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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF ALASKA
DAVID B. K.,1
Plaintiff,
v.
KILOLO KIJAKAZI,
Acting Commissioner of Social Security,
Defendant. Case No. 4:20-cv-00035-TMB
DECISION AND ORDER
On or about July 9, 2018, David B. K. (“Plaintiff”) protectively filed an application
for disability insurance benefits (“SSDI”) under Title II of the Social Security Act (“the
Act”),2 	alleging 	disability 	beginning 	May 	1, 	2012.3 	Plaintiff 	has 	exhausted 	his
administrative remedies and filed a Complaint seeking relief from this Court.4 Plaintiff’s
1 Plaintiff’s name is partially redacted in compliance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
5.2(c)(2)(B) and the recommendation of the Committee on Court Administration and Case
Management of the Judicial Conference of the United States. See Memorandum, Committee
on Court Administration and Case Management of the Judicial Conference of the United States
(May 1, 2018), https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/18-cv-l-suggestion_cacm_0.pdf.
2 Title II of the Social Security Act provides benefits to disabled individuals who are insured by
virtue of working and paying Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) taxes for a certain
amount of time. Title XVI of the Social Security Act is a needs-based program funded by
general tax revenues designed to help disabled individuals who have low or no income. Plaintiff
brought claims under Title II. Although each program is governed by a separate set of
regulations, the regulations governing disability determinations are substantially the same for
both programs. Compare 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1501–1599 (governing disability determinations
under Title II) with 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.901–999d (governing disability determinations under Title
XVI). For convenience, the Court cites the regulations governing disability determinations under
both titles.
3 Administrative Record (“A.R.”) 15. The record appears to contain only the application
summary, not the application itself. The application summary lists July 25, 2018 as the
application date. A.R. 244.
4 Docket 1 (Plaintiff’s Compl.).
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opening brief asks the Court to enter judgment under Sentence Four of 42 U.S.C. §
405(g), reversing and remanding the agency’s final decision for further administrative
proceedings.5 The Commissioner filed an Answer and a brief in opposition to Plaintiff’s
opening brief.6 	Plaintiff filed a reply brief on June 29, 2021.7 	Oral argument was not
requested and was not necessary to the Court’s decision. On August 26, 2021, Defendant
Commissioner Saul was substituted by Acting Commissioner Kilolo Kijakazi pursuant to
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d).8 This Court has jurisdiction to hear an appeal from
a final decision of the Commissioner of Social Security.9 For the reasons set forth below,
Plaintiff’s request for relief is granted.
I. 	STANDARD OF REVIEW
A decision by the Commissioner to deny disability benefits will not be overturned
unless it is either not supported by substantial evidence or is based upon legal error.10
“Substantial evidence” has been defined by the United States Supreme Court as “such
relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a
conclusion.”11 Such evidence must be “more than a mere scintilla,” but may be “less than
5 Docket 23 (Plaintiff’s Br.) at 19.
6 Docket 15 (Answer); Docket 25 (Defendant’s Br.).
7 Docket 26 (Reply).
8 Docket Annotation (August 26, 2021).
9 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).
10 Matney ex rel. Matney v. Sullivan, 981 F.2d 1016, 1019 (9th Cir. 1992) (citing Gonzalez v.
Sullivan, 914 F.2d 1197, 1200 (9th Cir. 1990)).
11 Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971) (quoting Consol. Edison Co. of New York v.
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a preponderance.”12 	In reviewing the agency’s determination, the Court considers the
evidence in its entirety, weighing both the evidence that supports and that which detracts
from the administrative law judge (“ALJ”)’s conclusion.13 If the evidence is susceptible to
more than one rational interpretation, the ALJ’s conclusion must be upheld.14 A reviewing
court may only consider the reasons provided by the ALJ in the disability determination
and “may not affirm the ALJ on a ground upon which [s]he did not rely.”15 	An ALJ’s
decision will not be reversed if it is based on “harmless error,” meaning that the error “is
inconsequential to the ultimate nondisability determination, or that, despite the legal error,
the agency’s path may reasonably be discerned, even if the agency explains its decision
with less than ideal clarity.”16 Finally, the ALJ has a “special duty to fully and fairly develop
the record and to assure that the claimant’s interests are considered.”17 In particular, the
NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938)).
12 Richardson, 402 U.S. at 401; Sorenson v. Weinberger, 514 F.2d 1112, 1119 n.10 (9th Cir.
1975) (per curiam).
13 Jones v. Heckler, 760 F.2d 993, 995 (9th Cir. 1985).
14 Gallant v. Heckler, 753 F.2d 1450, 1453 (9th Cir. 1984) (citing Rhinehart v. Finch, 438 F.2d
920, 921 (9th Cir. 1971)).
15 Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1010 (9th Cir. 2014).
16 Brown-Hunter v. Colvin, 806 F.3d 487, 492 (9th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks and
citations omitted).
17 Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273,1288 (9th Cir. 1996) (quoting Brown v. Heckler, 713 F.2d 441,
443 (9th Cir. 1983)); see also Garcia v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 768 F.3d 925, 930 (9th Cir. 2014).
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Ninth Circuit has found that the ALJ’s duty to develop the record increases when the
claimant is unrepresented or is mentally ill and thus unable to protect his own interests.18
II. 	DETERMINING DISABILITY
The Social Security Act (“the Act”) provides for the payment of disability insurance
to individuals who have contributed to the Social Security program and who suffer from a
physical or mental disability.19 In addition, Supplemental Security Income (“SSI”) may be
available to individuals who do not have insured status under the Act but who are age 65
or older, blind, or disabled.20 Disability is defined in the Act as follows:
[I]nability to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any
medically 	determinable 	physical 	or 	mental 	impairment 	which 	can 	be
expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last
for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.21
The Act further provides:
An individual shall be determined to be under a disability only if his physical
or mental impairment or impairments are of such severity that he is not only
unable to do his previous work but cannot, considering his age, education,
and work experience, engage in any other kind of substantial gainful work
which exists in the national economy, regardless of whether such work
exists in the immediate area in which he lives, or whether a specific job
vacancy exists for him, or whether he would be hired if he applied for work.
For purposes of the preceding sentence (with respect to any individual),
“work which exists in the national economy” means work which exists in
significant numbers either in the region where such individual lives or in
several regions of the country.22
18 Tonapetyan v. Halter, 242 F.3d 1144, 1150 (9th Cir. 2001).
19 42 U.S.C. § 423(a).
20 42 U.S.C. § 1381a.
21 42 U.S.C. §§ 423(d)(1)(A), 1382c(a)(3)(A).
22 42 U.S.C. §§ 423(d)(2)(A), 1382c(a)(3)(B).
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The Commissioner has established a five-step process for determining disability
within the meaning of the Act.23 A claimant bears the burden of proof at steps one through
four in order to make a prima facie showing of disability.24 	If a claimant establishes a
prima facie case, the burden of proof then shifts to the agency at step five.25 	The
Commissioner can meet this burden in two ways: “(a) by the testimony of a vocational
expert, or (b) by reference to the Medical-Vocational Guidelines at 20 C.F.R. pt. 404,
subpt. P, app. 2.”26 The steps, and the ALJ’s findings in this case, are as follows:
Step 1. 	Determine whether the claimant is involved in “substantial gainful
activity.”27 The ALJ determined that Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial activity during
the period from the alleged onset date of May 1, 2012 through his date last insured of
December 31, 2017.28
Step 2. 	Determine whether the claimant has a medically severe impairment or
combination of impairments. A severe impairment significantly limits a claimant’s physical
or mental ability to do basic work activities and does not consider age, education, or work
23 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4), 416.920(a)(4).
24 Treichler v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 775 F.3d 1090, 1096 n.1 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting
Hoopai v. Astrue, 499 F.3d 1071, 1074–75 (9th Cir. 2007)); see also Tackett v. Apfel, 180 F.3d
1094, 1098 (9th Cir. 1999).
25 Treichler, 775 F.3d at 1096 n.1; Tackett, 180 F.3d at 1098 (emphasis in original).
26 Tackett, 180 F.3d at 1101.
27 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(i), 416.920(a)(4)(i).
28 A.R. 17.
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experience. 	The severe impairment or combination of impairments must satisfy the
twelve-month duration requirement.29 The ALJ determined that Plaintiff had the following
medically determinable impairments: history of depression, manic disorder, and alcohol
abuse. The ALJ determined that Plaintiff’s posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was not
medically determinable. 	The ALJ did not proceed beyond Step Two in her analysis,
finding, “[t]hrough the date last insured, the claimant did not have an impairment or
combination of impairments that significantly limited the ability to perform basic work
activities for 12 consecutive months; therefore, the claimant did not have a severe
impairment or combination of impairments.”30
The ALJ concluded that Plaintiff was not disabled within the meaning of the Social
Security Act at any time from May 1, 2012, the alleged onset date, through December 31,
2017, the date of the ALJ’s decision.31
III. 	PROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Plaintiff was born in 1972 and was 40 years old on the alleged onset date.32 He
reported last working as a bike mechanic from March 2010 to April 2012. In the past, he
reported working as a heavy duty mechanic.33 	On September 21, 2018, the Social
Security Administration (“SSA”) determined that Plaintiff was not disabled under the
29 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(ii), 416.920(a)(4)(ii).
30 A.R. 17–18.
31 A.R. 22.
32 A.R. 244.
33 A.R. 280.
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applicable 	rules.34 	On 	August 	19, 	2019, 	Plaintiff 	appeared 	and 	testified 	with
representation in a video hearing from Fairbanks, Alaska, before ALJ Cecilia LaCara in
Anchorage, Alaska.35 	The ALJ continued the hearing to allow Plaintiff’s attorney to
complete the medical record between the alleged onset date and date last insured.36 On
December 9, 2019, Plaintiff appeared and testified with representation again by video at
a continued hearing before ALJ Cecilia LaCara.37 On January 23, 2020, the ALJ issued
an unfavorable ruling.38 	On September 3, 2020, the Appeals Council denied Plaintiff’s
request for review.39 	On October 20, 2020, Plaintiff appealed the Commissioner’s final
decision to this Court.40
IV. 	DISCUSSION
Plaintiff is represented by counsel in this appeal. 	In his opening brief, Plaintiff
alleges that the ALJ’s decision to end the disability analysis at Step Two was “contrary to
law and not supported by substantial evidence.” Specifically, Plaintiff asserts: (1) the ALJ
erred by relying on the opinions of Dr. Moore and Dr. Lace; (2) the ALJ failed to conduct
a drug and alcohol materiality analysis under Social Security Ruling (SSR) 13-2p; (3) the
34 A.R. 90.
35 A.R. 70–81.
36 A.R. 15, 66, 78.
37 A.R. 39–47.
38 A.R. 12–22.
39 A.R. 1–5.
40 Docket 1.
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ALJ did not provide specific, clear, and convincing reasons for discounting Plaintiff’s
symptom testimony and failed to “even acknowledge Plaintiff’s stellar work history”; and
(4) the ALJ failed to consider the lay statements from Plaintiff’s mother and former
employer.41 The Commissioner contends: (1) the ALJ’s reliance on opinions from three
medical sources “amounted to substantial evidence supporting the ALJ’s finding at step
two”; (2) the ALJ was not required to conduct a drug and alcohol analysis because
“Plaintiff was not disabled even when considering the effects of his alcohol abuse”; (3)
the ALJ “did not arbitrarily discredit Plaintiff’s testimony, nor was the assessment
unreasonable”; and (4) the ALJ’s reasons for discounting Plaintiff’s testimony applied to
the lay statements and any error in failing to discuss the lay statements was harmless.42
The Court will address Plaintiff’s claims below.
A. The ALJ’s Step Two Analysis
At Step Two, a social security claimant bears the burden of showing through
medical evidence that he or she has a severe impairment.43 To be “severe,” a claimant’s
impairment or combination of impairments must “significantly limit[]” his or her “physical
or mental ability to do basic work activities.”44 An ALJ may find an impairment non-severe
41 Docket 23 at 11–19.
42 Docket 25 at 2–7.
43 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1512 & 416.912; see also, e.g., Edlund v. Massanari, 253 F.3d 1152, 1159–
60 (9th Cir. 2001) (“[O]nce a claimant has shown that he suffers from a medically determinable
impairment, he next has the burden of proving that these impairments or their symptoms affect
his ability to perform basic work activities.”).
44 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(c), 404.1522(a), 416.920(c) & 404.922(a).
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at Step Two “only if the evidence establishes a slight abnormality that has no more than
a minimal effect on an individual’s ability to work.”45 The Step Two analysis is “merely a
threshold determination meant to screen out weak claims.”46 	As such, errors cannot
prejudice a claimant at Step Two if the ALJ decides Step Two in his or her favor.47
In this case, the ALJ determined that because Plaintiff’s “medically determinable
mental impairments caused no more than ‘mild’ limitation[s] in any of the functional areas
[known as the ‘paragraph B’ criteria] and the evidence does not otherwise indicate that
there is more than a minimal limitation in [Plaintiff]’s ability to do basic work activities,
[Plaintiff’s impairments] were nonsevere.”48 	The ALJ did not proceed to Steps Three,
Four, or Five in her analysis.
B. Medical Opinions
Plaintiff applied for Title II benefits on or about July 9, 2018, so the new regulations
apply to his claim.49 	Under the new regulations, the definition of what constitutes a
medical opinion has narrowed, focusing on what the claimant can do despite his
45 Webb v. Barnhart, 433 F.3d 683, 686 (9th Cir. 2005) (emphasis in original) (quoting Smolen v.
Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1290 (9th Cir. 1996)).
46 Buck v. Berryhill, 869 F.3d 1040, 1048 (9th Cir. 2017); see also Webb, 433 F.3d at 687
(characterizing Step Two as “a de minimis screening device [used] to dispose of groundless
claims”).
47 Buck, 869 F.3d at 1049.
48 A.R. 22.
49 A.R. 15, 244.
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impairments and what work-related limitations are present.50 The new regulations define
a medical opinion as follows:
A medical opinion is a statement from a medical source about what you can
still do despite your impairment(s) and whether you have one or more
impairment-related limitations or restrictions in the following abilities:
(i) 	Your ability to perform physical demands of work activities, such as
sitting, standing, walking, lifting, carrying, pushing, pulling, or other
physical functions (including manipulative or postural functions, such
as reaching, handling, stooping, or crouching);
(ii) 	Your ability to perform mental demands of work activities, such as
understanding; 	remembering; 	maintaining 	concentration,
persistence, 	or 	pace; 	carrying 	out 	instructions; 	or 	responding
appropriately to supervision, co-workers, or work pressures in a work
setting;
(iii) 	Your ability to perform other demands of work, such as seeing,
hearing, or using other senses; and
(iv) 	Your 	ability 	to 	adapt 	to 	environmental 	conditions, 	such 	as
temperature or fumes.51
The new regulations provide that the ALJ no longer gives any particular weight to
a medical opinion based on its source, thereby eliminating the treating source rule.52
Instead, the ALJ considers the persuasiveness of a medical opinion based on five factors:
(1) supportability; (2) consistency; (3) relationship with the claimant, including length,
extent, and type of treatment; (4) specialization; and (5) other relevant factors that support
50 Compare 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527 with 20 C.F.R. § 404.1513(a)(2).
51 20 C.F.R. § 404.1513(a)(2).
52 Revisions to Rules Regarding the Evaluation of Medical Evidence, 82 Fed. Reg. 5844-01
(Jan. 18, 2017), available at 2017 WL 168819, at *5867–68; 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(a),
416.920c(a) (for claims filed on or after March 27, 2017).
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or contradict the medical opinion.53 	Supportability and consistency are considered the
most important factors for evaluating persuasiveness.54 Supportability and consistency
are explained as follows in the regulations:
(1) Supportability. 	The more relevant the objective medical evidence and
supporting explanations presented by a medical source are to support
his or her medical opinion(s) or prior administrative medical finding(s),
the more persuasive the medical opinions or prior administrative medical
finding(s) will be.
(2) Consistency. 	The 	more 	consistent 	a 	medical 	opinion(s) 	or 	prior
administrative medical finding(s) is with the evidence from other medical
sources and nonmedical sources in the claim, the more persuasive the
medical opinion(s) or prior administrative medical finding(s) will be.55
Generally, these are the only two factors the ALJ is required to address in her decision.56
However, when two or more medical opinions or prior administrative medical findings
“about the same issue are both equally well-supported . . . and consistent with the record
. . . but are not exactly the same,” the ALJ must explain how “the other most persuasive
factors” were considered.57
//
53 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(c).
54 The regulations state, “The factors of supportability . . . and consistency . . . are the most
important factors [the SSA] consider[s] when [the SSA] determine[s] how persuasive [the SSA]
find[s] a medical source’s medical opinions or prior administrative medical findings to be.” 20
C.F.R. § 404.1520c(b)(2) (for claims filed on or after March 27, 2017).
55 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(c)(1)-(2), 416.920c(c)(1)-(2).
56 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(b)(2), 416.920c(b)(2) (“[W]e will explain how we considered the
supportability and consistency factors for a medical source’s medical opinions or prior
administrative medical findings in your determination or decision.”).
57 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(b)(3), 416.920c(b)(3) (for claims filed on or after March 27, 2017).
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1. 	Margaret Moore, Ph.D.
Plaintiff asserts that testifying medical expert Margaret Moore’s opinion regarding
Plaintiff’s history of 	substance abuse was not 	supported by the 	record and 	was
contradicted by testifying medical expert Michael Lace’s opinion that Plaintiff’s substance
abuse during the relevant disability period was “fully remitted.”58 	The Commissioner
counters that the ALJ’s reliance on Dr. Moore’s medical opinion, in combination with Drs.
Lace’s and Anderson’s opinions, was sufficient to support the ALJ’s Step Two finding.59
At the first hearing on August 19, 2019, Margaret Moore, Ph.D., testified as the
mental health medical expert. She pointed out that the treatment notes during the period
between the alleged onset date of May 1, 2012 and the date last insured of December
31, 2017, were quite limited. 	She opined that despite the lack of records during the
relevant period, “in light of a fair amount of record that has occurred in the last year or
so,” a bipolar diagnosis was reasonable.60 	However, Dr. Moore also expressed “some
concern about the role of substance abuse” in relation to assessing the severity of
Plaintiff’s bipolar disorder. Dr. Moore then testified,
“Apparently [substance abuse] has been a problem for [Plaintiff] for a
long time. At one point or another, more or less, but that’s also familiar
with bipolar patients and, so it’s, it complicates any kind of speculation
that I might make, because if he’s . . . if he was . . . using substances —
meds, alcohol . . . more actively in that timeframe that no doubt is going
to interfere with his functioning. And I think we see in the subsequent
records, the more recent 2018 notes, that when he’s clean and sober
58 Docket 23 at 12.
59 Docket 25 at 2–3.
60 A.R. 60–62.
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he’s obviously functioning better. 	He’s taking medications that are
prescribed by mental health. So the substance abuse seems to be less
of a, a player.”61
The ALJ found Dr. Moore’s opinions to be persuasive because she reviewed the
entire 	longitudinal 	record, 	gave 	a 	reasonable 	explanation, 	was 	subject 	to 	cross-
examination, and had knowledge of the SSA disability program. 	Based on Dr. Moore’s
opinion, the ALJ concluded that the “[s]everity of [Plaintiff]’s bipolar disorder could not be
determined 	with 	any 	confidence 	based 	on 	the 	very 	minimal 	records 	during 	the
adjudicative period.”62 	The ALJ then determined that Plaintiff did not have a severe
impairment or combination of impairments and ended her inquiry at Step Two.63
However, Dr. Moore’s opinion does not express an actual functional opinion.64
And, as pointed out by Plaintiff, the ALJ’s reliance on Dr. Moore’s opinion to determine
Plaintiff’s bipolar disorder was non-severe, is not supported by the medical record. 	For
example, at a patient visit in May 2012, Plaintiff reported that he had not used alcohol
since May 2011.65 In January and December 2013, Plaintiff again reported rarely using
61 A.R. 63–64.
62 A.R. 19.
63 A.R. 18.
64 Ford v. Saul, 950 F.3d 1141, 1156 (9th Cir. 2020) (“Here, the ALJ found that Dr. Zipperman’s
descriptions of Ford’s ability to perform in the workplace as ‘limited’ or ‘fair’ were not useful
because they failed to specify Ford’s functional limits. Therefore, the ALJ could reasonably
conclude these characterizations were inadequate for determining RFC.”).
65 A.R. 700.
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alcohol and that he no longer had a desire to abuse alcohol.66 Although he testified to
using drugs after losing his job in 2012 or 2013, the effect of Plaintiff’s drug use on his
functioning during the relevant period is unclear. 	The ALJ did not inquire further at the
hearing and did not follow up on this issue.67 	In 2018 and 2019, medical providers
continued 	to 	assess 	Plaintiff 	with 	alcohol 	use 	disorder 	in 	remission 	and 	with
methamphetamine abuse in remission.68 At Plaintiff’s continued hearing on December 9,
2019, medical expert Michael Lace, Psy.D., testified that Plaintiff had “a history of what
appears to be fully remitted alcohol abuse.”69 	This opinion conflicts with Dr. Moore’s
substance use opinion. 	Moreover, as shown above, Dr. Moore testified that a bipolar
diagnosis was reasonable given the records post-dating Plaintiff’s date last insured.70 In
sum, the ALJ’s reliance on Dr. Moore’s opinion to determine that Plaintiff’s bipolar disorder
was not severe at Step Two was in error. This error was harmful because the ALJ did not
continue her sequential analysis of Plaintiff’s impairments beyond Step Two.71
2. 	Michael Lace, Psy.D.
Plaintiff asserts that Dr. Lace’s testimony that “Plaintiff’s mental impairments and
66 A.R. 707, 715.
67 A.R. 75.
68 A.R. 448, 478, 482, 487, 520, 526, 534, 560, 602, 636, 645, 661, 669, 791, 799, 808, 818,
826.
69 A.R. 35.
70 A.R. 62.
71 Brown-Hunter v. Colvin, 806 F.3d 487, 492 (9th Cir. 2015).
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related severe symptoms were not ongoing is inconsistent with [the] medical evidence.”72
The Commissioner counters that the ALJ reasonably found Dr. Lace’s opinion more
persuasive than Plaintiff’s testimony.73
Michael Lace, Psy.D., testified at Plaintiff’s second hearing regarding Plaintiff’s
mental impairments. 	He opined that the record during the adjudicatory period did not
support any severe mental impairments. Dr. Lace testified that the record showed Plaintiff
had been diagnosed with depressive disorder, alcohol abuse in remission, and manic
disorder versus a mood disorder. 	He noted Plaintiff’s mental examinations were within
normal limits, except for a somewhat labile mood and low-level depression. 	Dr. Lace
opined that Plaintiff did not have a severe impairment lasting more than 12 months.74
Under the new regulations, the ALJ must articulate how she considered the
supportability and consistency factors in addressing the persuasiveness of a medical
opinion.75 Here, the ALJ found Dr. Lace’s opinion persuasive “because Dr. Lace reviewed
the entire, longitudinal medical record, gave a reasonable explanation for [his] opinion,
was subject to cross-examination, and has knowledge of our disability program.” The ALJ
noted that although the record showed Plaintiff reported his job was in jeopardy due to
his unstable mood, Dr. Lace testified that it was a “self-report without any objective
evidence to corroborate the claim and the mental status examinations of record were
72 Docket 23 at 14.
73 Docket 25 at 5.
74 A.R. 35–37.
75 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(a)–(b).
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largely within normal limits.” The ALJ also pointed out that although treatment notes from
the relevant period showed Plaintiff was emotional and tearful, Dr. Lace testified that
“there [was] no evidence to support that these symptoms last 12 months or more.” Finally,
the ALJ reasoned that although the treatment notes showed a reference to Plaintiff losing
his job due to mood instability and an abnormal affect, pressured speech, a slightly
disorganized thought process, and mild anxiety, this was a “one-time decomposition”
according to Dr. Lace’s testimony.76
However, the ALJ did not address the inconsistencies between Dr. Lace’s opinions
and Dr. Moore’s opinions regarding Plaintiff’s substance use or the inconsistencies
between the two physicians’ opinions regarding the severity of Plaintiff’s bipolar disorder
during the disability determination period. And, although Dr. Lace opined that Plaintiff’s
reports of his work being negatively impacted by his unstable mood were not supported
by objective evidence and there was no evidence to support Plaintiff’s symptoms lasting
12 months or more, this opinion is not supported by the medical record. To the contrary,
the medical record shows that Plaintiff displayed symptoms associated with bipolar
disorder and depression in the few records from the relevant period.77 	Additionally, the
medical record shows that Plaintiff’s symptoms continued and worsened in the period
immediately following his date last insured. 	For example, in May 2018, Plaintiff was
hospitalized for one week at Fairbanks Memorial Hospital for aggressive behavior
76 A.R. 19–20.
77 A.R. 699–709, 715–16, 754–55 (progress note is dated December 30, 2013, but the note was
electronically signed by treating physician Ray Kelley, M.D., on August 29, 2018).
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associated with a manic episode of bipolar affective disorder.78 	He continued to seek
treatment for poorly managed bipolar disorder in 2018 and 2019.79 In sum, the ALJ did
not adequately evaluate the consistency and supportability of Dr. Lace’s medical opinion.
This error was harmful because it resulted in the ALJ ending the sequential disability
analysis at Step Two.
C. DAA Materiality Analysis
Plaintiff asserts that to the extent the ALJ relied on Dr. Moore’s substance use
opinion, the ALJ failed to conduct a drug and/or alcohol analysis pursuant to Social
Security Regulation (SSR) 13-2p.80 	The Commissioner alleges “no medical source
suggested that Plaintiff had any limitations arising from any of his medically determinable
impairments, including alcohol abuse” and therefore, the ALJ was not required to consider
a materiality analysis for “drug addiction and alcoholism” (DAA) under SSR 13-2p.81
Pursuant to SSR 13-2p, the Social Security Administration (SSA) will make a DAA
materiality determination only when the following requirements are met: (1) there is
medical evidence from an acceptable medical source establishing that a claimant has a
Substance Use Disorder, as defined in SSR 13-2p; (2) the SSA finds that the claimant is
disabled considering all impairments, including the DAA; and (3) if the claimant’s DAA is
78 A.R. 718–38.
79 A.R. 695–96, 757–58, 760–70, 772–808, 811–843.
80 Docket 23 at 12.
81 Docket 25 at 4.
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relevant to the period under consideration.82
The requirements of SSR 13-2p were not met in this case. In the medical record,
Plaintiff reported to providers that he was not abusing alcohol and after the date last
insured, Plaintiff’s providers repeatedly noted that Plaintiff’s substance abuse was in
remission.83 Although Plaintiff testified that he used drugs after losing his job in 2012 or
2013, the ALJ did not find Plaintiff disabled, with or without his DAA.84 Given the sparse
medical record and the ALJ’s determination that Plaintiff was not disabled at Step Two,
Plaintiff’s DAA was not established during the period under consideration. 	However,
because the Court is remanding on other grounds in this case, a DAA materiality analysis
may be appropriate in further proceedings.
D. Symptom Testimony
Plaintiff testified at hearings in August and December 2019. At the August 2019
hearing, Plaintiff testified that he lost his job at CH2M Hill for “[a]nger issues with foremen[
] and getting a DUI.” After a gap in employment, Plaintiff testified that he went to work at
a bicycle shop in Anchorage. He testified that he would have anxiety attacks trying to get
to work. After ending up curled in a ball on the side of a busy street in Anchorage, Plaintiff
sought out medical help sometime in 2012. He was prescribed Lamictal and took a week
82 Social Security Ruling (SSR) 13-2p, 2013 WL 621536, at *4. Although SSRs do not have the
same force and effect as statutes or regulations, they are binding on all components of the
Social Security Administration. See 20 C.F.R. 402.35(b)(1).
83 E.g., A.R. 448, 478, 482, 487, 520, 526, 534, 560, 563, 602, 636, 645, 661, 669, 700, 707,
715, 791, 799, 808, 818, 826. Plaintiff did testify that he used illicit drugs after losing his last
job, but there is no medical source statement establishing a Substance Use Disorder. A.R. 75.
84 A.R. 22.
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off work. 	He testified that when he went back to the bicycle shop, his boss fired him
because other employees and customers “couldn’t deal with the mood swings.” Plaintiff
testified that he was arrested a lot, once for throwing a rock through someone’s window,
but he could not recall the circumstances of other arrests. 	He reported staying with a
friend until he was kicked out, then living in a school bus in a storage yard until it was
sold, living in his tent, attempting suicide at a friend’s shop, and finally contacting his
parents. He testified that he asked people to help him get to the hospital, but he “didn’t
want to be told that there was something wrong with me” and “didn’t want to be put into
treatment and not get out of the doctor’s office and out in another jail type situation or [be]
put into a situation that I wasn’t able to leave.” 	He admitted to taking illicit drugs after
losing his last job.85
In December 2019, Plaintiff testified that he lost his job as a bicycle mechanic due
to his unstable mood, anxiety, manic and depressive episodes, and not showing up to
work on time because of those conditions. He testified that he did not listen very well to
authority figures and “just did what I wanted to do.” He testified that he could concentrate
and finish a project if left alone. Plaintiff also testified that he had been taking prescribed
medication and receiving mental health services since 2018 and that he had not had his
medication adjusted in the previous five to six months. He reported living with his mother
85 A.R. 70–76.
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and 	stepfather 	at 	the 	time 	of 	the 	hearing. 	Plaintiff 	did 	not 	feel 	he 	could 	live
independently.86
Plaintiff alleges that the ALJ failed to provide clear and convincing reasons for
discounting his subjective complaints. Specifically, he asserts that it was error for the ALJ
to discount Plaintiff’s symptom testimony due to a lack of treatment during the disability
period at issue. 	Plaintiff also argues that the ALJ failed to consider the lay statements
from Plaintiff’s mother and employer, “who explicitly corroborated his allegations.”87
Additionally, Plaintiff alleges that the ALJ should have addressed Plaintiff’s “stellar work
history.”88 	The Commissioner responds that substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s
evaluation of Plaintiff’s subjective testimony because she carefully considered the
evidence, including Plaintiff’s work history, the ALJ reasonably favored the contradictory
medical opinions of Drs. Lace and Moore over Plaintiff’s testimony, and the ALJ was not
required to consider the lay statements.89
An ALJ’s assessment of a claimant’s symptoms has two steps.90 	First, the ALJ
determines whether the claimant has presented “objective medical evidence of an
86 A.R. 39–45.
87 Docket 23 at 14–16.
88 Docket 23 at 17–19.
89 Docket 25 at 5–7. In a footnote, the Commissioner asserts that the “clear and convincing
reasons” standard is inconsistent with the deferential substantial evidence standard set forth in
2 U.S.C. § 405(g), but that the “ALJ’s reasoning here satisfied either standard.” Docket 25 at 4,
n.1.
90 Trevizo v. Berryhill, 871 F.3d 664, 678 (9th Cir. 2017).
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underlying impairment which could reasonably be expected to produce the pain or other
symptoms alleged.”91 In the first step, the claimant need not “show that [his] impairment
could reasonably be expected to cause the severity of the symptom [he] has alleged; [he]
need only show that it could reasonably have caused some degree of the symptom. Nor
must a claimant produce objective medical evidence of the pain or fatigue itself, or the
severity 	thereof.”92 	Here, 	the ALJ 	determined 	that 	Plaintiff’s 	impairments 	could
reasonably be expected to cause some of the alleged symptoms that Plaintiff described.93
Second, if the claimant has satisfied step one and the ALJ has determined that the
claimant is not malingering, the ALJ must provide “specific, clear and convincing reasons”
for rejecting the claimant’s testimony regarding the severity of the claimant’s symptoms.94
This standard is “the most demanding required in Social Security cases.”95 Here, the ALJ
found that Plaintiff’s statements concerning the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects
of these symptoms were inconsistent with the medical evidence and other evidence in
the record. The ALJ reasoned that a lack of treatment until May 2018, after the date last
91 Id. (quoting Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1014–15 (9th Cir. 2014)).
92 Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1014–15 (9th Cir. 2014) (internal citations and quotations
omitted).
93 A.R. 20.
94 Trevizo, 871 F.3d at 678.
95 Id.
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insured, suggested that Plaintiff’s impairments were not severe. 	As support, the ALJ
stated, “he was using illicit drugs, for which he apparently had money.”96
A longitudinal 	record 	demonstrating 	a 	claimant’s 	attempts 	to 	seek 	medical
treatment and attempts to follow up on the prescribed treatment lends support to a
claimant’s symptom testimony. 	Therefore, an ALJ may consider a claimant’s lack of
treatment if there are no good reasons for this failure. “However, the adjudicator must not
draw any inferences about an individual’s symptoms and their functional effects from a
failure 	to 	seek 	or 	pursue 	regular 	medical 	treatment 	without 	first 	considering 	any
explanations that the individual may provide, or other information in the case record, that
may explain infrequent or irregular medical visits or failure to seek medical treatment.”97
A failure to seek medical help due to a lack of funds is one such explanation.98
In this case, Plaintiff argues the ALJ failed to consider that Plaintiff was “homeless,
lacked finances, and did not have health insurance for the majority of the relevant time
period.”99 	As set forth above, Plaintiff testified to being fired from his last job for his
unstable mood, to experiencing homelessness for a portion of the relevant period, and to
not being able to afford his medication.100
96 A.R. 20.
97 SSR 96-7p, 1996 WL 374186, at *7–8.
98 Gamble v. Chater, 68 F.3d 319, 321 (“Disability benefits may not be denied because of the
claimant’s failure to obtain treatment he cannot obtain for lack of funds.”);
99 Docket 23 at 14.
100 A.R. 72, 74–75.
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While the ALJ considered Plaintiff’s lack of finances during the disability period,
she discounted Plaintiff’s symptom testimony because Plaintiff admitted to using illicit
drugs during the relevant period. She found that this drug use indicated that Plaintiff did
not lack funds.101 However, a single statement by Plaintiff that he used drugs does not
negate Plaintiff’s testimony that he did not seek treatment because he could not afford it.
And, although the Commissioner argues that Plaintiff also testified that he did not seek
treatment for reasons other than finances, stating that he “didn’t want to be told that there
was something wrong with me” and “didn’t want to be put into treatment and not get out
of the doctor’s office and out in another jail type situation or [be] put into a situation that I
wasn’t able to leave,” the ALJ did not provide this as a reason for discounting Plaintiff’s
testimony.102 	We are confined to reviewing the reasons the ALJ asserts.103 	Moreover,
Plaintiff’s additional reasons for failing to seek treatment are not necessarily contradictory
to being homeless, lacking insurance, and lacking finances. 	And, in the Ninth Circuit,
courts have particularly criticized the use of a lack of treatment to reject mental complaints
both 	because mental illness is 	notoriously 	underreported 	and 	because 	“‘it 	is 	a
questionable practice to chastise one with a mental impairment for the exercise of
101 A.R. 20, 75.
102 A.R. 74.
103 Brown-Hunter v. Colvin, 806 F.3d 487, 494 (9th Cir. 2015) (“As we have long held, we are
constrained to review the reasons the ALJ asserts.”) (quotations, citations, and emphasis
omitted).
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poor judgment in seeking rehabilitation.’ ” 104 	Thus, the fact that Plaintiff did not seek
treatment during a portion of the disability period is not a clear and convincing reason to
discredit Plaintiff’s symptom testimony in this case.105
Plaintiff also argues that the ALJ failed to consider Plaintiff’s “exemplary work
history” as part of the ALJ’s analysis of Plaintiff’s symptom testimony, pursuant to 20
C.F.R. § 404.1529(c)(3) and SSRs 96-8p and 16-3p.106 In the Ninth Circuit, a claimant’s
poor work history is a clear and convincing reason for discounting Plaintiff’s symptom
testimony.107 	However, recent district courts in the Ninth Circuit have rejected the
argument that an ALJ is required to specifically address as claimant’s “exemplary work
history.”108 In this case, the ALJ did not specifically discuss Plaintiff’s work history as part
of her symptom testimony analysis. This was harmless error. However, the ALJ’s stated
104 Regennitter v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 166 F.3d 1294, 1299–300 (9th Cir. 1999)
(internal quotations and citations omitted).
105 Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1284 (9th Cir. 1996).
106 Docket 23 at 18.
107 Thomas v. Barnhart, 278 F.3d 947, 959 (9th Cir. 2002) (“In addition to finding no objective
medical evidence evidence to support Ms. Thomas' descriptions of her pain and limitations,
the ALJ found that Ms. Thomas had an extremely poor work history and has shown little
propensity to work in her lifetime, which negatively affected her credibility regarding her inability
to work.”) (internal citations omitted).
108 Greer v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 2018 WL 5885942, *8 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 7, 2018) (“An ALJ is not
required to discuss the claimant's work history in determining credibility.”), citing Rocha v.
Comm'r of Soc. Sec., No. 15-1298, 2016 WL 7034739, at *16 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 1, 2016); see
also Smith v. Colvin, No. 11-3045, 2013 WL 1156497, at *7 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 19, 2013) (rejecting
claimant's argument that ALJ was required to consider good work history and noting lack of
authority “suggesting an ALJ is bound to make a certain credibility determination based on a
lengthy or ‘good’ work history”); Henderson v. Colvin, No. 14-870, 2015 WL 5768934, at *6 (C.D.
Cal. Sept. 30, 2015) (“Plaintiff's assertion that his fairly ‘consistent and continuous employment
for 32 years’ is necessarily probative of his credibility is equally unconvincing.”).
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reasons for rejecting Plaintiff’s symptom testimony failed to meet the clear and convincing
standard. 	Therefore, the ALJ did not offer specific, clear, and convincing reasons for
rejecting Plaintiff’s testimony regarding his mental impairments.
E. Lay Statements
Next, the ALJ did not consider the lay statements by Plaintiff’s mother and
employer, noting that she was not required to consider evidence from non-medical
sources to corroborate Plaintiff’s allegations.109 Plaintiff’s mother reported that Plaintiff’s
bipolar disorder caused Plaintiff to have extreme highs and lows in mood; at times only
wanting to sleep and at other times, experiencing withdrawal, anger, agitation, emotional
highs and lows, rapid talking, and loud talking. 	She reported that Plaintiff would
overspend and ignore debts depending on the highs and lows of his bipolar disorder. She
also reported that Plaintiff’s moods had stabilized now that he was taking medication.
She noted that he was better able to pay attention and finish what he started and he was
trying to re-establish a relationship with his own son.110 In a second third-party statement,
Plaintiff’s mother noted that although Plaintiff was on medication, “he still [had] the highs
and lows associated w[ith] Bipolar disorder.”111 Plaintiff’s former employer wrote a letter
on Plaintiff’s behalf. 	He described Plaintiff as a “talented [bike] mechanic” and that he
was great for a number of months, but Plaintiff became “difficult to work with and then just
109 A.R. 20–21.
110 A.R. 315–23.
111 A.R. 358.
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difficult to be around.” 	Plaintiff’s employer reported that Plaintiff’s moods became very
unpredictable and eventually he and the staff “couldn’t deal with [Plaintiff’s] mood swings
and attitude any longer.” Plaintiff’s employer reported that Plaintiff “bounced around a lot
as far as his living conditions, which was due to his unpredictable behavior.”112
As pointed out by Plaintiff, these statements are clearly not medical opinions, but
are relevant to the analysis of Plaintiff’s symptom testimony.113 Thus, the ALJ’s reliance
on 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(d) is misplaced. 	The regulations regarding the evaluation of
symptoms state, “[w]e will consider all of the evidence presented, including information
about your prior work record, your statements about your symptoms, evidence submitted
by your medical sources, and observations by our employees and other persons.”114 In
the Ninth Circuit, the ALJ must consider competent lay testimony, but the ALJ need only
provide reasons that are “germane to [the] witness.”115 The ALJ’s failure to consider the
lay statements of Plaintiff’s mother and employer was error. 	This error was harmful
because the ALJ ended her inquiry at Step Two in the disability analysis.116
//
//
112 A.R. 366.
113 Docket 23 at 15–16.
114 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529(c)(3).
115 Carmickle v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 533 F.3d 1155, 1164 (9th Cir. 2008).
116 Regennitter v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 166 F.3d 1294, 1299–300 (9th Cir. 1999)
(internal quotations and citations omitted).
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F. Scope of Remand
Plaintiff asks the Court to vacate the final agency decision and remand for further
administrative proceedings.117 	The “ordinary remand rule” applies to disability cases.
Under this rule, if “the reviewing court simply cannot evaluate the challenged agency
action 	on 	the 	basis 	of 	the 	record 	before 	it, 	the 	proper 	course, 	except 	in 	rare
circumstances, is to remand to the agency for additional investigation or explanation.”118
For 	the 	above 	reasons, 	the 	proper 	remedy 	is 	reversal 	and 	remand 	for 	further
administrative proceedings and the issuance of a new decision with appropriate findings
at each step of the sequential evaluation.
V. 	ORDER
The Court, having carefully reviewed the administrative record, finds that the ALJ’s
determinations are not free from legal error and are not supported by substantial evidence
in the record. Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiff’s request for relief at Docket 23
is GRANTED; the Commissioner’s motion at Docket 25 is DENIED; and this matter is
REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this order.
The Clerk of Court is directed to enter a final judgment accordingly.
DATED this 11th day of January, 2022 at Anchorage, Alaska.
/s/ Timothy M. Burgess
TIMOTHY M. BURGESS
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
117 Docket 24 at 24.
118 Treichler, 775 F.3d at 1099 (quoting Fla. Power & Light Co. v. Lorion, 470 U.S. 729, 744
(1985)).
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