USA v. Karjala et al

United States v. Miller
3:17-cr-00063-TMB-DMS
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF ALASKA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff,
vs.
CHRISTOPHER BRANDON MILLER,
Defendant.
No. 3:17-cr-00063-TMB-DMS
REPORT AND
RECOMMENDATION1 TO DENY IN
PART DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO
PROHIBIT USE OF WITHDRAWN
PLEA [Dkt. 504]
I. 	INTRODUCTION
Defendant Christopher Miller seeks an order prohibiting the government’s use of his plea
statements regarding his now-withdrawn plea of guilty at trial (Dkt. 504). The government
responds in opposition, asserting that it is “entitled to introduce Miller’s plea statements into
evidence consistent with the waiver provisions of Miller’s plea agreement” which deems usable
and admissible “(1) the Factual Basis of his plea agreement set forth in Section II.C . . . and (2)
his under-oath admissions at the plea colloquy that those statements were true” (Dkt. 509 at 14-
15).
For the following reasons, the Court recommends that the District Court DENY IN
PART the defendant’s Motion to Prohibit Use of Withdrawn Plea.
//
1 This report and recommendation is being issued as a final report and recommendation. Pursuant to Fed. R. Crim. P.
59(b)(3), any objections will be considered by the District Court Judge who will accept, reject, or modify the
recommendation, or resubmit the matter to the Magistrate Judge for additional consideration and recommendations.
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II. 	STATEMENT OF FACTS
A. Miller’s Plea Agreement Was Executed, and His Guilty Plea Was Accepted by the
District Court in 2019
On September 13, 2019, Miller signed a plea agreement which included the following
waiver:
By signing this agreement, the defendant admits the truth of the facts in the
Factual Basis portion of this agreement set forth in Section II.C. The defendant
agrees that the statements made by him in signing this agreement shall be deemed
usable and admissible against the defendant as stipulations in any hearing, trial or
sentencing that may follow. The foregoing provision acts as a modification, and
express waiver, of Federal Rule of Evidence 410 and Federal Rule of Criminal
Procedure 11(f), and is effective upon the defendant’s in-court admission to the
factual basis supporting the plea. This provision applies regardless of whether the
court accepts this plea agreement.
(Dkt. 371 at 12).
On September 19, 2019, the Court held a change of plea hearing (Dkt. 390). During the
hearing, the Court explained this waiver to Miller; the Court stated, “[y]ou’re also waiving
certain rights that you would otherwise have under Evidence Rule 410. . . . If you later change
your mind about pleading guilty and the Court allows you to withdraw your guilty plea, the
government could still use all of your sworn statements today against you at trial or at other
times” (Dkt. 470 at 16). When asked if Miller had any questions about that waiver, Miller
responded, “No” (Dkt. 470 at 16). After inquiry into Miller’s understanding and willingness to
enter the plea agreement, the Court made the following findings:
I find that the defendant is fully competent and capable of entering an informed
plea, that he is aware of his rights, that his plea is made knowingly and
voluntarily, that he has had the advice of legal counsel, and that there is a
sufficient factual basis for the plea with regard to each of the elements of the
offense, the one charge, to which a guilty plea has been entered.
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(Dkt. 470 at 20). The Court then issued a report and recommendation recommending that
the District Court accept Miller’s guilty plea (Dkt. 394). In that report and
recommendation, the Court again stated its findings that “[t]he defendant’s guilty plea is
made knowingly and voluntarily, and did not result from force, threats or promises (other
than those made in a plea agreement) (Dkt. 394 at 3).
On October 10, 2019, the District Court accepted and adopted the report and
recommendation in its entirety, accepting Miller’s plea of guilty (Dkt. 396).
B. The District Court Grants Miller’s Motion to Withdraw his Guilty Plea
Miller filed a motion to withdraw his plea of guilty on November 16, 2020 (Dkt. 476).
Miller asserted the withdrawal was necessary due to “erroneous or inadequate legal advice prior
to the plea” (Dkt. 476 at 3). Miller asserted several reasons why his counsel was ineffective,
including: “(1) not advising him that the factual basis in the Plea Agreement could be sufficient
to support a leadership enhancement, (2) inadequately explaining the mechanics of the
sentencing statute 18 U.S.C. § 3553 and that Miller could receive a custodial sentence above the
range recommended in the Sentencing Guidelines, and (3) not investigating and pursuing relief
based on Government investigators’ recording and playing back of attorney-client telephone
calls between Miller and his former counsel, Chester Gilmore” (Dkt. 492 at 1).
The District Court granted Miller’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea, finding that
“Miller has demonstrated a ‘fair and just reason’” to warrant such withdrawal “because of the
inadequate legal counsel provided by Mr. Gilmore regarding the 19 recorded attorney-client
telephone conversations at issue” and rejecting Miller’s other arguments (Dkt. 492 at 11). The
District Court explained, “Miller only needs to show that, had he reviewed the calls with Mr.
Gilmore and reviewed the relevant discovery from the Government, he plausibly would have
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changed his mind and not pleaded guilty” (Dkt. 492 at 11). The District Court found this
standard was met, since
[a] reasonable person would plausibly want to know the full extent to which these
attorney-client calls were recorded, listened to, or otherwise compromised, prior
to entering into a guilty plea. Had Miller known about these 19 calls, he would
have been able to discuss them with Mr. Gilmore and evaluate whether there was
any basis to bring a Sixth Amendment challenge or pursue other legal recourse.
(Dkt. 492 at 13).
III. APPLICABLE LAW
Federal Rule of Evidence 410 prohibits the use of:
(1) a guilty plea that was later withdrawn;
(2) a nolo contendere plea;
(3) a statement made during a proceeding on either of those pleas under Federal
Rule of Criminal Procedure 11 or a comparable state procedure; or
(4) a statement made during plea discussions with an attorney for the prosecuting
authority if the discussions did not result in a guilty plea or they resulted in a
later-withdrawn guilty plea
Fed. R. Evid. 410(a). However, “like other evidentiary privileges, this one may be waived or
varied at the defendant’s request.” United States v. Mezzanatto, 513 U.S. 196, 205 (1995). Such
waivers permit a withdrawn plea to be used as evidence “absent some affirmative indication that
the agreement was entered into unknowingly or involuntarily.” Id. at 210.
Such waiver is made knowingly when it is “made with a full awareness of both the nature
of the right being abandoned and the consequences of the decision to abandon it,” and is made
voluntarily when “it was the product of a free and deliberate choice rather than intimidation,
coercion, or deception.” Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412, 421 (1986) (applying this standard to a
waiver of Miranda rights); United States v. Young, 223 F.3d 905, 910 (8th Cir. 2000) (applying
this standard to a Rule 410 waiver).
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This knowing and voluntary standard differs from the “fair and just” standard used by
courts when determining if a plea should be withdrawn before sentencing. See Fed. R. Crim. P.
11(d)(2)(B). The “fair and just” standard, which courts are to apply liberally, requires only that a
defendant show that “the proper legal advice of which he was deprived ‘could have at least
plausibly motivated a reasonable person in [the defendant’s] position not to have pled guilty.’”
United States v. Bonilla, 637 F.3d 980, 983 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting United States v. Garcia, 401
F.3d 1008, 1011-12 (9th Cir. 2005)).
IV. 	DISCUSSION
The defense asserts that the Rule 410 waiver was invalid because it was not made
knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently (Dkt. 504 at 6). To support this, the defense asserts that
“the court has held that Mr. Miller’s waiver was based in inadequate legal representation” (Dkt.
504 at 7); asserting further that “[a] waiver that is the product of inadequate representation is by
definition not knowing, voluntary and intelligent” (Dkt. 504 at 6).
However, the defense conflates two distinct standards: the “fair and just” standard to
warrant the withdrawal of a guilty plea and the “involuntary and unknowing” standard to
invalidate a waiver contained in a plea agreement. Accordingly, the District Court did not make a
determination on whether the plea agreement was entered into voluntarily or knowingly. The
record establishes that Miller did make the Rule 410 waiver voluntarily and knowingly.
A. The District Court Did Not Conclude the Plea Was Made Involuntarily or
Unknowingly When It Granted the Plea Withdrawal.
The District Court’s analysis of Miller’s plea agreement was made entirely under the
framework of a “fair and just” analysis (Dkt. 492). The District Court describes this standard as a
liberal one (Dkt. 492 at 10-11), stating that “[a] defendant only needs to show that ‘the proper
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legal advice of which he was deprived could have at least plausibly motivated a reasonable
person in the defendant’s position not to have pled guilty” (Dkt. 492 at 10 (citing Bonilla, 637
F.3d at 983)). This standard was met; “[a] reasonable person would plausibly want to know the
full extent to which [Miller’s] attorney-client calls were recorded, listened to, or otherwise
compromised, prior to entering into a guilty plea” (Dkt. 492 at 13). Because Miller’s counsel
failed to inform Miller of the scope and detail of the recorded calls, a fair and just reason existed
for Miller to withdraw his guilty plea (Dkt. 492 at 13).
The District Court did not make any determination as to whether Miller entered into the
plea agreement knowingly or voluntarily. Therefore, it is necessary for the Court engage in that
analysis now.
B. Miller Knowingly and Voluntarily Waived His Right to Prohibit the Use of His
Withdrawn Plea at Trial.
Miller understood that the Rule 410 waiver meant his statements made in signing the plea
agreement could be used against him even if it was later withdrawn and he voluntarily agreed to
those terms. As mentioned supra, a waiver is knowing and voluntary when it is “made with a full
awareness of both the nature of the right being abandoned and the consequences of the decision
to abandon it” and is “the product of a free and deliberate choice rather than intimidation,
coercion, or deception.” Moran, 475 U.S. at 421. During Miller’s change of plea hearing, the
Court informed Miller of the consequences of his Rule 410 waiver; that even if his guilty plea is
later withdrawn, “the government could still use all of your sworn statements today against you
at trial or at other times” (Dkt. 470 at 16). Miller responded that he had no questions regarding
that waiver (Dkt. 470 at 16). After extensive inquiry, the Court found Miller to be “fully
competent and capable of entering an informed plea [and] that he is aware of his rights, that his
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plea is made knowingly and voluntarily” (Dkt. 470 at 20). The Court issued a report and
recommendation to that effect (Dkt. 394). The report and recommendation was adopted in its
entirely by the District Court (Dkt. 396).
The defense offers no evidence to upset this finding other than to assert that prior
counsel’s failure to inform Miller of the scope and details of the 19 recorded calls renders the
Rule 410 waiver involuntary and unknowing.
In United States v. McTiernan, the defendant similarly argued “that his counsel’s alleged
failure to advise him fully of the possible motion to suppress the recording of [certain
conversations] render[ed] his plea agreement invalid.” No. CR 06-259-DSF, 2010 WL
11667960, at *1 (C.D. Cal. July 7, 2010). The court held the rule 410 waiver valid regardless,
stating that “[the defendant] made a free and deliberate choice. He was not coerced, intimidated,
or deceived. The waiver was made with full awareness of the nature of the right and the
consequences of the decision to abandon it.” Id. at *1-2. Similarly, here, counsel’s failure to
apprise Miller of the scope and detail of recorded calls and advise him of possible legal recourse
does not upset the Court’s finding that Miller waived his Rule 410 rights knowingly and
voluntarily. See Id.; see also Rogers v. Curley, No. 07-10778, 2009 WL 2841110, at *5 (E.D.
Mich. Sept. 1, 2009) (Finding a waiver of jury trial valid, stating “[a] waiver may be voluntary,
knowing, and intelligent if the defendant has a minimum amount of knowledge concerning his
jury trial right and the mental capacity to understand the implications of the waiver of that
right”).
C. The Government May Use Miller’s Withdrawn Plea on Rebuttal.
Next, the defense asserts that a knowing and voluntary Rule 410 waiver permits plea
statements to be used for impeachment purposes only (Dkt. 504 at 6). The terms of the waiver in
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this case are broad; the waiver provides that “[t]he defendant agrees that the statements made by
him in signing this agreement shall be deemed usable and admissible against the defendant as
stipulations in any hearing, trial or sentencing” (Dkt. 375 at 13). In Mezzanatto, the U.S.
Supreme Court upheld a Rule 410 waiver, but only considered its use for impeachment purposes.
513 U.S at 211. Five justices expressed doubt as to whether such evidence should be used in the
government’s case-in-chief. Id. at 211 (Ginsburg, J., concurring) (“It may be, however, that a
waiver to use such statements in the case in chief would more severely undermine a defendant’s
incentive to negotiate, and thereby inhibit plea bargaining”); Id. at 217-18 (Souter, J., dissenting)
(disagreeing with the majority’s holding that Rule 410 privileges are waivable and expressing
concern that it will lead to the government using plea statements as evidence in its case-in-chief).
In United States v. Rebbe, the Ninth Circuit found that the government’s use of a
defendant’s proffer statements made pursuant to a plea agreement was proper when it was used
to rebut the presentation of the defense, even though the defendant did not testify. 314 F.3d 402,
406 (9th Cir. 2002). The waiver at issue in Rebbe permitted the use of the defendant’s proffer
statements “to rebut any evidence, argument or representation” Id. at 407. The court declined to
resolve the issue as to whether those statements could be used in the government’s case-in-chief,
because the government did not seek to do so. Id. at 406. While this is an issue of first
impression in the Ninth Circuit, other circuits have found a valid Rule 410 waiver does allow the
use of a defendant’s plea statements as evidence in the case-in-chief. United States v. Burch, 156
F.3d 1315, 1321 (D.C. Cir. 1998); United States v. Hardwick, 544 F.3d 565, 570 (3d Cir. 2008);
United States v. Sylvester, 583 F.3d 285, 289 (5th Cir. 2009); United States v. Mitchell, 633 F.3d
997, 1005-06 (10th Cir. 2011).
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Here, the government does not indicate that it seeks to use Miller’s statements during the
plea colloquy in its case-in-chief, or otherwise. Instead this matter is before the court because of
a defense motion to prohibit any use of Miller’s plea statements. Because the record establishes
that Miller’s Rule 410 waiver was valid, this Court recommends that the government be
permitted use Miller’s statements at trial to rebut any evidence, argument, or representation made
by the defense. See Rebbe, 314 f.3d at 407.
This Court shares the concerns of the concurring and dissenting justices in Mezzanatto;
permitting the government to use such statements in its case-in-chief could discourage
defendants from plea bargaining in the future. See Mezzanatto, 513 U.S. at 211, 217-18. Further,
in this case, it would frustrate the purpose of Miller’s plea withdrawal. While the District Court
found it was “fair and just” to allow Miller to withdraw his guilty plea and exercise his right to
trial, allowing the government to use his statements in its case-in-chief would abrogate that right,
leaving Miller with the consequences of a guilty plea and without the bargained-for benefits of
such plea. Because this is an issue of first impression in the Ninth Circuit, it is appropriate that it
be resolved at trial by the District Judge, should the government seek to introduce Miller’s
statements in its case-in-chief. See Rebbe, 314 F.3d at 406.
V. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court recommends that the District Court DENY IN
PART Miller’s Motion to Prohibit the Use of Withdrawn Plea at Docket 504.
DATED this 13th day of April, 2021 at Anchorage, Alaska.
/s/Deborah M. Smith
CHIEF U.S. MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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