — which at the

time of oral argument before this Court was still pending. For these reasons, Zurich’s

counter argument fails.

204
See B0836–B0837 (Stipulation of Dismissal as to Beazley Ins. Co., Inc. dated Nov. 10, 2021)
(providing that the parties agree “that the above-captioned action be dismissed as to Beazley only
. . . .”).
205
B0892 (Order Entering Judgment) (“Count III of the Amended Complaint is hereby voluntarily
dismissed . . . . Final Judgment is hereby entered in this action”). See also Tyson Foods, 809 A.2d
at 581 (“When the trial court intends for its order to resolve all outstanding issues, and says so, its
order is final.”).
206
Ferrellgas, 2020 WL 363677, at *13.
207
See Answering Br. at 55.

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Therefore, the Superior Court’s 2020 Opinion, and the Joint Stipulation between

Beazley and Ferrellgas did not constitute a final judgment respecting Ferrellgas’ action.

Such a final judgment did not occur until May 10, 2023, with the Superior Court’s Order

dismissing Count III and explicitly entering final judgment. Ferrellgas filed its appeal with

this Court fifteen days later, on May 25, 2023, and, therefore, its appeal was timely.

IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the judgments of the Superior Court

set forth in its 2020 Opinion and in its May 10, 2023 Order and Final Judgment.

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