In re: Zantac (Ranitidine) Litigation

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

) General Zantac Litigation
In re: Zantac (Ranitidine) Litigation )
) C.A. No.: N22C-09-101 ZAN

Submitted: January 22, 2026
Decided: January 29, 2026

OPINION AND ORDER
On Defendants’ Omnibus Motion to Dismiss
Time-Barred Cases Filed by Pulaski Kherkher, PLLC

GRANTED

Bernard G. Conway, Esquire, Conaway Legal LLC, Wilmington, Delaware, Raeann
Warner, Esquire, Collins Price & Warner, Wilmington, Delaware, Stephen T.
Morrow and Joseph J. Rhoades, Esquires, Rhoades & Morrow LLC, Wilmington,
Delaware, Adam Pulaski, Pulaski Kherkher PL (argued), Jennifer A. Moore, Esquire
(Pro Hac Vice), Moore Law Group, PLLC Louisville, Kentucky, R. Brent Wisner,
Esquire (Pro Hac Vice), Wisner Baum LLP, Greenbrae, California, Attorneys for
Plaintiffs.
Sean T O’Kelly and Gerard M. O’Rourke, Esquires, O’Kelly & O’Rourke, LLC,
Wilmington, Delaware, Christopher R. Carton, John D. Garrett, and Edward L.
O’Toole, Esquires (Pro Hac Vice), Bowman and Brooke LLC, Attorneys for
Defendant Patheon Manufacturing Services LLC
Joseph S. Naylor, Esquire, Swartz Campbell LLC, Wilmington, Delaware Gregory
Ruehlmann, Esquire (argued) (Pro Hac Vice), King & Spalding LLP, Atlanta,
Georgia, Attorneys for Brand Defendants.

Jones J.
INTRODUCTION

Defendants Bohringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Boehringer

Ingelheim USA Corporation, and Patheon Manufacturing Services, LLC

(collectively “Defendants”) have moved to dismiss 277 cases filed by the law firm

of Pulaski Kherkher, PLLC on the grounds that the claims are barred by the

applicable statute of limitations.1 This is the Court’s decision on the Motion.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Rule 12(b)(6) allows the Court to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon

which relief can be granted.2 While ruling on a motion to dismiss, the Court:

(1) accept[s] all well pleaded factual allegations as true, (2) accept[s]
even vague allegations as ‘well pleaded’ if they give the opposing party
notice of the claim, (3) draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the
non-moving party, and (4) do not affirm a dismissal unless the plaintiff
would not be entitled to recover under any reasonable conceivable set
of circumstances. 3

Delaware is a notice pleading jurisdiction.4 Therefore, for a complaint to pass

the motion to dismiss stage it needs to provide only “general notice of the claim

asserted.”5 “An allegation, ‘though vague or lacking in detail’ can still be well-

pleaded so long as it puts the opposing party on notice of the claim brought against

it.”6

1
Docket Item (“D.I.”) 499.
2
Super. Ct. Civ. R. 12(b)(6).
3
Cent. Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Cap. Holdings, 27 A.3d 531, 535 (Del. 2011).
4
Doe v. Cahill, 884 A.2d 451, 458 (Del. 2005).
5
Id. (quoting Ramunno v. Cawley, 705 A.2d 1029, 1034 (Del. 1998)).
6
Cahill, 884 A.2d at 458 (quoting VLIW Tech., LLC v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 840 A.2d 606, 611 (Del. 2003)).

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FACTS AND PARTY CONTENTIONS

Pulaski Kherkher represents over 3,500 Plaintiffs in the Zantac litigation

before this Court.7 The instant motion involves 277 of those cases.8 In 24 of these

cases, Plaintiffs’ diagnoses of cancer were made at least two years prior to April 1,

2020. 9 In the remaining 253 cases, the Plaintiffs were diagnosed with cancer after

April 1, 2020 and did not file suit within two years of diagnosis.10 On April 1, 2020,

the FDA publicly announced its request that manufacturers voluntarily withdraw all

prescription and over-the-counter ranitidine drugs from the market due to NDMA, a

probable human carcinogen. 11

Defendants contend that the Delaware two-year statute of limitations applies,

and the disputed claims are time barred.12 Defendants maintain that as a matter of

law each Plaintiff is charged with having the knowledge required to start the statute

running as of April 1, 2020 – the publication date of the FDA order. 13 Thus, the

claims with cancer diagnoses at least two years prior to April 1, 2020 are time barred

because the statute started to run on April 1, 2020 and no Delaware case was filed

before August 3, 2022. 14 Additionally, for Plaintiffs whose diagnoses occurred after

7
D.I. 499 p.3.
8
Id. p.1.
9
Id. p.6 (citing Exhibit (“Ex.”) B).
10
Id. p.6. (citing Ex. C).
11
Id. p.2.
12
Id. p.6.
13
Id. p.8-10.
14
Id. p.10.

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April 1, 2020, Defendants contend the statute begins running as of the date of

diagnosis.15

Plaintiffs oppose.16 First, Plaintiffs maintain that the Delaware statute of

limitations does not necessarily apply. 17 Second, Plaintiffs maintain that an

individual factual assessment involving each Plaintiff must be done to determine

when the Plaintiff knew of the relationship between their cancer and ingestion of

ranitidine drugs.18 Plaintiffs reject the notion that the FDA notice as a matter of law

gives the Plaintiff adequate notice to trigger the statute of limitations defense.19

ANALYSIS

The first question that must be addressed is what state’s law governs the

statute of limitations issue. Typically, the forum state’s law, in this case Delaware,

governs the statute of limitations issue.20

To avoid forum shopping concerns, the General Assembly enacted

Delaware’s borrowing statute:

Where a cause of action arises outside of this State, an action cannot be
brought in a court of this State to enforce such cause of action after the
expiration of whichever is shorter, the time limited by the law of this
State, or the time limited by the law of the state or country where the
cause of action arose, for bringing an action upon such cause of action.
Where the cause of action originally accrued in favor of a person who

15
Id. p.2-3; 7.
16
See D.I. 511.
17
Id. p.10-16.
18
Id. p.7-9.
19
Id. p.8-9.
20
Pack v. Beech Aircraft Corp., 132 A.2d 54, 75 (Del. 1957).

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at the time of such accrual was a resident of this State, the time limited
by the law of this State shall apply.21

Defendants contend Delaware’s two-year statute is the longest that could apply

pursuant to the borrowing statute. 22 Thus, another state’s shorter limitations period

would not disrupt Defendants’ argument that Plaintiffs’ claims are time-barred.

Plaintiffs rely upon Saudi Basic Industry Corporation v. Mobil Tanbu

Petrochemical to dispute the application of the borrowing statute.23 In Saudi Basic,

the Delaware Supreme Court denied extending the borrowing statute to a scenario

in which a party brought an action in Delaware seeking the shorter Delaware

limitations period to dismiss the compulsory counterclaims against them.24 The

Court reasoned applying the borrowing statute under this circumstance would

“subvert the statute’s fundamental purpose” of preventing forum shopping.25

Since Saudi Basic, case law interpretations have leaned towards taking either

a broad or narrow approach of the case’s holding. 26 The broad approach focuses on

the “anti-forum-shopping policy rationale” and “interprets Saudi Basic to hold that

the borrowing statute does not apply whenever the Delaware limitations period is

21
10 Del. C. § 8121.
22
D.I. 499 p.5 fn.5.
23
D.I. 511 p. 11 (citing Saudi Basic Indus. Corp. v. Mobil Yanbu Petrochemical Co., Inc., 866 A.2d 1 (Del 2005)).
24
Saudi Basic, 866 A.2d at 17-18. The scenario in Saudi Basic differs from the “standard scenario” under which the
borrowing statute “operates to prevent the plaintiff from circumventing the shorter limitations period mandated by
the jurisdiction where the cause of action arose.” Id.at 16. Nonetheless, the Saudi Basic defendant’s interpretation of
the borrowing statute frustrates its purpose. Id.
25
Id. at 17.
26
CHC Inv., LLC v. FirstSun Capital Bancorp, 2020 WL 1480857, at *5-6 (Del. Ch. Mar. 23, 2020).

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shorter than the limitations period of the foreign jurisdiction where the claim

arose.”27 However, as the Court of Chancery noted in CHC Investment v. FirstSun

Capital Bancorp, this approach sidesteps the statutory construction of the borrowing

statute and ignores the principle that “courts are permitted to ignore the plain

language of a statute only when ‘absurdity or injustice would result from a strict

construction.’”28 The broad approach also “departs dramatically from the common

law rule that the forum state supplies the limitations period” by “never appl[ying]

the forum’s limitations period.”29

On the other hand, the narrow approach “interprets Saudi Basic to hold that

the plain language of the borrowing statute governs unless the party asserting the

underlying claim was forced into a Delaware forum.” 30 The CHC Investment Court

adopted the narrow approach to Saudi Basic’s holding because it “least offends

principles of statutory construction and best targets the statute’s purpose.” 31 In

applying this approach, the Court laid out the following next steps to determine

which jurisdiction’s limitations period applies:

Under the narrow approach, the court first applies the plain language of
borrowing statute. If Delaware’s limitations period applies, the court
next determines whether the party asserting the underlying claim was
forced to file in Delaware. If the party asserting the underlying claims

27
Id. at *6 (emphasis added).
28
Id. (quoting Reddy v. PMA Ins. Co., 201 A.3d 1281, 1288 (Del. 2011).
29
CHC Inv., LLC, 2020 WL 1480857, at *7.
30
Id.
31
Id. at *8.

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was forced to file in Delaware, then the court applies the foreign
limitations period.

Each of the parties cites the Court to President Judge Davis’ opinion in

Machala v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharms, Inc. 32 arguing that Machala supports its

position. Machala involved the drug Pradaxa. Mr. Machala was a resident of

Washington D.C. which has a three year statute of limitations. Machala made the

same argument made by the plaintiff in the instant use regarding Delaware’s

Borrowing statute. In rejecting Machala’s argument President Judge Davis wrote:

Given the facts of this case, the Court chooses to follow the
majority of decisions that have applied the plain language of the
Borrowing Statute in situations similar to the one presently before
the Court. In Huffington v. T.C. Group, LLC, this Court applied
the plain language of the Borrowing Statute and held that
plaintiff's claim was time barred. In rendering its decision, the
Court rejected plaintiff's assertion that Saudi Basic created a
broad ruling limiting the Borrowing Statute to only those
instances where the plaintiff seeks to avoid a jurisdiction with a
shorter limitations period.
The Delaware Court of Chancery reached a similar conclusion
in TrustCo Bank v. Mathews. The court found that the Borrowing
Statute applied “when a plaintiff's cause of action arose out of
state, irrespective of whether the plaintiff is forum shopping.”
The court further explained that the application of Saudi Basic
was limited to instances where “an absurd outcome or result that
subverts the Borrowing Statute's fundamental purpose would
otherwise occur.” The court left any greater alternation of the
Borrowing Statute to the Delaware Legislature.
Finally, then-Chancellor, now-Chief Justice Strine reached the
same conclusion in. In that case, the court refrained from any
statutory analysis or legislative history of the Borrowing Statute
and opted to apply the statute's plain language. The court

32
2017 WL 2814728 (Del. Super., 2017).

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succinctly held that, where the cause of action arose in New York,
Delaware's shorter three-year limitations period for contract
disputes applied rather than New York's six-year limitations
period.
Mr. Machala has pointed to no exceptional reason why the
Court should depart from the clear and unambiguous language of
the Borrowing Statute. Mr. Machala chose to file his claims in
Delaware and is now subject to the terms of the Borrowing State.
Accordingly, the Court finds that Delaware's statute of limitations
governs the claims in this case.

This Court chooses to follow President Judge Davis’ approach. As in

Machala, plaintiffs in the instant case have pointed to no exceptional reason as to

why the Court should depart from the clear and unambiguous language of the

borrowing statute.

Plaintiffs maintain that they were forced to file in Delaware because if they

had filed elsewhere their cases would have been removed to federal court where they

would be subject to adverse rulings on causation. These set of facts are not facts that

forced a plaintiff to file in Delaware for purposes of analyzing the claims under the

borrowing statute, Similar to Machala v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals,

Plaintiffs chose to file in Delaware when they could have filed in the states where

the injury occurred. 33 While this is not the standard forum-shopping for a longer

limitations period scenario, it is forum shopping, nonetheless. Under the plain

language of the borrowing statute and the teachings of CHC Investments and

33
2017 WL 2814728, at *4 (Del. Super. June 29, 2017) (applying Delaware’s borrowing statute and rejecting to
apply the exceptions in Saudi Basic and Furnari because Plaintiffs’ forum-shopped by choosing to file in Delaware
rather than being forced to).

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Machala, Delaware’s two-year statute of limitations applies to Plaintiffs’ claims. It

is unnecessary for the Court to conduct this analysis with a specific foreign

limitations period in mind. If the foreign limitations period is longer than

Delaware’s, then it does not apply under the borrowing statute. If the foreign

limitations period is shorter, then Plaintiffs’ statute of limitations had run by the time

of filing.

Having concluded that Delaware’s two-year statute of limitations applies, the

issue turns to whether Plaintiffs’ claims are time-barred. In the seminal case of

Brown v. E.I. duPont de Nemours and Co., Inc., the Delaware Supreme Court held

that in a latent injury case, the statute of limitations does not begin to run until the

plaintiff is on notice of a potential tort claim. 34 This works to prolong the discovery

– or the inherently unknowable – exception 35 past when the plaintiff sustains an

injury36 because the physical symptoms may be “reasonably attributable to another

cause.”37

To establish notice of a potential claim, the court can look to when “someone

from the scientific community found and revealed publicly a link between physical

34
Brown v. E.I. duPont de Nemours and Co., Inc., 820 A.2d 362, 368 (Del. 2003).
35
The discovery exception tolls a plaintiff’s statute of limitations until the plaintiff’s “discovery ends, or in the
exercise of reasonable diligence, [the plaintiff] should have discovered, his injury.” Burrell v. Astrazeneca LP, 2010
WL 3952265 (Del. Super. Sept. 20, 2010) (quoting Ryan v. Gifford, 918 A.2d 341, 359 (Del. Ch. 2007)). The
exception applies “when an inherently unknowable injury…has been suffered by one blamelessly ignorant of the act
or omissions and injury complained of, and the harmful effect thereof over a period of time.” Burrell, 2010 WL
3952265 (quoting Layton v. Allen, 246 A.2d 794, 798 (Del. 1968)).
36
An injury is “sustained” for limitations purposes “when the harmful effect first manifests itself and becomes
physically ascertainable.” Id.
37
Brown, 820 A.2d at 368-69.

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condition and the exposure to the toxic substance.” 38 A plaintiff only needs to be on

inquiry notice of this scientific connection, not actual notice.39 This means that it

does not matter if an individual plaintiff was unaware of a link as long as the medical

community is on notice and has made the link publicly known.40

“Inquiry notice is determined objectively” and requires only an “objective

awareness of the facts giving rise to the wrong.”41 When determining whether a

plaintiff has inquiry notice, “the Court must find that the facts known to the plaintiff

would have ‘clearly and unmistakably…led a prudent person of ordinary intelligence

to inquire,’ and if pursued, would have led to discovery of the elements of the claim

being asserted.”42

The case of Burrell v. Astrazeneca is instructive on this issue.43 The Burrell

plaintiffs alleged ingestion of the defendant’s drug, Seroquel, caused them to acquire

diabetes. 44 Plaintiffs argued that the inherently unknowable doctrine prevented the

limitations period from running until the plaintiffs saw a commercial informing them

of the scientific link between Seroqual and diabetes. 45 However, the Court charged

38
Id. at 368.
39
Hutchinson v. Boston Sci. Corp., 2020 WL 5752393, at *3 (D. Del. 2020).
40
See Evans v. Genentech, 2015 WL 310248, at *2 (“More so than the actual Plaintiff, it is medical science that
must recognize the connection between product and malady.”)
41
E.I. duPont de Nemours and Co. v. Medtronic Vascular, Inc., 2013 WL 261415, at *11 (Del. Super. Jan. 18,
2013).
42
Id. (quoting Coleman v. Pricewaterhousecoopers LLC, 854 A.2d 838, 842 (Del. 2004)).
43
2010 WL 3952265 (Del. Super. Sept. 20, 2010).
44
Id.
45
Id.

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plaintiffs with inquiry notice on the date of diagnosis. 46 The Court reasoned that

“Plaintiffs would have found more than adequate publicly available information to

support a link between ingestion of Seroquel and diabetes had they looked for it.”47

The publicly available information included the FDA’s updated label to include a

warning for diabetes as well as published information from “medical and lay

sources.”48

Similarly, in Bredberg v. Boston Scientific Corporation, the Court held a

notice issued by the FDA linking the plaintiff’s symptoms with pelvic mesh implants

was sufficient publicly available information for the plaintiff to discover a potential

claim. 49 The FDA notice, coupled with the plaintiff’s prior mesh revision surgery,

amounted to inquiry notice. 50

The Court applies the logic in Burrell and Bredberg to the instant case. To

determine when Plaintiffs were on inquiry notice, the Court only needs to look to

two pertinent facts: (1) the individual Plaintiff’s date of diagnosis, 51 and (2) the FDA

order issued on April 1, 2020 asking manufacturers to end the sale of ranitidine-

containing products “for new or existing prescriptions or OTC use in the United

States.”52 As of April 1, 2020, there was sufficient publicly available information

46
Id.
47
Id.
48
Id.
49
2021 WL 2228398, at *3 (Del. Super. June 2, 2021).
50
Id.
51
D.I. 499 Exs. B and C.
52
Id. Ex. A ¶ 177.

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such that a cancer-diagnosed Plaintiff could engage in due diligence to discover the

link between ranitidine-containing products and cancer.53

Plaintiffs assert that it is not appropriate for the Court to determine the factual

question of whether a plaintiff was aware of the April 1, 2020 FDA order at the

motion to dismiss stage.54 Despite their protestations to the contrary, Plaintiffs’

argument is one of the actual notice. If this Court were writing on a clean slate, it

may very well have agreed with plaintiffs. However, the Court is not writing on a

clean slate. Actual notice is simply not the law in Delaware. The Court does not

need to discern at what point each Plaintiff was aware of the link between ranitidine-

containing products and cancer. It is sufficient that the link was made publicly

available which triggered inquiry notice. The complaint alleges Plaintiffs’ dates of

diagnoses and the date of the April 1, 2020 FDA order. The Court must accept all

well-pled facts as true. 55 On these facts Defendants’ motion must be granted.

Based on the above reasons, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motion to

Dismiss based on the Statute of Limitations as to the claims of Plaintiffs whose

cancer diagnoses were made at least two years prior to April 1, 2020 and to the

claims of Plaintiffs whose cancer diagnoses were made after April 1, 2020 and were

53
See Machala, 2017 WL 2814728, at *7 (holding that, once on inquiry notice, plaintiff could have in engaged in
due diligence to determine if the drug at issue was the cause of plaintiff’s injuries).
54
D.I. 511 p.8-9.
55
See Sweetwater Point, LLC v. Kee, 2020 WL 6561567, at *11 (Del. Super. Nov. 5, 2020) (“[A] court, in deciding
a tolling issue on a motion to dismiss, is bound by the allegations in the pleadings.”)

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not filed within two years of the diagnosis. Within thirty (30) days, the parties should

submit a form of order which specifically identifies those cases subject to this Order.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

/s/ Francis J. Jones, Jr.
Francis J. Jones, Jr., Judge

cc: Counsel of Record via File & ServeXpress

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