United Cook Inlet Drift Association et al v. National Marine Fisheries Service et al

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF ALASKA
UNITED COOK INLET DRIFT
ASSOCIATION, et al.,
Plaintiffs,
v.
NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES
SERVICE, et al.,
Defendants,
STATE OF ALASKA,
Defendant-Intervenor.
Case No. 3:21-cv-00255-JMK
3:21-cv-00247-JMK
CONSOLIDATED
AMENDED REMEDY ORDER
WES HUMBYRD, et al.,
Plaintiffs,
v.
GINA RAIMONDO, in her official
capacity as Secretary of the U.S.
Department of Commerce, et al.,
Defendants.
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United Cook Inlet Drift Ass’n, et al. v. Nat’l Marine Fisheries Serv., et al.
Case Nos. 3:21-cv-00255-JMK, and 3:21-cv-00247-JMK CONSOLIDATED
Amended Remedy Order 	Page 2
I. 	BACKGROUND
On June 21, 2022, this Court granted UCIDA Plaintiffs’1 Motion for
Summary Judgment, denied Humbyrd Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment, and
granted in part and denied in part Federal Defendants’ Cross Motion for Summary
Judgment.2 The Court found that Amendment 14 to the Salmon FMP and its implementing
Final Rule were arbitrary and capricious and not in accordance with the law pursuant to
the Magnuson-Stevens Act and the APA.3 The Court vacated the Final Rule and remanded
this matter back to the agency for further proceedings consistent with the Court’s Order.4
Federal Defendants requested the opportunity to brief the appropriateness of
additional relief.5 The Court ordered the Parties to meet and confer and propose a remedy
briefing schedule.6 	UCIDA Plaintiffs filed their proposed remedy brief on September 6,
2022.7 Federal Defendants responded in opposition at Docket 72. Defendant-Intervenor
the State of Alaska also responded in opposition at Docket 73. 	UCIDA Plaintiffs filed a
reply at Docket 76. 	The Court originally issued its Remedy Order at Docket 77 on
November 28, 2022. 	The Court now issues this Amended Remedy Order to add a
requirement that the Parties collaborate during the remand, as discussed at the Status
Conference on May 4, 2023.
1 The Court uses the same defined terms as were used in its Order on Summary Judgment
at Docket 67.
2 Docket 67 at 53–54.
3 Id. at 17–42.
4 Id. at 54.
5 Docket 72 at 12 n.4.
6 Docket 67 at 54.
7 Docket 69.
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United Cook Inlet Drift Ass’n, et al. v. Nat’l Marine Fisheries Serv., et al.
Case Nos. 3:21-cv-00255-JMK, and 3:21-cv-00247-JMK CONSOLIDATED
Amended Remedy Order 	Page 3
II. 	DISCUSSION
A. 	The Parties’ Requested Relief
UCIDA Plaintiffs request additional relief in the form of (1) a declaratory
judgment stating that the Magnuson-Stevens Act requires NMFS to approve an FMP
amendment that (a) governs the entire Cook Inlet salmon “fishery” as defined by the
Magnuson-Stevens Act, (b) specifies the Magnuson-Stevens Act’s “key” requirements for
the content of an FMP, and (c) does not elevate state interests over federal interests; (2) an
order requiring NMFS to issue regulations implementing a new, lawful FMP amendment
by no later than June 1, 2023; (3) if NMFS fails to meet the June 1, 2023, deadline, an order
imposing interim relief for the 2023 fishing season; (4) an order requiring NMFS to
collaborate with UCIDA Plaintiffs and other stakeholders in preparing a new, lawful FMP
amendment; (5) an order requiring NMFS to submit periodic status reports on its progress
during the remand; and (6) an order retaining this Court’s jurisdiction over this matter
throughout the remand.8
Federal Defendants responded, arguing that, under the Magnuson-Stevens
Act, this Court lacks the authority to impose remedies beyond setting aside the Final Rule.9
Federal Defendants also argue that, even if the Court had the authority to issue additional
relief, 	(1) 	UCIDA 	Plaintiffs’ 	requested 	declaratory 	judgment 	is 	duplicative 	of 	the
Magnuson-Stevens Act and this Court’s Summary Judgment Order; (2) UCIDA Plaintiffs’
8 Id. at 4–5; Docket 69-1.
9 Docket 72 at 12–18.
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United Cook Inlet Drift Ass’n, et al. v. Nat’l Marine Fisheries Serv., et al.
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Amended Remedy Order 	Page 4
requested 	deadline 	of 	June 	2023 	is 	unrealistic; 	(3) 	UCIDA 	Plaintiffs’ 	requested
contingency plan is not sound fishery management; and (4) Plaintiffs’ remaining requests
are designed to interfere with agency processes during the remand.10 For its part, the State
of Alaska argues that the Court should “definitively state that . . . the FMP may only cover
the federal waters of the Cook Inlet.”11 	The State also argues that UCIDA Plaintiffs’
requested relief puts the Court in the “untenable position” of managing the Cook Inlet
fishery, the timeline proposed by UCIDA Plaintiffs is unreasonable, and the State cannot
be “forced” to manage the federal waters of the Cook Inlet.12 While the Court has reviewed
all arguments advanced in the parties’ remedy briefs, for the purposes of this Order, the
Court addresses only those arguments that are pertinent to the Court’s chosen remedy.
B. 	The Court’s Authority to Order Additional Relief
The Court first addresses the preliminary issue of the scope of its powers to
issue additional relief under the Magnuson-Stevens Act. 	16 U.S.C. § 1855(f)(1)(B)
provides that “the appropriate court shall only set aside any such regulation or action on a
ground specified in section 706(2)(A), (B), (C), or (D) of such title.” Federal Defendants
assert that this provision extinguishes the Court’s authority to order relief beyond vacatur.13
Federal Defendants cite no case law adopting this reading of § 1855(f)(1)(B).14 In fact, the
10 Id. at 18–30.
11 Docket 73 at 4.
12 Id. at 4–21.
13 Docket 72 at 14–18.
14 Federal Defendants’ citations to cases involving denials of requests for preliminary
injunctions under the Magnuson-Stevens Act are inapposite. 	See id. at 15 (citing Turtle Island
Restoration Network v. U.S. Dep’t of Com., 438 F.3d 937, 944 (9th Cir. 2006) and Wild Fish
Conservancy v. Thom, No. C20-417-RAJ-MLP, 2020 WL 8675751, at *7 (W.D. Wash. June 9,
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United Cook Inlet Drift Ass’n, et al. v. Nat’l Marine Fisheries Serv., et al.
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Amended Remedy Order 	Page 5
Ninth Circuit has clearly stated that § 1855(f)(1)(A) limits the type of relief available under
the Magnuson-Stevens Act, while § 1855(f)(1)(B) limits only the grounds for such relief.15
Furthermore, while applying the Magnuson-Stevens Act, courts in this circuit have issued
remedies in addition to vacatur.16 	Accordingly, the Court rejects Federal Defendants’
suggestion that it is powerless to issue remedies beyond vacating the Final Rule.
This Court is guided by familiar principles when considering its authority to
fashion a remedy after finding that an agency action violated the Magnuson-Stevens Act
and the APA. The Ninth Circuit has recognized that “[t]he district court has broad latitude
in fashioning equitable relief when necessary to remedy an established wrong.”17 Within
this framework, courts “may, at least in some circumstances, require specific actions from
an agency on remand.”18 	However, “there are limits to the courts’ power to control an
agency’s 	conduct 	on 	remand,” 	namely, 	“the 	substance 	and 	manner” 	of 	achieving
compliance with the applicable statute should be left to the agency.19
2020), report and recommendation adopted, No. C20-417-RAJ-MLP, 2021 WL 781074 (W.D.
Wash. Mar. 1, 2021)). It is plain that § 1855(f)(1)(A) precludes preliminary injunctive relief under
the Magnuson-Stevens Act. 	Here, UCIDA Plaintiffs are not requesting preliminary injunctive
relief. 15 Turtle Island Restoration Network, 438 F.3d at 944.
16 Oceana, Inc. v. Ross, 483 F. Supp. 3d 764, 788 (N.D. Cal. 2020) (vacating Catch Rule
and setting deadline for defendants to promulgate a new rule in compliance with the Magnuson-
Stevens Act and the APA); Nat’l Res. Def. Council v. Locke, No. C 01-0421 JL, 2010 WL
11545702, at *26–27 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 23, 2010) (vacating Specifications, ordering agency to apply
certain harvest levels for different species of fish, and ordering the agency to publish new
Specifications within one year of the issuance of the Order on Remedy).
17 Alaska Ctr. for the Env’t v. Browner, 20 F.3d 981, 986 (9th Cir. 1994).
18 Nat’l Wildlife Fed’n v. Nat’l Marine Fisheries Serv., 524 F.3d 917, 937 (9th Cir. 2008).
19 Id. (quoting Alaska Center for Environment, 20 F.3d at 986–87).
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United Cook Inlet Drift Ass’n, et al. v. Nat’l Marine Fisheries Serv., et al.
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Amended Remedy Order 	Page 6
C. 	Court’s Remedy Order
Having outlined the bounds of its power on remand, the Court next addresses
the remedies requested by UCIDA Plaintiffs. 	The Court will deny UCIDA Plaintiffs’
request for (1) a declaratory judgment; and (2) an order dictating a contingency plan for
the 2023 fishing season. 	First, the requested declaratory judgment is duplicative of this
Court’s Summary Judgment Order and the mandates of the Magnuson-Stevens Act. The
Court issued a detailed Order describing exactly how Amendment 14 and the Final Rule
violated the Magnuson-Stevens Act and the APA.20 The Court’s Order was clear that this
matter is “remanded to the agency for further proceedings consistent with this Order.”21
The Court will not issue a declaratory judgment that appears to elevate certain aspects of
the Court’s Order and the Magnuson-Stevens Act above others22—Amendment 14 and the
Final Rule violated the Magnuson-Stevens Act and the APA for all of the reasons
articulated in the Court’s Order and the Court expects that the new, lawful FMP amendment
will comply with all aspects of the Magnuson-Stevens Act and the APA. 	The Court
therefore declines UCIDA Plaintiffs’ offer to muddy the waters with a declaratory
judgment that rehashes issues already litigated and decided by this Court.23 	Second, the
20 Docket 67.
21 Id. at 54.
22 See Docket 69 at 4 (requesting a declaratory judgment that, in part, “specifies the
Magnuson Act’s key requirements for the content of an FMP” including MSY, OY, accountability
measures, and “any other applicable metrics for the fishery.”). 	16 U.S.C. § 1853 mandates the
contents of fishery management plans and an agency preparing an FMP must comply with its
requirements.
23 Regarding the definition of “fishery” under the Magnuson-Stevens Act, in its Summary
Judgment Order, Court found that NMFS’s decision to exclude the recreational salmon fishery in
the Cook Inlet EEZ Area from the Salmon FMP was arbitrary and capricious. Docket 67 at 17–
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United Cook Inlet Drift Ass’n, et al. v. Nat’l Marine Fisheries Serv., et al.
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Amended Remedy Order 	Page 7
Court declines UCIDA Plaintiffs’ request for a “contingency plan” in its Remedy Order.
UCIDA Plaintiffs request that the Court order two interim protections for the 2023 fishing
season: 	(1) that the fishery will be open for fishing periods on Mondays and Thursday
from 7:00 AM until 7:00 PM for commercial fishing on an inlet-wide basis, and (2) that
the fishery should be managed by NMFS and the state “in a good faith effort to meet the
requirement of the Magnuson Act.”24 	UCIDA Plaintiffs argue that the Court may
implement these interim protections either by ordering NMFS to issue an interim rule with
these interim protections before June 1, 2023, if NMFS does not issue a final rule by that
date, or by enjoining the State of Alaska to comply with these interim protections in its
management of the fishery during the 2023 fishing season.25 Whether framed as an order
to issue an interim rule or as injunctive relief, the Court finds that the requested relief wades
too far into the waters of encroaching upon the agency’s function and places the Court in
the position of managing the Cook Inlet fishery. First, 16 U.S.C. § 1855(c) empowers the
Secretary to promulgate “emergency regulations or interim measures necessary to address
[an] emergency or overfishing” when the Secretary finds that “an emergency exists or that
interim measures are needed to reduce overfishing.” 	It would be “improper to order
[NMFS] 	to 	exercise 	[its] 	discretionary 	power 	to 	adopt 	emergency 	regulations.”26
20. 	To the extent that UCIDA Plaintiffs seek an order regarding NMFS’s authority to manage
state waters, the Court expressly cabined its analysis to the federal waters of the Cook Inlet. Id. at
18 n.87. The Court will not revise or expand that analysis in this Remedy Order.
24 Docket 69 at 13–16.
25 Id. 69 at 16.
26 Pac. Dawn, LLC v. Bryson, No. C10-4829 TEH, 2012 WL 554950, at *3 (N.D. Cal.
Feb. 21, 2012).
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United Cook Inlet Drift Ass’n, et al. v. Nat’l Marine Fisheries Serv., et al.
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Amended Remedy Order 	Page 8
Additionally, requiring NMFS to promulgate an emergency or interim rule under this
provision without a conservation-related emergency would subvert the intent of this statute
and contravene NMFS policy guidance.27 Further, directly enjoining the State of Alaska
to manage the Cook Inlet fishery in a specific way amounts to “compensating for the
agency’s dereliction by undertaking [the Court’s] own inquiry” into the best way to manage
the fishery.28 Plaintiff’s requested injunctive relief involves, in essence, the Court dictating
the substance and manner of how the Cook Inlet fishery should be operated for the 2023
season.29 	This requested relief exceeds the bounds of the Court’s authority on remand.
The Court lacks the expertise and scientific information to evaluate whether UCIDA
Plaintiffs’ proposed interim measures further the goals of the Magnuson-Stevens Act. The
Court also has no means with which to receive information and adjust its interim measures
based on salmon run strength.30
The Court finds that a deadline for the completion of the remand is
appropriate here.31 	UCIDA Plaintiffs request a deadline of June 1, 2023, while Federal
Defendants suggest that a more realistic timeline is May 2024.32 	The history of this
27 See Docket 67 (noting that NMFS’s own analysis determined that ‘[o]verfishing is not
occurring for any Cook Inlet salmon stocks and none are in an overfished status”); see also Texas
v. Crabtree, 948 F. Supp. 2d 676, 679 (S.D. Tex. 2013) (describing NMFS policy Guidelines for
the Use of Emergency Rules); Docket 72-1 at 19.
28 See Asarco, Inc. v. U.S. Env’t Prot. Agency, 616 F.2d 1153, 1160 (9th Cir. 1980).
29 Alaska Ctr. for the Env’t v. Browner, 20 F.3d 981, 986 (9th Cir. 1994); Oceana, Inc. v.
Ross, 483 F. Supp. 3d 764, 788 (N.D. Cal. 2020) (“The Court declines Plaintiff’s invitation to
‘require’ the NMFS to ‘issue a new catch rule [that] ensure[s] . . . annual limits are adjusted
annually.’ . . . The Court will not dictate the substance of any new catch rule on remand.).
30 See Docket 72 at 22–24; Docket 76 at 13–14.
31 Nat’l Wildlife Fed’n v. Nat’l Marine Fisheries Serv., 524 F.3d 917, 937 (9th Cir. 2008).
32 Docket 69 at 10; Docket 72 at 22.
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United Cook Inlet Drift Ass’n, et al. v. Nat’l Marine Fisheries Serv., et al.
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litigation does not support the idea that a viable FMP amendment can be promulgated in
under a year, either through the Council process or via a Secretary amendment.33 	The
Court is persuaded that a deadline of May 1, 2024, is more realistic than a deadline of
June 1, 2023.
Lastly, the Court, in its discretion, concludes that imposing a collaboration
requirement is necessary at this stage of the remand. 	In its original Remedy Order, the
Court concluded that a collaboration requirement would, at best, duplicate processes
already proscribed by the Magnuson-Stevens Act or, at worst, elevate certain groups above
others in this process. However, the Court recognizes that the actions taken by the Federal
Defendants in the eleven months following the Court’s Order on the parties’ Cross-Motions
for Summary Judgment at Docket 67 are nearly identical to those taken to implement the
now-vacated Amendment 14. 	Given the history of this litigation and the progress of the
remand thus far, the Court concludes that stronger judicial intervention is necessary to
ensure that the same processes do not yield the same result. 	Although the Court cannot
mandate the substance and manner of the collaboration meetings, the Court finds it prudent
to order the parties to collaborate at this stage to attempt to avoid a perpetual cycle of
litigation in this matter.34
33 See Docket 69 at 10.
34 National Wildlife Federation v. National Marine Fisheries Service, 524 F.3d 917 (9th
Cir. 2008) (finding a collaboration requirement was justified in part “as a reasonable procedural
restriction given the history of the litigation” and holding “that, on this record, requiring
consultation with state and tribes constitutes a permissible procedural restriction rather than an
impermissible substantive restraint.”).
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United Cook Inlet Drift Ass’n, et al. v. Nat’l Marine Fisheries Serv., et al.
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Amended Remedy Order 	Page 10
III. 	CONCLUSION
While the Court is reluctant to see another fishing season pass under a
management regime that is not compliant with the Magnuson-Stevens Act, the Court’s
Remedy Order is designed to assure the creation of a new, lasting, lawful FMP amendment
without invading the province of the agency. The Court will closely monitor the progress
of the new FMP amendment on remand pursuant to the terms below. 	Accordingly, the
Court, having reviewed the parties’ remedy briefing, and being fully advised in the
premises, ORDERS as follows:
1. 	Deadline for completion of remand. 	NMFS shall issue regulations
implementing a new FMP amendment that is consistent with this Court’s Summary
Judgment Order and the previous orders in this litigation and complies with the Magnuson-
Stevens Act, the APA, and all other applicable laws by no later than May 1, 2024.
2. 	Periodic status reports. 	To ensure that NMFS is making tangible
progress in its preparation of a new, lawful FMP amendment, the Court finds that periodic
status reports are necessary and proper as follows:
a. 	NMFS shall submit periodic status reports to the Court every
45 days, beginning 45 days from the date of this Remedy Order. In these periodic
status reports NMFS shall discuss its progress in its preparation of a new FMP
amendment as well as any pertinent information relating to the management of the
Cook Inlet fishery for the 2023 fishing season.
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b. 	UCIDA Plaintiffs shall submit any response within seven days
of NMFS filing a report.
3. 	Collaboration. The Parties (including intervenor-defendant the State
of Alaska) are ordered to participate in two collaboration meetings on May 19, 2023, and
May 22, 2023. 	These meetings shall not be recorded or transcribed, but the Parties are
ordered to submit a Joint Status Report within fourteen days of the May 22, 2023, meeting
to provide the Court with a summary of the discussions during collaboration.
4. 	Status Conference. 	If it becomes apparent that Federal Defendants
are not acting as expeditiously as possible and do not appear to be on track to meet the May
2024 deadline ordered by this Court, the Court will consider whether interim measures are
appropriate. To that end, a status conference is set for December 7, 2023, at 10:00 AM in
Anchorage Courtroom 3. The Parties should be prepared to discuss any issues that have
arisen through the Parties’ status reports or responses.
5. 	Jurisdiction retained. The Court finds that it is necessary and proper
for it to retain jurisdiction over this case to ensure full and timely compliance with all
aspects of the remedy detailed above.
IT IS SO ORDERED this 15th day of May, 2023, at Anchorage, Alaska.
/s/ Joshua M. Kindred
JOSHUA M. KINDRED
United States District Judge
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