Crossingham et al v. Baines et al

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT
DISTRICT OF NEW MEXICO
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06/10/06
Crossingham Trust, et al. v. Robert P. Baines, et al.
04-01123
Memorandum Opinion re: [32-1] Motion For Summary Judgment by Stacy L.
Crossingham, Crossingham Trust, Allan Crossingham, [26-1] Motion For Partial
Summary Judgment on Plaintiff's Complaint by Deann M. Baines, Robert P. Baines .
Received on: 2006-01-10 15:23:13.000
2006-01-10 00:00:00.000
2006-01-10 00:00:00.000
Patti Hennessy
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UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT
DISTRICT OF NEW MEXICO
In re: ROBERT P. BAINES and No. 7-03-17210 MS
DEANN M. BAINES,
Debtors.
____________________________________________________________________________
CROSSINGHAM TRUST,
Stacy Crossingham and
Allan Crossingham, Trustees,
Plaintiffs,
v. Adversary No. 04-1123 M
ROBERT P. BAINES and
DEANN M. BAINES,
Defendants.
YVETTE J. GONZALES,
Trustee,
Third-Party Plaintiff,
v.
CROSSINGHAM TRUST,
Stacy Crossingham and
Allan Crossingham, Trustees,
Third-Party Defendants.
MEMORANDUM
THIS MATTER is before the Court on cross motions for summary judgment. Defendants
Robert P. Baines and Deann M. Baines, by and through their attorneys of record, Freedman Boyd
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Daniels Hollander & Goldberg, P.A. (Joseph Goldberg), filed a Motion for Partial Summary Judgment
and memorandum in support thereof on March 25, 2005; Plaintiffs Crossingham Trust, Stacy
Crossingham and Allan Crossingham, Trustees, by and through their attorneys of record, Bingham,
Hurst, Apodaca & Wile, P.C. (Michael W. Wile), filed a Motion for Summary Judgment on March 27,
2005. Plaintiffs filed a response to Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, and Defendants filed a
reply to Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment. The Court heard oral argument on the cross
motions for summary judgment on July 20, 2005 and took the matter under advisement.
STANDARD
Summary judgment is governed by Rule 56, Fed.R.Civ.P., made applicable to bankruptcy
proceedings by Rule 7056, Fed.R.Bankr.P. Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no
genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Rule
56(e), Fed.R.Civ.P. Cross motions for summary judgment raise an inference that summary judgment
will be appropriate; however, the Court must nevertheless determine whether plaintiff or defendant
independently satisfies the requirements for summary judgment and whether there is a genuine issue of
material fact that would preclude summary judgment. In re Harris, 209 B.R. 990, 998 (10th Cir. BAP
1997) (citing Renfro v. City of Emporia, 948 F.2d 1529, 1534 (10th Cir. 1991) and SEC v.
American Commodity Exch., Inc., 546 F.2d 1361, 1365 (10th Cir. 1976)). “[A] party opposing a
properly supported motion for summary judgment may not rest on mere allegation or denials of his
pleading, but must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial” through
affidavits or other supporting evidence. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 256, 106
S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). In determining whether genuine issues of material fact preclude
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summary judgment, the Court will construe the evidence in the light most favorable to the party
opposing summary judgment. Jenkins v. Wood, 81 F.3d 988, 990 (10th Cir. 1996). In light of these
standards the Court will consider the cross motions for summary judgment.
BACKGROUND AND POSITIONS OF THE PARTIES
The Complaint seeks a determination of non-dischargeability of a particular debt pursuant to 11
U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A) (debt obtained by false pretenses, a false representation or fraud), or 11 U.S.C.
§ 523(a)(4) (debt for fraud or defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity) arising from a
construction contract between the Plaintiffs, as owners, and Defendant Robert Baines, as qualifying
party for his business, Building Unlimited by Baines, Inc. (“Building Unlimited”), to develop certain
commercial real property located in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Plaintiffs assert that certain funds paid to
Robert Baines pursuant to the contract were not used to pay subcontractor invoices, such that Plaintiffs
were either forced to pay the outstanding invoices themselves, or are subject to liens filed by the unpaid
subcontractors against the property, and that under existing bankruptcy law interpreting the New
Mexico statutes governing the licensing of general contractors, Robert Baines was acting in a fiduciary
capacity making such debt non-dischargeable under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4). See Allen v. Romero (In
re Romero), 535 F.2d 618 (10th Cir. 1976). Because Robert Baines admits that certain subcontractor
invoices for which he submitted payment applications to Plaintiffs and upon which he received payment
nevertheless remained outstanding, Plaintiffs assert that they are entitled to summary judgment on their
claim for non-dischargeability based on a defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity pursuant to 11
U.S.C. § 523(a)(4).
Defendants assert that changes to the New Mexico statute at issue subsequent to the Tenth
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Circuit’s decision in Allen v. Romero question the continuing vitality of Allen v. Romero to non-
dischargeability actions under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4) predicated on the New Mexico statute.
Defendants assert that summary judgment should be granted in their favor for the following reasons: 1)
Plaintiffs have failed to make any allegations of misrepresentation or fraud sufficient to sustain a cause of
action for non-dischargeability under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A); 2) Allen v. Romero is no longer
good law, such that Defendant Robert Baines was not acting in a fiduciary capacity which would give
rise to a claim for non-dischargeability of certain debt under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4); and 3) that
Defendant Deann Baines’ only connection to Baines Construction and Baines Limited was her position
as an officer and shareholder of Defendants’ corporation, and that absent any evidence of her
participation in the alleged fraud, Plaintiffs cannot sustain a non-dischargeability action against her.
UNDISPUTED FACTS
The following facts are undisputed:
1. Robert Baines and Deann Baines filed a voluntary petition under Chapter 13 of the
Bankruptcy Code on September 12, 2003.
2. The case was converted to Chapter 7 on February 18, 2004.
3. Stacy Crossingham and her husband, Allan Crossingham, are trustees of the Crossingham
Trust.
4. Building Unlimited is a New Mexico corporation organized for the purpose of doing
construction work. Building Unlimited holds a construction license. Robert Baines is the qualifying
party for the license issued by the New Mexico Construction Industries Division to Building Unlimited,
and served as the qualifying party for Building Unlimited during all times material to this action.
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(Complaint, ¶ 4; Answer ¶ 4).
5. Robert Baines is the 51% shareholder, and president of Building Unlimited. Deann Baines
holds the remaining 49% of the shares of Building Unlimited, and also serves as a corporate officer.
(Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment, Statement of Undisputed facts No. 19; Defendant’s
Memorandum in Support of Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (“Defendant’s Memorandum”)
Statement of Undisputed Material Facts, No. 2 and 3. Deposition of Robert P. Baines (Defendant’s
Exhibit 1) (statement of financial affairs).
6. The deposition of Robert P. Baines (“Baines Deposition”) includes the following question
and answer:
Q. Other than your wife and yourself, were there any other individuals that played a
significant role in managing that corporation [Building Unlimited]?
A. No.
Baines Deposition, p. 16, lines 4-7.
7. In July of 2002, Stacy Crossingham and Allan Crossingham, as trustees of the Crossingham
Trust entered into a construction contract with Building Unlimited for the construction of office condos
in Santa Fe, New Mexico (“Lot 3 Project”). Building Unlimited was the general contractor for the Lot
3 Project. (Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment, Statement of Undisputed Facts Nos. 33 - 38;
Defendant’s Memorandum, Statement of Undisputed Material Facts, No. 8).
8. The construction contract for the Lot 3 Project was a cost-plus contract, meaning that the
consideration to be paid to Building Unlimited was “the cost of work as defined in article 5 and a
contractors fee of 13% overhead and 7% profit.” Contract, Section 4.1 (Exhibit 2 to Baines
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1Exhibit 14 attached to Defendants’ Memorandum reflects a handwritten correction to reduce
the amount attributable to A & G Heating and Air Conditioning by $20.00, resulting in a discrepancy
between the amount typed on Exhibit 14 and the amount admitted in Defendants’ Memorandum,
Statement of Undisputed Material Facts. ($68,746.19 vs. $68,726.19). The Court does not find that
this $20.00 difference creates a genuine issue of material fact.
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Deposition; Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment, Statement of Undisputed Facts No. 39;
Defendants’ Memorandum, Statement of Undisputed Material Facts, No. 15).
9. Crossingham advanced $45,000.00 to Building Unlimited at the beginning of the Lot 3
Project. (Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment, Statement of Undisputed Facts No. 42;
Defendants’ Memorandum, Statement of Undisputed Material Facts, No. 13).
10. Building Unlimited submitted invoices (“Payment Applications”) to Crossingham Trust for
the charges of subcontractors and/or suppliers in connection with work performed on the Lot 3 Project.
11. The Payment Applications listed work performed by various subcontractors and amounts
due to various suppliers, and included amounts attributable to overhead and profit. (Baines Deposition,
attachments to Exhibit 2; Defendant’s Memorandum, Statement of Undisputed Facts No. 15).
12. After making adjustments to some of the requested amounts, Crossingham Trust paid
Building Unlimited for the first seven Payment Applications. (Defendants’ Memorandum, Statement of
Undisputed Material Facts, ¶ 17).
13. As of August 18, 2003, Building Unlimited had not paid $68,746.191 of the amounts due
to subcontractors for work reported and included in Payment Applications #1 - #7, and for which
Building Unlimited received payment from Crossingham Trust. (Defendants’ Memorandum, Statement
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of Undisputed Material Facts, ¶¶17, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, and 37 and Exhibit 14 to Defendants’
Memorandum; Plaintiffs’ Memorandum, Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ¶ 55, 56, and Exhibit
2, p. 18).
DISCUSSION
A. Fraud under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)
Debts that arise as a result of fraud are not dischargeable in bankruptcy pursuant to 11 U.S.C.
§ 523(a)(2). That section provides, in relevant part:
A discharge under section 727, 1141, 1228(a), 1228(b), or 1328(b) of this title does
not discharge an individual debtor from any debt --
(2) for money, property, services, or an extension, renewal, or refinancing of
credit, to the extent obtained by --
(A) false pretenses, a false representation, or actual fraud, other than a
statement respecting the debtor’s or an insider’s financial condition.
11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A).
To prevail on a cause of action under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A), the creditor must prove, by a
preponderance of evidence, the following elements: “The debtor made a false representation; the
debtor made the representation with the intent to deceive the creditor; the creditor relied on the
representation; the creditor's reliance was reasonable [justifiable]; and the debtor's representation
caused the creditor to sustain a loss.” Fowler Bros v. Young (In re Young), 91 F.3d 1367, 1373 (10th
Cir. 1995); Field v. Mans, 516 U.S. 59, 74-75, 116 S.Ct. 437, 133 L.Ed.2d 351 (1995) (establishing
“justifiable” standard for creditor’s reliance upon creditor’s false representation); Grogan v. Garner,
498 U.S. 279, 285-287, 111 S.Ct. 654, 659, 112 L.Ed.2d 755 (1991) (establishing preponderance
of evidence standard for dischargeability actions).
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2A party can meet its burden of proving that summary judgment is appropriate by showing “that
there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,
477 U.S. 317, 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). A request for summary judgment based
on a lack of supporting evidence is similar to a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim pursuant to
Rule 12(b)(6), Fed.R.Civ.P., made applicable to bankruptcy proceedings by Rule 7012,
Fed.R.Bankr.P. In reviewing a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, the Court must accept all
allegations of the Complaint as if they were true, and consider those allegations in the light most
favorable to the non-moving party. In re Ivenux, Inc., 298 B.R. 442, 445 (Bankr.D.Colo. 2003)
(quoting County of Santa Fe, N.M. v. Public Service Co. of New Mexico, 311 F.3d 1031, 1034
(10th Cir.2002) (quoting Sutton v. Utah State Sch. for the Deaf & Blind, 173 F.3d 1226, 1236
(10th Cir.1999)).
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Intent to deceive is a question of fact which can be inferred based on the totality of
circumstances. Young, 91 F.3d at 1375 (“[T]he debtor's intent to deceive the creditor in making false
representations to the creditor, ‘may be inferred from the 'totality of the circumstances.’” (quoting
Schwalbe v. Gans (In re Gans), 75 B.R. 474, 486 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y. 1987) (quoting Eastern Food
Serv., Inc. v. Leger (In re Leger), 34 B.R. 873, 878 (Bankr.D.Mass.1983) (internal quotations
omitted)). “Since a promisor does not usually admit fraudulent intent, the plaintiff must prove
circumstances substantial enough to support an inference that there was intent to defraud.” In re
Abraham, 247 B.R. 479, 483 (Bankr.D.Kan. 2000) (citation omitted).
Defendants assert that Plaintiffs have failed to make allegations that Robert Baines or Deann
Baines made any fraudulent misrepresentations, such that summary judgment should be granted in favor
of Defendants on Plaintiffs’ claim for non-dischargeability under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A).2 The
Complaint alleges that Defendants submitted invoices to Plaintiffs for the charges of various
subcontractors and suppliers, that Plaintiffs paid Defendants according to those invoices, and that
Defendants converted the funds received to their own use. Plaintiffs allege that the resulting debt is a
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3Cf. Allen v. Romero, 535 F.2d at 622 (finding that the elements to establish fraud were met
by the fact that “the money advanced by Allen was to be used to pay for all work, labor and materials
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debt for money obtained by false pretenses, a false representation, or actual fraud. Plaintiffs’ Response
to Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment argues that each Payment Application represents
an implied representation that subcontractor and supplier costs have been incurred, and that the
absence of a supplier or subcontractor on a subsequent Payment Application is an implied
representation that the costs from the prior Payment Application have been paid. Plaintiffs contend that
Defendants’ subsequent submission of Payment Applications on the Lot 3 Project at a time when
itemized costs on prior Payment Applications remained unpaid despite having received payment on the
Payment Application from Plaintiffs evidences an implied fraudulent representation rendering the
resulting debt non-dischargeable under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A). Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary
Judgment details in the statement of undisputed facts the sequence of Payment Applications submitted
by Defendants, the payments Plaintiffs made based on those Payment Applications, and the supplier
and subcontractor invoices that remained outstanding after Plaintiffs paid Defendants.
From these allegations, and the undisputed facts, it is possible to infer that all of the elements
required for a claim of non-dischargeability under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A) have been met and that
Defendants submitted the invoices to Plaintiffs with the requisite intent to defraud: Defendants made a
false representation to Plaintiffs that suppliers and contractors had been paid, Plaintiffs justifiably relied
on such representation and continued to pay Defendants based on the submitted Payment Applications,
and were harmed when funds which should have been used to pay subcontractors and suppliers were
not used to pay such expenses.3 Similarly, although allegations in the Complaint are not very specific
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and that at the time the advances were made all materialmen, laborers and subcontractors were not
paid; that Romero knew these representations were false when made inasmuch as he subsequently
admitted that there were numerous unpaid bills on the Allen four-plexes; that the representations were
made for the sole purpose of obtaining additional funds from Allen; and that Allan advanced money to
Romero on the representations that the funds advanced were being used to pay materialmen, laborers
and subcontractors on the Allen four-plexes.”)
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with regard to Plaintiffs’ claim for non-dischargeability under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A), based on the
allegations that Plaintiffs paid Defendants in accordance with the invoices Defendants submitted and that
the money received was converted to Defendants’ own use, Plaintiff has stated a cause action under 11
U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A).
However, neither these allegations, nor the undisputed facts are sufficient to grant summary
judgment in favor of Plaintiffs on their claim for non-dischargeability under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A).
The issue of fraudulent intent, central to a claim for non-dischargeability under 11 U.S.C. §
523(a)(2)(A) is a material issue which is not easily subject to adjudication by summary judgment. In re
Redden, 234 B.R. 49, 51 (Bankr.D.Del. 1999) (citations omitted). Summary judgment will not,
therefore, be granted in favor of either party on the claim for non-dischargeability under 11 U.S.C. §
523(a)(2)(A).
B. Fiduciary Duty under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4)
Debts “for fraud or defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity, embezzlement, or larceny”
are non-dischargeable debts. 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4). Plaintiffs contend that Defendant Robert Baines
committed a defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity by failing to use funds paid to Defendant
under the terms of a construction contract for their intended purpose of paying the expenses and costs
associated with the Lot 3 Project. To prevail on a claim for non-dischargeability under 11 U.S.C. §
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523(a)(4) based on a defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity, the plaintiff must satisfy the
following two requirements: “(1) the existence of a fiduciary relationship between the debtor and the
objecting party, and (2) a defalcation committed by the debtor in the course of that fiduciary
relationship.” Antlers Roof-Truss and Builders Supply v. Storie (In re Storie), 216 B.R. 283, 286
(10th Cir. BAP 1997) (citing Young, 91 F.3d at 1371). Whether there is a fiduciary relationship
between the creditor and the debtor is a threshold question. Id.; In re Neal, 324 B.R. 365, 370
(Bankr.W.D.Okla. 2005) (citation omitted).
The fiduciary duty contemplated by 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4) is very narrow. See Holaday v.
Seay (In re Seay), 215 B.R. 780, 786 (10th Cir. BAP 1997) (noting that the Tenth Circuit in Young
interpreted the phrase “fiduciary capacity” narrowly.); Neal, 324 B.R. at 370 (“The Tenth Circuit has
taken a very narrow view of the concept of fiduciary duty under this section.”). Whether a fiduciary
duty within the meaning of 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4) exists is a question of federal law, but state law is
relevant to the determination of whether a trust relationship exists. Storie, 216 B.R. at 370; Young, 91
F.3d at 1371. Fiduciary duty within the meaning of 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4) is present only when there
is an express or technical trust. See Allen v. Romero, 535 F.2d at 621 (“[T]he exception under §
17(a)(4) [the predecessor under the former Bankruptcy Act to § 523(a)(4)] applies only to technical
trusts and not those which the law implies from a contract.”) (citation omitted). "Neither a general
fiduciary duty of confidence, trust, loyalty, and good faith, nor an inequality between the parties'
knowledge or bargaining power, is sufficient to establish a fiduciary relationship for purposes of
dischargeability." Young, 91 F.3d at 1372 (citations omitted). Further, the trust cannot arise as a result
of the wrongdoing. Allen v. Romero, 535 F.2d at 621 (“[T]he fiduciary relationship must be shown to
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exist prior to the creation of the debt in controversy.”) (citing Davis v. Aetna Acceptance Co., 293
U.S. 328, 55 S.Ct. 151, 79 L.Ed. 393 (1934)). “Trusts imposed by state statutes are technical trusts,
which may lead to the existence of a fiduciary relationship.” Neal, 324 B.R. at 370. See also, In re
Woods, 284 B.R. 282, 288 (noting that “[a] technical trust may arise as a result of defined obligations
imposed upon the debtor by state or federal statute.”) (citing Allen v. Romero, 535 F.2d at 622).
In Allen v. Romero, the Tenth Circuit examined the New Mexico statute governing licensed
contractors, and found that the New Mexico statute “clearly imposes a fiduciary duty upon contractors
who have been advanced money pursuant to construction contracts.” 535 F.2d at 621. The Tenth
Circuit reached this result by concluding that the fiduciary duty was imposed by law, since the obligation
not to divert funds was imposed by statute. Id. at 622. Thus the New Mexico statute constituted a
technical trust that imposed a fiduciary duty upon the debtor-contractor within the meaning of §
17(a)(4) of the Bankruptcy Act. Since Allen v. Romero was decided, courts within the Tenth Circuit
have relied on Allen v. Romero in concluding that state statutes which impose a fiduciary duty upon the
debtor constitute technical trusts within the meaning of 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4). See, e.g., In re Neal,
324 B.R. 365 (Bankr.W.D.Okla. 2005) (finding that Oklahoma construction trust fund statutes
imposed fiduciary duty within the meaning of § 523(a)(4), but that actions of the debtor-contractor did
not fall within the scope of the fiduciary duty imposed by the statute); Prudential-Bache Securities,
Inc. v. Sawyer (In re Sawyer), 112 B.R. 386 (D.Colo. 1990) (concluding that Colorado Commodity
Exchange Act created a technical trust); In re Specialized Installers, Inc., 12 B.R. 546 (Bankr.Colo.
1981) (finding that Colorado trust lien statute created an express trust). At the time Allen v. Romero
was decided, the New Mexico statute at issue provided that a contractor’s license could be revoked or
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suspended on the following grounds:
G. diversion of funds or property received for prosecution or completion of a specific
contract, or for a specified purpose in the prosecution or completion of any contract,
obligation or purpose.
N.M.S.A. 1953 § 67-35-26(G) (1967).
This subsection of the statute was subsequently amended, and now provides as follows:
F. conversion of funds or property received for prosecution or completion of a specific
contract or for a specified purpose in the prosecution or completion of any contract,
obligation or purpose, as determined by a court of competent jurisdiction.
N.M.S.A. 1978 § 60-13-23(F) (Repl. Pamp. 1997).
Defendants assert that the change in the language of the statute from “diversion” to “conversion” and the
additional language “as determined by a court of competent jurisdiction” abrogates the conclusion in
Allen v. Romero that the New Mexico statute imposes a fiduciary duty within the meaning of the non-
dischargeability statute. This Court disagrees.
As pointed out by Plaintiffs in their Response to Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary
Judgment, “statutes should not be construed to alter common law principles absent an explicit statement
of legislative intent to do so.” In re Valente, 360 F.3d 256, 261 (1st Cir. 2004) (citing Shaw v.
R.R.Co., 101 U.S. 557, 565, 25 L.Ed. 892 (1879)). The New Mexico statute at issue changed the
word “diversion” to “conversion . . . as determined by a court of competent jurisdiction.” “Conversion”
under New Mexico law is generally defined as “the unlawful exercise of dominion and control over
personal property belonging to another in exclusion or defiance of the owner's rights, or acts
constituting an unauthorized and injurious use of another's property, or a wrongful detention after
demand has been made.” Nosker v. Trinity Land Co., 107 N.M. 333, 337-338, 757 P.2d 803,
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807-808 (Ct.App. 1988)(citations omitted). As defined in Black’s Law Dictionary, there are several
types of conversion, including the following:
Direct conversion. The act of appropriating the property of another to one’s own
benefit, or to the benefit of another. A direct conversion is per se unlawful, and the
traditional requirements of demand and refusal of the property do not apply.
Constructive conversion. Conversion consisting of an action that in law amounts to the
appropriation of property. Constructive conversion could be, for example, an
appropriation that was initially lawful.
Fraudulent conversion. Conversion that is committed by the use of fraud, either in
obtaining the property or withholding it.
Black’s Law Dictionary, pp. 333-334 (Bryan A. Garner, ed. 7th ed. 1999).
These definitions suggest that conversion may or may not have a wrongful intent requirement. As
recognized by the Ninth Circuit in In re Peklar, 260 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 2001) in considering
whether the bankruptcy court correctly determined that a conversion did not constitute a willful and
malicious injury as required under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6), a conversion can be negligent or merely
“innocent or technical.” See also, In re McKnew, 270 B.R. 593, 638-639 (Bankr.E.D.Va. 2001)
(noting that cases considering whether conversion meets the requirements for non-dischargeability
under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6) “have focused on the distinction as to whether the conversion was an
intentional one or merely a reckless or negligent conversion of property . . . the key in conversion cases
is to . . . determine whether the conversion is in the nature of an intentional tort or whether the
conversion is the result of a negligent or reckless tort--but not willful or malicious.”) (citations omitted).
In interpreting the meaning of the word “conversion” within the context of the New Mexico
statute, the Court finds that none of the traditional definitions of conversion fit neatly within the overall
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scheme of the Construction Industries Licensing Act (the “Act”), N.M.S.A. 1978 §§ 60-13-1 thru 60-
13-59 (Repl. Pamp. 1997), or more specifically, the remainder of the language contained in § 60-13-
23(F) which is directed specifically at “funds or property received for prosecution or completion of a
specific contract or for a specified purpose in the prosecution or completion of any contract, obligation
or purpose. . .” N.M.S.A. 1978 § 60-13-23(F). The purpose of the Act is the same now as it was
when Allen v. Romero was decided. It provides “a comprehensive method for the licensing and
control of contractors in order to protect the public from either irresponsible or incompetent
contractors.” Peck v. Ives, 84 N.M. 62, 63, 499 P.2d 684, 685 (1972); Roth v. Thompson, 113
N.M. 331, 332-333, 825 P.2d 1241, 1242-1243 (1992) (noting that the purpose of the Act is to
protect the public by ensuring a “‘healthy, ordered market in which consumers may contract with
competent, reliable construction contractors who have passed the scrutiny of a licensing division.’”)
(quoting Mascarenas v. Jaramillo, 111 N.M. 410, 413, 806 P.2d 59, 62 (1991)). See also,
N.M.S.A. 1978 § 60-13-1.1 (Repl. Pamp. 1997) (“The purpose of the Construction Industries
Licensing Act [this article] is to promote the general welfare of the people of New Mexico by providing
for the protection of life and property by adopting and enforcing codes and standards for construction .
. .”).
The words contained in the New Mexico statute when Allen v. Romero was decided did not
include specific language identifying a trust res, a trustee, and a beneficiary, yet the Tenth Circuit
nevertheless found that the statute clearly imposed a fiduciary duty upon contractors as required for a
determination of non-dischargeability based on fraud or defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity.
The language, as changed, still does not contain express trust language, but the intended purpose of the
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statute nevertheless remains the same. The Court, therefore, finds that the legislature did not intend to
abrogate the holding of Allen v. Romero when it changed the language of the statute. Allen v. Romero
remains controlling law within this Circuit, and still applies to the New Mexico statute at issue. The
Court concludes that N.M.S.A. 1978 § 60-13-23(F) (Repl. Pamp. 1997) creates a technical trust
within the meaning of 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4), and that for purposes of the New Mexico statute,
“conversion,” like “diversion,” means the failure by the contractor who is entrusted with funds to be
used for a specific project to use the funds for their intended purpose.
Defendants assert that the current New Mexico statute as amended is similar to the Utah statute
at issue in Neal v. Dickey (In re Neal), 3 B.R. 330 (Bankr.D.Utah 1980). In Neal v. Dickey, the
Utah Bankruptcy Court found that the Utah statute at issue did not impose fiduciary duties within the
meaning of 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4). Id. at 334. A close examination of the language in the Utah statute
indicates that the Utah statute is different from the New Mexico statute in one significant respect. The
Utah statute requires a “‘willful and deliberate diversion of funds.’” Id. (quoting Utah Code Ann. § 58-
23-14). Thus, the Utah statute includes a specific intent to harm requirement that is not present in the
New Mexico statute. As discussed above, “conversion” may or may not be the result of a specific
intent to harm, but in any event, the Court finds that the use of the word “conversion” in place of the
word “diversion” does not substantively change the meaning or intended purpose of N.M.S.A. 1978 §
63-13-23(F) (Repl. Pamp. 1997). In addition, even if the change in the statute from “diversion” to
“conversion” somehow altered the nature of the fiduciary duty, the change does not alter the fact that
the New Mexico statute imposes a fiduciary relationship on contractors who receive funds intended for
a specific purpose. Cf. In re Regan, 326 B.R. 175, 179 (D.Colo. 2005) (concluding not that the
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statute did not create a fiduciary duty, but rather that the statute did not apply because “the time for
filing and perfecting the same [lien] ha[d] passed . . . and, thus, the fiduciary relationship existent during
the perfection period expired.”).
Defendants argue that because the Lot 3 Project was a commercial building project, as
opposed to a residential project, they should not be held to the heightened level of protection afforded
to small residential developments as is indicated by and provided in the Stop Notice Act. See
N.M.S.A. 1978 § 48-2A-1 through § 48-2A-12 (Repl. Pamp. 1995) (“[T]he purpose of the Stop
Notice Act is to: provide for timely payment by an original contractor to persons contracted with to
furnish labor or materials incorporated or to be incorporated in residential construction . . .” N.M.S.A.
1978 § 48-2A-2 (Repl. Pamp. 1995)). This argument fails to acknowledge that the statute at issue
applies to all contractors, not just contractors who work on residential projects.
Having established that Allen v. Romero applies to the current New Mexico statute and that
the applicable New Mexico statute imposes a fiduciary duty within the meaning of 11 U.S.C. §
523(a)(4) as a matter of law, the Court will next examine whether the undisputed facts establish that
Defendants committed a defalcation in breach of their fiduciary duty sufficient to conclude that the debt
at issue is non-dischargeable under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4). Defalcation within the meaning of 11
U.S.C. § 523(a)(4) is defined as:
a fiduciary-debtor’s failure to account for funds that have been entrusted to it due to any breach
of fiduciary duty, whether intentional, willful, reckless, or negligent. Furthermore, the fiduciary-
debtor is charged with knowledge of the law and its duties.
Storie, 216 B.R. at 288.
Thus, for a defalcation to occur, the debtor-fiduciary need not have willfully intended the harm. Id. at
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287 (discussing Judge Learned Hand’s decision in Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co. v. Herbst, 93
F.2d 510 (2nd Cir. 1937) and stating that “it is generally recognized . . . that ‘defalcation’ applies to
conduct that does not reach the level of fraud, embezzlement, misappropriation or larceny . . .”)
(collecting cases).
In this case Defendant Robert Baines admits that $68,726.19 of the debt attributable to
suppliers and/or subcontractors listed in Payment Applications #5, #6, and #7 for which Crossingham
Trust paid Building Unlimited remained outstanding, but asserts that additional Payment Applications for
work performed in connection with the Lot 3 Project were submitted to Crossingham Trust for which
Building Unlimited did not get paid, and that the Crossingham Trust owed Building Unlimited additional
monies for work on a related project for which Building Unlimited did not get paid. Defendant Robert
Baines asserts that Plaintiffs prevented him from paying the subcontractors because Plaintiffs refused to
pay additional amounts due to Building Unlimited, which he would have used to pay the outstanding
contractor invoices. This argument lends support to the position that Defendant Robert Baines’ failure
to pay subcontractors for work performed was not the result of any fraudulent intent, but it fails to
deflect the object of a claim for breach of fiduciary duty based on a technical trust: namely, a failure to
account.
Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment fails to assert that all funds that Building Unlimited
received from the Crossingham Trust, including the initial downpayment of $45,000.00 and the
payments received for Payment Applications #1 - #7 were used to pay costs and expenses associated
with the Lot 3 Project. Deposition testimony of Robert Baines states that the funds were used to pay
overhead costs associated with the “overall project”, but no evidence has been presented to show how
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4The Court finds the reasoning in Neal makes a distinction that has no difference in application.
If, under Neal, a debtor must account to show that he has complied with his fiduciary duties, it follows
that if he has failed to account, he has, by definition, failed to comply with his fiduciary duties so that a
failure to account necessitates a finding that there was a breach of fiduciary duty.
19
the funds received for Payment Applications #1- #7 were used. Because the existence of a fiduciary
duty gives rise to liability for a failure to account, the burden is upon the Defendants to show that all
funds entrusted to him have been applied to their intended purpose, in this case, the Lot 3 Project. See
Storie, 216 B.R. at 288 n.3 (agreeing with the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Otto v. Niles (In re Niles),
106 F.3d 1456, 1460-1462 (9th Cir. 1997) determining that the debtor bears the burden of rendering
an accounting upon a showing of a fiduciary relationship between the parties); Klenda v. Hogue (In re
Hogue), 221 B.R. 786, 794 (Bankr.N.D.Okla. 1998) (once plaintiff has shown that the defendant is a
fiduciary within the meaning of § 523(a)(4) and that the defendant has not paid the creditor funds
entrusted to him, the burden shifts to the debtor to render an accounting of the funds entrusted to him in
order to show compliance with fiduciary duties) (quoting Young, 91 F.3d at 1371). But see Neal, 324
B.R. at 371 (refusing to read Storie so broadly as to conclude that a defalcation under § 523(a)(4)
occurs any time a fiduciary fails to account for all funds entrusted, but rather, that a defalcation occurs
when the failure to account is the result of a breach of fiduciary duty).4 Defendant has failed to make
this showing. And because Defendant does not dispute that $68,726.19 attributable to Payment
Applications for the Lot 3 Project for which he received payment remained outstanding, he has not
raised an issue of genuine material fact that would prevent the entry of summary judgment in favor of
Plaintiffs on their claim for non-dischargeability of debt under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4).
Plaintiffs assert that they are entitled to damages in the amount of $59,776.77. This figure is
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based on the amounts Plaintiffs’ have paid to subcontractors and suppliers that were listed in Payment
Applications 1 - 7 in addition to the amounts Plaintiffs paid to Defendants on those Payment
Applications. The figure also includes $23,318.15 attributable to two claims of lien recorded against
the property by subcontractors and suppliers that Plaintiffs have not yet paid. In Allen v. Romero,
the Tenth Circuit affirmed the bankruptcy court’s award of damages representing the difference
between the contract price the parties agreed to and the actual cost of completing the project incurred
as a result of the debtor’s fraud while acting in a fiduciary capacity. Allen v. Romero, 535 F.2d at 622
n.3. Also included in the damages figure were costs attributable to the loss on the sale of the property
and attorneys’ fees incurred as a result of litigation over the purchaser’s termination of a contract to
purchase the completed project. Id. at 622-623. Here, Plaintiffs have offered sufficient evidence that
they have expended $36,458.62 as a result of Defendants’ failure to pay the sub-contractors and
suppliers listed on Payment Application # 1-7, and face claims of lien in the combined amount of
$23,318.15 attributable to two other sub-contractors. Thus the Plaintiffs have sufficiently offered
evidence of damages in the total amount of $59,776.77, and summary judgment will be entered in favor
of Plaintiffs for this amount. As part of this adversary proceeding, Defendants filed a counterclaim
against Plaintiffs for prima facie tort which the Court has declined to hear. See Order Dismissing
Counterclaim for Prima Facie Tort Against Crossingham Trust, Stacy Crossingham, and Allan
Crossingham, Trustees, Without Prejudice (Docket # 43). Any amount determined non-dischargeable
in this adversary proceeding is subject to offset by any judgment amount Defendants may obtain against
Plaintiffs in connection with their claim for prima facie tort.
Finally, although the contract was between Plaintiffs and the Defendants’ corporation, Building
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Unlimited, Robert Baines can nevertheless be held personally liable. It is undisputed that Robert Baines
was the qualifying party for the contractor’s license issued to Building Unlimited. Under New Mexico
law, “[a] qualifying party who is issued a certificate of qualification is an individual who submits to be
examined and who is responsible for the licensee’s compliance with the Act.” State v. Jenkins, 108
N.M. 669, 670, 777 P.2d 908, 909 (N.M. App. 1989) (citing N.M.S.A. 1978 § 60-13-2(E), (F)).
Bankruptcy courts have also imposed personal liability under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4) on individuals
whose corporations were the technical fiduciary. See, e.g., Woodworking Enterprises, Inc. v. Baird
(In re Baird), 114 B.R. 198, 205 (9th Cir. BAP 1990) (finding that corporate officers could not avoid
the application of § 523(a)(4) by substituting the corporation as the fiduciary); Sun Life Insurance Co.
of America v. Koszuth (In re Koszuth), 43 B.R. 104, 108 (Bankr.N.D.Fla. 1984) (“When a
corporation as an entity is placed in a fiduciary capacity it is the corporate officer who is charged with
performing the fiduciary duties . . . . [i]f the fiduciary relationship is not imposed on the corporate officer
charged with maintaining the fiduciary relationship, then § 523(a)(4) could be rendered meaningless . .
.”). Because Defendant Robert Baines is the qualifying party for Building Unlimited, he is charged with
carrying out the fiduciary duties imposed by N.M.S.A. 1978 § 63-13-23(F) (Repl. Pamp. 1997), and
as majority shareholder and president of Building Unlimited, it is appropriate to impose personal liability
on Defendant Robert Baines in accordance with 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4).
C. Liability of Deann Baines
Defendants assert that summary judgment should be granted in favor of Defendant Deann
Baines because Plaintiffs have not alleged any direct wrongdoing on the part of Deann Baines. With
regard to Plaintiffs’ claim for non-dischargeability under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4), the Court agrees that
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summary judgment in favor of Defendant Deann Baines is appropriate. Plaintiffs assert that Deann
Baines, because of her connection to Building Unlimited, also served in a fiduciary capacity. But Deann
Baines is not the qualifying party for the contractor’s license issued to Building Unlimited. The statute
upon which Plaintiffs rely to create a technical trust and a consequent fiduciary duty within the meaning
of 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4) applies to the “licensee or qualifying party of the licensee.” N.M.S.A. 1978
§ 60-13-23(A) (Repl. Pam. 1997). It is undisputed that Building Unlimited is the licensee and
Defendant Robert Baines is the qualifying party for the licensee. Because Defendant Deann Baines is
neither the licensee nor the qualifying party, Defendant Deann Baines is not a fiduciary under the New
Mexico statute. N.M.S.A. 1978 § 60-13-23(A) (Repl. Pamp. 1997) (“if the licensee or qualifying
party . . .”) (emphasis added). Defendant Deann Baines is, therefore, entitled to judgment as a matter
of law on Plaintiffs’ claim for non-dischargeability against Defendant Deann Baines pursuant to 11
U.S.C. § 523(a)(4).
Defendants assert that summary judgment should also be granted in favor of Defendant Deann
Baines on Plaintiffs’ claim for non-dischargeability under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A) because Defendant
Deann Baines’ only connection to Building Unlimited is her position as shareholder and officer.
Defendants argue that because it is undisputed that Defendant Deann Baines was not involved in the
negotiation of the contract for the Lot 3 Project and did not participate in the planning or execution of
the construction on the Lot 3 Project, Plaintiffs cannot sustain a cause of action for non-dischargeability
based on fraud under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A) as a matter of law.
It is correct that generally “a corporate officer or shareholder, by virtue of that status alone is
not liable for the acts or debts of the corporation . . . . even when the officer controls the operations of
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the corporation or is the sole shareholder of the corporation.” In re Tinkler, 311 B.R. 869, 874-875
(Bankr.D.Colo. 2004). And while it is undisputed that Defendant Deann Baines was both a
shareholder and officer of Building Unlimited, Plaintiffs have not alleged that Defendant Deann Baines
actively participated in the fraud Plaintiffs allege was committed by Defendant Robert Baines.
However, fraud pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A) can be imputed between spouses based on
agency principals when there is evidence that the “innocent” spouse was involved in a business
relationship with the “wrongdoing” spouse that gave rise to the debt. See In re Tsurukawa, 287 B.R.
515, 527 (9th Cir. BAP 2002) (“In order to impute fraud to a spouse, there must be a ‘partnership or
other agency relationship.’”) (quoting In re Tsurukawa, 258 B.R. 192, 198 (9th Cir. BAP 2002); In re
Banke, 275 B.R. 317, 329 (Bankr.N.D.Iowa 2002) (“If a husband and wife are partners in a
business, separate from the marital relationship, both may be held responsible for the fraudulent acts of
one of them.”) (citing Spence v. Tatum, 960 F.2d 65, 66 (8th Cir.1992) and Sunkyong Int'l, Inc. v.
Anderson Land & Livestock Co., 828 F.2d 1245, 1249 (8th Cir.1987)); First USA, Inc. v. Savage
(In re Savage), 176 B.R. 614, 615-616 (Bankr.M.D.Fla. 1994) (noting that courts have imputed
fraud from one spouse to another based on agency principles where the spouses were involved in some
sort of business or partnership relationship in addition to their marital relationship) (citing In re Luce,
960 F.2d 1277 (5th Cir. 1992) (per curiam), In re Paolino, 75 B.R. 641 (Bankr.E.D.Pa. 1987), and
In re Walker, 726 F.2d 452 (8th Cir. 1984)). “Where there are no facts showing individual culpability
on the part of an "innocent" spouse, fraud can still be imputed under partnership or agency principles if
that spouse is also a business partner of the fraudulent spouse.” Tsurukawa, 287 B.R. at 527
(paraphrasing In re Luce), 960 F.2d at 1284 n.10).
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5See Walker v. Citizens State Bank (In re Walker), 726 F.2d 452, 454 (8th Cir. 1984) (per
curiam) (having found an agency relationship between spouses, denial of discharge is justified only when
there is sufficient evidence that the principal knew or should have known of the fraud, or was recklessly
indifferent to the acts of his agent) (citation omitted); Taylor Freezer Sales of Arizona, Inc. v.
Oliphant (In re Oliphant), 221 B.R. 506, 509-511 (denying defendant’s motion to dismiss non-
24
The undisputed facts now before the Court are insufficient to grant summary judgment on this
issue to either of the parties as a matter of law. Plaintiffs reference the following deposition testimony as
evidence that Defendant Deann Baines actively participated in the management and operations of
Building Unlimited:
Q. Other than your wife and yourself, were there any other individuals that played a significant
role in managing that corporation [Building Unlimited]?
A. No.
Deposition of Robert Baines (See Undisputed Fact No. 6, supra).
This question and answer is the only evidence Plaintiffs have submitted in support of their Motion for
Summary Judgment to show that the debt should be non-dischargeable as to Defendant Deanne Baines
under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A). Because this question contains a compound subject (“your wife and
yourself”) with no clarification to the answer, the Court cannot find that this undisputed fact establishes
as a matter of law that Defendant Deann Baines participated in Building Unlimited sufficiently to make
her a principal for purposes of imputing fraud to her based on agency theories. Nor has there been a
sufficient showing for purposes of summary judgment that Defendant Deann Baines knew or should
have known of the wrongdoing and benefitted from it, which evidence might serve as additional support
for finding Defendant Deann Baines liable for the alleged fraud committed by Defendant Robert
Baines.5
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dischargeability action based on fraud where plaintiff alleged that “innocent” spouse “knew or should
have known that the money was fraudulently received,” reasoning that knowledge on the part of the
innocent spouse and benefit to the community may be sufficient to infer that “one spouse shared in the
other spouse's fraudulent conduct and had the requisite intent him or herself.”); In re Vasile, 297 B.R.
893, 902 (Bankr.M.D.Fla. 2003) (refusing to impute fraudulent intent of one spouse to the other absent
evidence that the spouse to whom intent is sought to be imputed was aware of the spouse's misconduct
and participated in the use or enjoyment of the ill-gotten gains.) (citing Synod of S. Atlantic
Presbyterian Church v. Magpusao (In re Magpusao), 265 B.R. 492, 498 (Bankr.M.D.Fla. 2001)).
25
Similarly, Defendant Deann Baines has not submitted an affidavit in support of summary
judgment stating that she did not participate in the day to day activities of the business. Defendant
Robert Baines submitted an affidavit stating that although his wife, Deann Baines, is an officer of
Building Unlimited, she was not involved in the execution of the contract with Plaintiffs nor did she
participate in the performance of the contract nor in the activities or events of which Plaintiffs complain.
(See Exhibit 10 to Defendants’ Memorandum). The affidavit of Robert Baines is inconclusive to
determine whether Defendant Deann Baines participated in the day to day business activities of Building
Unlimited when considered in light of the deposition testimony relied upon by Plaintiffs. Thus, the Court
cannot find as a matter of law that there was no agency relationship between Defendant Robert Baines
and Defendant Deann Baines that would preclude a determination of non-dischargeability under 11
U.S.C. § 523(a)(20(A). Material questions of fact as to Defendant Deann Baines’ role in Building
Unlimited prevent the entry of summary judgment in favor of either party on Plaintiffs’ claim for non-
dischargeability of debt against Defendant Deann Baines under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A).
Based on the foregoing, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs are entitled to summary judgment on
their claim for non-dischargeability of debt against Defendant Robert Baines based on defalcation while
acting in a fiduciary capacity in accordance with 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4). Defendant Deann Baines is
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entitled to summary judgment on the claim for non-dischargeability based on 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4),
but questions of material fact preclude summary judgment as to Plaintiffs’ claim for non-dischargeability
under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A) against both Defendants. This Memorandum constitutes the Court’s
findings of fact anc conclusions of law entered in accordance with Rule 7052, Fed.R.Bankr.P. A
judgment will be entered accordingly.
_______________________________________
MARK B. McFEELEY
United States Bankruptcy Judge
I hereby certify that a true and correct copy of the foregoing was either electronically
transmitted, faxed, delivered, or mailed to the listed counsel and parties, on the date file-stamped
above.
Michael W. Wile Joseph Goldberg
Attorney for Plaintiffs Attorney for Defendants
3908 Carlisle Blvd. NE PO Box 25326
Albuquerque, NM 87107 Albuquerque, NM 87125
________________________________
Patti G. Hennessy
Law Clerk
(505) 348-2545
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