COOP DE CONSUMIDORES DEL NOROESTE

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IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO
IN RE: : CASE NO. 09-08645
:
COOP DE CONSUMIDORES DEL :
NOROESTE : CHAPTER 7
:
Debtor :
____________________________________:
OPINION AND ORDER
This case is before the court upon the request by Trafon Group, Inc., formerly known as
Encinal, Inc. d/b/a Starmeat (hereafter referred to as “Trafon” or “Creditor”) for payment of amounts
owed, claiming to be the beneficiary of a statutory trust under the Packers and Stockyards Act of
1921, as amended (“PASA”). The Chapter 7 Trustee (hereinafter referred to as “Trustee”) opposed
the request and filed a motion for summary judgment alleging that Trafon failed to comply with
certain requirements that must be concurrently satisfied under the PASA provisions, 7 U.S.C. §196,
mainly; (i) Trafon is not a livestock and/or live poultry cash seller in conformity with 7 U.S.C.
§196(b) and §197(d); and (ii) Trafon failed to preserve its statutory trust due to its lack of notification
to the Debtor and to the Secretary of the United States Department of Agriculture within the
mandatory time frame (within the thirty day period of the final date established for making payment
to the cash seller of livestock) in conformity with 7 U.S.C. §§196(b) and 197(d), and 9 C.F.R.
§203.15 (Docket No. 295). Trafon filed its opposition to the Trustee’s motion for summary judgment
arguing the following: (i) whether Trafon sold “livestock” as defined under PASA to Debtor is a
genuine issue of material fact that precludes the granting of Trustee’s motion for summary judgment;
(ii) Trafon preserved its trust under 7 U.S.C. §228(b), given that this section, “...allows for the parties
to effect payment in another manner so long as the parties expressly agree in writing;” (iii) “[i]n the
case at hand, the parties agreed that the seller retains a trust claim over the commodities sold until full
payment is received. All the invoices at issue specifically stated: ‘[t]he seller of these commodities
retains a trust claim over these commodities, all inventories of food or other products derived from
these commodities and any receivables or proceeds from the sales of these commodities and any
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receivables or proceeds from the sales of these commodities until full payment is received;” and (iv)
“[c]onsidering that it was stipulated on the invoices that the seller retains a trust claim over the
commodities sold ‘until full payment is received,’ such provision constitutes an agreement to make
payment in another manner. In the present case, the thirty days of the final date for making payment
began when the Debtor filed Bankruptcy and Trafon was put on notice that they will not receive
payment.” (Docket No. 329). The Trustee filed his reply to Trafon’s opposition to the motion for
summary judgment (Docket Nos. 332 & 341). For the reasons set forth below the Trustee’s motion
for summary judgment is hereby granted.
Facts and Procedural Background
Cooperativa de Consumidores del Noroeste filed a bankruptcy petition under Chapter 7 of the
Bankruptcy Code on October 9, 2009. The Debtor included Trafon (Star Meat Inc.) in Schedule F
(Creditors Holding Unsecured Nonpriority Claims) as an unsecured creditor in the amount of
$46,505.80. The Debtor included in line item number four (4) of its Statement of Financial Affairs
a lawsuit for collection of money in the state court of Aguadilla (Case No. A1CI2009-00872) in which
Trafon Group Corp. H/N/C Starmeat is the plaintiff. On October 19, 2009, the Trustee filed a Notice
of Assets and Request for Claims Bar Date informing that there are assets in this case which are
expected to result in a dividend to creditors, and requested the Clerk of the Court to set and notice a
bar date for filing claims (Docket No. 6). On October 27, 2009, the Clerk of the Court gave notice
to creditors informing that assets have been recovered by the Trustee and that creditors must file a
proof of claim by January 25, 2010 (Docket No. 11). The 341 meeting of creditors was scheduled for
November 4, 2009 and was continued and held on December 1, 2009. The Trustee requested that the
case be held open for potential asset recovery (Docket Nos. 4, 23 & 42). On January 29, 2010, Trafon
filed proof of claim #126-1 for an unsecured claim in the amount of $46,456.12 which was incurred
from March 27, 2009 to May 13, 2009.
On October 25, 2010, Trafon filed a motion requesting the Trustee to pay the invoices owed.
Trafon alleges that it is a PASA trust beneficiary based on the following: (i) that during the period
of March 27, 2009 through May 12, 2009 it supplied livestock, livestock products, poultry and poultry
products to the Debtor; (ii) on January 29, 2010, Trafon filed a proof of claim in the amount of
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$46,456.12 for unpaid invoices of which it claims $41,776.33 is protected by PASA, and as a
beneficiary of the PASA statutory trust, it has priority over creditors and over lenders to which
packers have given a security interest in packer’s inventory and receivables subject to such trust; and
(iii) Safeway Stores, Inc. v. Freeman, 369 F. 2d. 952 (D.C. Cir. 1966), recognized that retail stores
such as the one debtor operated where meat and meat products are processed for sale are considered
“packers” within the meaning of PASA (Docket No. 212).
The Chapter 7 Trustee (hereinafter referred to as “Trustee”) filed on October 26, 2010 his
opposition to Trafon’s Motion Requesting Order Instructing the Trustee to Pay PASA Trust
Beneficiary presenting the following arguments: (i) the proof of claim filed by Trafon (claim #126-1)
specified that it was an unsecured creditor and it failed to specify that it was protected by the PASA
trust; (ii) Trafon is commencing a proceeding pursuant to Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7001(1), (2) and (9), thus
these actions must be initiated by an adversary proceeding; (iii) Debtor is not a “packer” as defined
by 7 U.S.C. §191 , and thus Trafon does not have a valid PASA trust claim; (iv) Safeway Stores, Inc.1
v. Freeman, 369 F. 2d. 952, is distinguishable from the instant case due to the specifics of the
operations and processing activities of the Safeway supermarket chains; (v) Trafon fails to describe
the actual activity Debtor engaged in which is within the scope of PASA; and (vi) the products Trafon
sold to Debtor were already processed when they arrived at Debtor’s stores as evidenced by the
invoices (Docket No. 216).
On November 22, 2010, Trafon filed its reply to the Trustee’s opposition to its motion
requesting an Order instructing the Trustee to pay it as a PASA trust beneficiary, arguing the
following: (i) that pursuant to the case of In re Frosty Morn Meat, Inc., 7 B.R. 988 (Bankr. M.D.
Tenn. 1980) an adversary proceeding is not required to adjudicate whether Trafon’s claim is protected
by a PASA trust; (ii) the Trustee’s emphasis on the case of D &W Food Centers, Inc. v. Block, 786
Section 201 of PASA provides, “[w]hen used in this Act [7 USCS §§181 et seq.] the term	1
“packer” means any person engaged in the business (a) of buying livestock in commerce for
purposes of slaughter, or (b) manufacturing or preparing meats or meat food products for sale or
shipment in commerce, or (c) of marketing meats, meat food products, or livestock products in an
unmanufactured form acting as a wholesale broker, dealer, or distributor in commerce.” 7 U.S.C.
§191.
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F. 2d 751 (6 Cir. 1986) is misguided because that decision was rendered based on the particular factsth
of that case which are different from the facts in the instant case; (iii) the nature of the Debtor’s
operation is important to determine whether it is a “packer” under PASA, thus an evidentiary hearing
may be necessary for the court to adjudicate whether Debtor is a packer under the PASA provisions;
and (iv) Debtor “...engages in the processing of products beyond ‘those needed to prepare them for
display’” (Docket No. 216, paragraph #32) since Debtor cuts and repackages the meat and meat
products it receives from Trafon (as shown in the photographs enclosed as Exhibits 1-8 in Docket
No. 230) into smaller portions for re-sale to third parties (Docket No. 230).
On December 1, 2010, the Trustee filed a motion for leave to file sur-reply and extension of
time due to the following: (i) the transactions that give rise to this claim originated when the Debtor
was under its original administration which was subsequently substituted by Corporación Pública
para la Supervisión y Seguro de las Cooperativas de Puerto Rico (“COSSEC”) in June 2009; and (ii)
the Trustee will request the dismissal of this action because the original administrator and COSSEC
are not part of this proceeding as required by Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 12 & 19 (Docket No. 235). On
December 2, 2010, this court granted the Trustee’s request for a thirty (30) day extension to file his
sur-reply to Trafon’s reply to the Trustee’s opposition (Docket No. 239). On December 30, 2010, the
Trustee filed its sur-reply arguing the following: (i) an adversary proceeding should be initiated
pursuant to Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7001(1), (2) and (9) to obtain a declaratory judgment on the validity of
Trafon’s claim regarding the legal existence of the alleged PASA trust; (ii) the factual and legal
circumstances in In re Frosty Morn Meat, Inc., 7 B.R. 988 differ significantly from the present case,
given that; (a) the adversary proceeding in the case of reference was brought forth as a class action;
(b) both parties had stipulated facts and briefs of law regarding the statutory trust and specific
amounts for claims under 7 U.S.C. §196; and (c) a trust had already been established; (iii) Trafon fails
to describe the actual activity that would place Debtor within the scope of PASA; (iv) Debtor clarifies
that no “manufacturing or preparing of meat or meat product” was ever carried out within its market
facilities; (v) contrary to what Trafon has stated in their reply, Trustee does not admit that Debtor was
engaged in “some processing of the products” (Docket No. 216, paragraph 32). The actual sentence
was, “[a]s this Honorable court can notice there was little or no process of the products except for
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those needed to prepare them for display;” (vi) “...Trafon would cut, pack and deliver the meat
straight to each of Debtor’s individual supermarket facilities from which in turn Debtor would sell
the meat and meat products solely and directly to consumers, not to other retail stores, market
establishments and/or institutions,” contrary to the provisions of 7 U.S.C. §191(c) which require that
a “packer” act as a wholesale broker, dealer or distributor in commerce; (vii) “...Debtor’s operations
in no way or form consisted in ‘functions ordinarily carried out by wholesalers.’ Creditor Trafon
would cut, weigh, pack and deliver meat, meat products, poultry, and poultry products directly to each
of Debtor’s individual supermarket facilities, and such merchandise, if at all altered by Debtor, would
be in a minimal manner and solely for purposes of display to their visiting customers who are the
ultimate consumers;” (viii) the invoices provided by Trafon evince that the produce sold were not
livestock, carcasses or raw products in conformity with the definition of livestock under PASA, 7
U.S.C. §182(4) ; (ix) the PASA trust applies if the following requirements have been concurrently2
satisfied: (a) the commodities sold are “livestock” as defined in PASA; (b) the purchaser of the
livestock is a “packer” as defined in PASA; (c) the transaction is a cash sale; (d) the cash sellers have
not received full payment for their livestock; (e) the packer in question makes average annual
purchases of more than $500,000; and (f) the cash sellers have preserved the trust within the required
period by giving notice to the packer and by filing that notice with the Secretary of Agriculture; (x)
Trafon has failed to provide evidence of compliance with the United States Department of
Agriculture’s requirements regarding the issuance of bonds and registration as required by the
corresponding regulations, 9 C.F.R. §201; and (xi) Trafon has failed to provide evidence of the
required notice of intent to preserve the statutory trust which should have been filed with the
Secretary of Agriculture or with the nearest Packers and Stockyards regional office pursuant to 7
U.S.C. §196(b) (Docket No. 260).3
Section 2 defines “livestock” as, “[t]he term “livestock means cattle, sheep, swine, horses,	2
mules, or goats whether live or dead.” 7 U.S.C. §182(4).
Section 206 regarding the statutory trust provides,	3
“(a) Protection of public interest from inadequate financing arrangements. It is hereby
found that a burden on and obstruction to commerce in livestock is caused by financing
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On January 18, 2011 a hearing was held in which the court delineated the issues of the instant
case as follows: (1) is Trafon a packer as defined by PASA?; (2) if so, was the trust adequately
preserved by the required notice?; and (3) if the trust was properly created and preserved, who has
the responsibility to pay and preserve the trust? The court also ordered the pre-trial to be scheduled
for late June or mid July 2011 (Docket No. 270). On March 2, 2011, the pre-trial conference was
scheduled for July 29, 2011 (Docket No. 293).
On March 3, 2011, the Trustee filed a motion for summary judgment alleging the following:
(i) “...not all packers are subject to the packer trust—only those that have purchased livestock in a
cash sale basis are obligated to retain all livestock purchased by them, and all inventories of, or
receivables or proceeds from meat, meat food products, or livestock products derived therefrom, for
the benefit of all unpaid cash sellers of such livestock;” citing 7 U.S.C. §196(b); (ii) Trafon is not
arrangements under which packers encumber, give lenders security interest in, or place liens
on, livestock purchased by packers in cash sales, or on inventories of or receivables or
proceeds from meat, meat food products, or livestock products therefrom, when payment is
not made for the livestock and that such arrangements are contrary to the public interest.
This section is intended to remedy such burden on and obstruction to commerce in livestock
and protect the public interest.
(b) Livestock, inventories, receivables and proceeds held by packer in trust for benefit of
unpaid cash sellers; time limitations; exempt packers; effect of dishonored instruments;
preservation of trust benefits by seller. All livestock purchased by a packer in cash sales,
and all inventories of, or receivables or proceeds from meat, meat food products, or
livestock products derived therefrom, shall be held by such packer in trust for the benefit of
all unpaid cash sellers of such livestock until full payment has been received by such unpaid
sellers: Provided, That any packer whose average annual purchases do not exceed $500,000
will be exempt from the provisions of this section. Payment shall not be considered to have
been made if the seller receives a payment instrument which is dishonored: Provided, That
the unpaid seller shall lose the benefit of such trust if, in the event that a payment instrument
has not been received, within thirty days of the final date for making a payment under
section 409 [7 USCS §228b], or within fifteen business days after the seller has received
notice that the payment instrument promptly presented for payment has been dishonored,
the seller has not preserved his trust under this subsection. The trust shall be preserved by
giving written notice to the packer and by filing such notice with the Secretary.”
(c) Definition of cash sale. For the purpose of this section, a cash sale means a sale in which
the seller does not expressly extend credit to the buyer.” 7 U.S.C. §196.
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a livestock and/or live poultry cash seller in conformity with 7 U.S.C. §196(b) and §197(d); (iii) all
invoices and photographic exhibits filed by Trafon evince that Debtor never purchased “livestock”
or “live poultry” as defined by PASA’s statutory trust provisions, namely 7 U.S.C. §§ 182(4), 191(b),
(c), 196, thus a PASA trust was never created; (iv) the invoices demonstrate that the merchandise sold
to Debtor by Trafron “...was not livestock nor live and/or whole poultry, but chicken legs, chicken
thighs, pork chops, sliced hams, grouper filets, turkey tenderloins, etc., which arrived adequately
processed and packaged directly to each of Debtor’s retail supermarket facilities;” (v) even if this
court determines that a PASA trust was established, Trafon failed to preserve its trust due to lack of
notification to the Debtor and to the Secretary of the United States Department of Agriculture within
the mandatory time frame (within the thirty day period of the final date established for making
payment to the cash seller of livestock) in conformity with 7 U.S.C. §§196(b) and 197(d), and 9
C.F.R. §203.15; (vi) the last invoice sent to Debtor was dated May 13, 2009 and payment of the same
was due on June 12, 2009, but written notification was provided by Trafon to Debtor and to GIPSA’s
Eastern Regional Office on November 5, 2009 (Docket No. 295).
On March 17, 2011, Trafon filed a motion requesting an extension of time to file its
opposition to the Trustee’s motion for summary judgment due to the complex nature of the subject
matter raised by the Trustee in its motion for summary judgment and the extensive legal research the
same requires (Docket No. 304). On March 18, 2011, the court granted the motion filed by Trafon
requesting an extension of time to file its response to the Trustee’s motion for summary judgment
(Docket No. 305). On April 7, 2011, Trafon filed its Opposition to the Trustee’s Motion for Summary
Judgment based upon the following: (i) the Trustee’s allegations of uncontested facts should be
denied for failure to comply with Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(b) since he failed to file a separate statement of
material facts and many of his alleged uncontested facts are not supported by record citations in
conformity with Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(b) and (e) and/or do not reference to the specific page or paragraph
of the identified record material supporting the assertion; (ii) case law has recognized that retail
stores, such as the one Debtor operated where meat and meat products are processed for sale are
considered “packers” pursuant to PASA citing Safeway Stores, Inc. v. Freeman, 369 F. 2d. 952;
United States of America v. Jay Freeman Co., 473 F. Supp. 1265 (E.D. Ark. 1979); (iii) “Trustee’s
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claim that little to no processing of the product has to be done by Debtor, not only has no basis on
record, but is clearly controverted by the material facts of this case;”(Docket No. 329, paragraph 36);
(iv) an evidentiary hearing is needed to determine how much processing and preparation of the sold
items was made by Debtor; (v) whether Trafon sold “livestock” as defined under PASA to Debtor is
a genuine issue of material fact that precludes the granting of Trustee’s motion for summary
judgment; (vi) “[i]t should be clarified that Trafon’s argument is not that a ‘PASA trust is created
anytime meat or meat products are sold to a packer’ as argued by the Defendants in Stanziale, supra,
but that most of the products it sold to Debtor fall under the definition of ‘livestock’ under the PASA”
(Docket No. 329, paragraph 41); (vii) Trafon preserved its trust under 7 U.S.C. §228(b), because this
section “...allows for the parties to effect payment in another manner so long as the parties expressly
agree in writing;” (viii) “[i]n the case at hand, the parties agreed that the seller retains a trust claim
over the commodities sold until full payment is received. All the invoices at issue specifically stated:
‘[t]he seller of these commodities retains a trust claim over these commodities, all inventories of food
or other products derived from these commodities and any receivables or proceeds from the sales of
these commodities until full payment is received” (Docket No. 329, paragraph 44); and (ix)
“[c]onsidering that it was stipulated on the invoices that the seller retains a trust claim over the
commodities sold ‘until full payment is received’, such provision constitutes an agreement to make
payment in another manner. In the present case, the thirty days of the final date for making payment
began when Debtor filed Bankruptcy and Trafon was put on notice that they will not receive
payment.” (Docket No. 329, paragraph 45).
On April 14, 2011, the Trustee filed a motion for leave to file reply accompanied by his Reply
to Trafon’s opposition to the motion for summary judgment (Docket No. 332). The Trustee in the
reply brings forth the following arguments: (i) the prompt payment provisions under PASA, 7 U.S.C.
§228(b) permit livestock buyers and sellers to agree, expressly in writing to waive the seller’s right
to the next day cash payment for livestock; (ii) if a packer or a live poultry dealer fails to make
payments as prescribed under the PASA provisions, the sellers and poultry growers in order to
preserve the PASA statutory trust must file a timely written notice to the packer and/or live poultry
dealer and with the Secretary of Agriculture, both within thirty (30) days of the final date established
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for making payment to the cash seller of livestock pursuant to 7 U.S.C. §§196(b) and 197(d) and 9
C.F.R. §203.15; (iii) Trafon, “...pretends to misguide this Honorable Court into considering the
disclaimer included in each of the Invoices sent to Debtor, as the type of ‘written agreement’
prescribed by the statute under 7 U.S.C. §228(b) available for parties who wish to change the terms
of payment under PASA trust provisions;” and (iv) in the instant case the last invoice sent to Debtor
was dated May 13, 2009 and was due on June 12, 2009, given that the same had a “net 30 day”
payment term, but written notification was sent on November 5, 2009, almost five (5) months after
payment on the last invoice was due (Docket No. 332-1). On May 3, 2011, the court granted the
Trustee’s request for leave to file a reply to Trafon’s opposition to his summary judgment (Docket
No. 335). Subsequently, on May 10, 2011, the Trustee filed a reply to Trafon’s opposition to his
motion for summary judgment which is identical to the one he previously filed on April 14, 2011
(Docket No. 341).
Legal Issues
In the instant case, the following issues are in controversy: (i) whether the Debtor is a “packer”
as defined by PASA; (ii) whether the commodities sold to the Debtor by Trafon are “livestock” as
defined by PASA; (iii) whether the transactions that took place between Debtor and Trafon are “cash
sales” under PASA; and (iv) whether Trafon, as a cash seller, preserved its trust within the required
period by giving notice to the packer and by filing notice with the Secretary of Agriculture both within
thirty (30) days of the final date established for making payment to the cash seller of livestock. The
Trustee in its motion for summary judgment argues that irrespective of whether Debtor is indeed a
“packer” under the PASA provisions, Trafon failed to preserve its statutory trust pursuant to 7 U.S.C.
§§196(b), 197(d) and 9 C.F.R. §203.15. At this juncture, this court finds that for the first two issues
require an evidentiary to determine whether the Debtor is a “packer” and whether the commodities
sold to Debtor by Trafon are “livestock” under the PASA provisions. However, the court finds that
the last two issues can be adjudicated from the documents presented and from the uncontested
material facts. Such adjudication warrants the entry of a decision in favor of the Trustee as a matter
of law.
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Uncontested Material Facts
1. During the period ranging from March 27, 2009 through May 12, 2009, Trafon, formerly
known as Encinal, Inc., d/b/a Starmeat, supplied Debtor with meat, meat products, poultry, and
poultry products by delivering said merchandise directly to each of Debtor’s individual supermarket
facilities (Docket Nos. 332-1, 341, Claim No. 126).
2. As the meat and poultry products were being shipped, invoices were regularly sent by
Trafon to Debtor from March 27, 2009 up until May 13, 2009 (Docket Nos. 332 & 341, Claim No.
126).
3. All invoices at issue specifically stated: “[t]he perishable agricultural or meat commodities
listed on this invoice are sold subject to statutory trust authorized by Section 5(C) of the Perishable
Agricultural Commodities Act, 1930 (7 USC 499e(c)), or under the Packers and Stockyard Act, (7
USC Sec 18), as the case may be. The seller of these commodities retains a trust claim over these
commodities, all inventories of food or other food products derived from these commodities and any
receivables or proceeds from the sales of these commodities until full payment is received.” (Docket
No. 332-1 & 341, Claim No. 126).
4. Debtor filed a petition under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code on October 9, 2009.
5. Trafon sent notices of non-compliance to Debtor and the United States Department of
Agriculture on November 5, 2009, stating to retain a trust claim over all commodities, and inventories
derived therefrom, that had been sold to Debtor under the PASA provisions.
6. On January 18, 2010, Trafon sent a letter to the Trustee, through its attorney, claiming to
be a cash seller of livestock and therefore a PASA trust beneficiary over all livestock (as well as
inventories and receivables derived therefrom) allegedly sold to Debtor (Docket Nos. 332-1 & 341).
7. On January 29, 2010, Trafon filed proof of claim No. 126-1 debt incurred from 03/27/2009
to 05/13/2009 in the amount of $46,456.12. Trafon listed the entire amount of the debt as unsecured.
(Claims Register, claim no. 126-1).
Standard for Summary Judgment
Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, is applicable to this proceeding by Rule 7056
of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, provides that summary judgment should be entered
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“if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the
affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party
is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7056; see also, In re Colarusso, 382
F.3d 51 (1 Cir. 2004), citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91st
L.Ed.2d 265 (1986).
“The summary-judgment procedure authorized by Rule 56 is a method for promptly disposing
of actions in which there is no genuine issue as to any material fact or in which only a question of law
is involved.” 10A Wright, Miller & Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure 3d§ 2712 at 198. “Rule
56 provides the means by which a party may pierce the allegations in the pleadings and obtain relief
by introducing outside evidence showing that there are no fact issues that need to be tried.” Id at 202-
203. Summary judgment is not a substitute for a trial of disputed facts; the court may only determine
whether there are issues to be tried, and it is improper if the existence of a material fact is uncertain.
Id at 205-206.
Summary judgment is warranted where, after adequate time for discovery and upon motion,
a party fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to its case
and upon which it carries the burden of proof at trial. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322
(1986). The moving party must "show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that
the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
For there to be a "genuine" issue, facts which are supported by substantial evidence must be
in dispute thereby requiring deference to the finder of fact. Furthermore, the disputed facts must be
"material" or determinative of the outcome of the litigation. Hahn v. Sargent, 523 F.2d 461, 464 (1st
Cir. 1975), cert. denied, 425 U.S. 904 (1976). When considering a petition for summary judgment,
the court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Poller v.
Columbia Broadcasting Systems, Inc., 368 U.S. 464, 473 (1962); Daury v. Smith, 842 F.2d 9, 11 (1st
Cir. 1988).
The moving party invariably bears both the initial as well as the ultimate burden in
demonstrating its legal entitlement to summary judgment. Adickes v. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144,
157 (1970). See also López v. Corporación Azucarera de Puerto Rico, 938 F.2d 1510, 1516 (1st Cir.
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1991). It is essential that the moving party explain its reasons for concluding that the record does not
contain any genuine issue of material fact in addition to making a showing of support for those claims
for which it bears the burden of trial. Bias v. Advantage International, Inc., 905 F.2d 1558, 1560-61
(D.C. Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 958 (1990).
The moving party cannot prevail if any essential element of its claim or defense requires trial.
López, 938 F.2d at 1516. In addition, the moving party is required to demonstrate that there is an
absence of evidence supporting the nonmoving party's case. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 325. See also,
Prokey v. Watkins, 942 F.2d 67, 72 (1st Cir. 1991); Daury, 842 F.2d at 11. In its opposition, the
nonmoving party must show genuine issues of material facts precluding summary judgment; the
existence of some factual dispute does not defeat summary judgment. Kennedy v. Josepthal & Co.,
Inc., 814 F.2d 798, 804 (1st Cir. 1987). See also Kauffman v. Puerto Rico Telephone Co., 841 F.2d
1169, 1172 (1st Cir. 1988); Hahn, 523 F.2d at 464. A party may not rely upon bare allegations to
create a factual dispute but is required to point to specific facts contained in affidavits, depositions
and other supporting documents which, if established at trial, could lead to a finding for the
nonmoving party. Over the Road Drivers, Inc. v. Transport Insurance Co., 637 F.2d 816, 818 (1st Cir.
1980).
The moving party has the burden to establish that it is entitled to summary judgment; no
defense is required where an insufficient showing is made. López, 938 F.2d at 1517. The nonmoving
party need only oppose a summary judgment motion once the moving party has met its burden.
Adickes, 398 U.S. at 159.
Applicable Law and Analysis
Packards and Stockyards Act of 1921, as amended, 7 U.S.C. §181 et seq.
PASA was designed to ensure fair and effective competition and fair trade in livestock, meat,
and poultry markets. PASA has two basic purposes, namely; (i) to safeguard farmers and ranchers
against receiving less than the true market value of their livestock by ensuring prompt payment; and
(ii) to protect producers and consumers by prohibiting monopolistic or predatory practices. See
Christopher R. Kelley, An Overview of the Packers and Stockyards Act, An Agricultural Law
Research Article, (April 2003), at http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/assets/articles/kelley_packers;
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10-71 Agricultural Law §71.08 (2011). PASA aims at insuring the integrity of livestock and poultry
marketing transactions.
Section 206(b) of PASA, 7 U.S.C. §196(b), provides that;
“Livestock, inventories, receivables and proceeds held by packer in trust for benefit
of unpaid cash sellers; time limitations; exempt packers; effect of dishonored
instruments; preservation of trust benefits by seller. All livestock purchased by a
packer in cash sales, and all inventories of, or receivables or proceeds from meat, meat
food products, or livestock products derived therefrom, shall be held by such packer
in trust for the benefit of all unpaid cash sellers of such livestock until full payment
has been received by such unpaid sellers: Provided, That any packer whose average
annual purchases do not exceed $500,000 will be exempt from the provisions of this
section. Payment shall not be considered to have been made if the seller receives a
payment instrument which is dishonored: Provided, That the unpaid seller shall lose
the benefit of such trust if, in the event that a payment instrument has not been
received, within thirty days of the final date for making a payment under section 409
[7 U.S.C.S. §228b], or within fifteen business days after the seller has received notice
that the payment instrument promptly presented for payment has been dishonored, the
seller has not preserved his trust under this subsection. The trust shall be preserved
by giving written notice to the packer and by filing such notice with the Secretary.”
7 U.S.C. §196(b). (Emphasis ours)
Section 206 of PASA limits the application of its statutory trust provisions specifically to transactions
in which all of the following conditions are satisfied: (1) the commodities sold are “livestock”
pursuant to 7 U.S.C. §182; (2) the purchaser of the livestock is a packer as defined in 7 U.S.C. §191;
(3) the transaction is a “cash sale”; (4) the cash sellers have not received full payment for their
livestock; (5) the packer in question makes average annual purchases of more than $500,000; and (6)
the cash sellers have preserved the trust within the required period by giving notice to the packer and
by filing that notice with the Secretary of Agriculture. See In re Gotham Provision Co., 669 F. 2d
1000, 1004 (5 Cir. 1982)(“Where each of these conditions has been satisfied, the packer is requiredth
to hold in trust for the benefit of unpaid cash sellers any livestock purchased in cash sales, inventories
of meat or other products derived from such livestock, and accounts receivables or proceeds obtained
through the sale of these items by the packer”); Stanziale v. Rite Way Meat Packers, Inc. (In re CFP
Liquidating Estate), 405 B.R. 694, 696-697 (Bankr. D. Del. 2009).
One of the critical issues in the instant case is whether the sale transactions that were
generated from March 27, 2009 to May 13, 2009 between Trafon and Debtor are “cash sales” within
the PASA provisions. In order for the PASA statutory trust to be created the livestock must be
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purchased by a packer in “cash sales.” See In re G&L Packing Co., 41 B.R. 903, 914 (N.D.N.Y.)
(“The trust created Section 206 of the Packers & Stockyards Act is operative only for ‘livestock
purchased by a packer in ‘cash sales’”). Section 206(c) of PASA defines a cash sale of livestock as,
“...a sale in which the seller does not expressly extend credit to the buyer.” 7 U.S.C. §196(c).
Section 206 must be read in conjunction with the prompt payment provisions for purchase of
livestock under Section 409 of PASA, 7 U.S.C. §228b, which require that purchasers of livestock4
pay the seller the full amount of the purchase price before the close of the next business day following
the purchase and transfer of possession of the livestock, or if the transaction is based on a “grade and
yield” basis, before the close of the next business day, following the determination of the purchase
price. Sellers of livestock may sell to a packer on credit, provided that the parties expressly agree in
writing to a credit arrangement in conformity with Section 409(b) of PASA, 7 U.S.C. §228b(b) and5
Section 409 of PASA provides;	4
“Prompt payment for purchase of livestock. (a) Full amount of purchase price
required; methods of payment. Each packer, market agency, or dealer purchasing
livestock shall, before the close of the next business day following the purchase of
livestock and transfer of possession thereof, deliver to the seller or his duly
authorized representative the full amount of the purchase price: Provided, That each
packer, market agency, or dealer purchasing livestock for slaughter shall, before the
close of the next business day following purchase of livestock and transfer of
possession thereof, actually deliver at the point of transfer of possession to the seller
or his duly authorized representative a check or shall wire transfer funds to the
seller’s account for the full amount of the purchase price; or, in the case of a
purchase on a carcass or ‘grade and yield’ basis, the purchaser shall make payment
by check at the point of transfer of possession or shall wire transfer funds to the
seller’s account for the full amount of the purchase price not later than the close of
the first business day following determination of the purchase price: Provided
further, That if the seller or his duly authorized representative is not present to
receive payment at the point of transfer of possession, as herein provided, the
packer, market agency or dealer shall wire transfer funds or place a check in the
United States mail for the full amount of the purchase price, properly addressed to
the seller, within the time limits specified in this subsection, such action being
deemed compliance with the requirement for prompt payment.” 7 U.S.C. §228b(a).
Section 409(b) provides; “Waiver of prompt payment by written agreement; disclosure	5
requirements. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a) of this section and subject to such
terms and conditions as the Secretary may prescribe, the parties to the purchase and sale of livestock
may expressly agree in writing, before such purchase or sale, to effect payment in a manner other
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C.F.R. §201.200. Once a seller of livestock has sold (livestock) on credit to a packer, the seller waives
the statutory trust protection afforded by PASA. “In essence, §409 of the Act presumes that all
livestock sales are cash sales unless the parties expressly agree in writing to make the transaction a
credit sale. Read, in this context, the language of §206 defining ‘cash sales’ to include all sales where
the seller has not expressly extended credit contemplates that unless the parties clearly agree in
writing to a credit arrangement, the transaction is a cash sale.” In re Gotham Provision Co., 669 F.
2d at 1005. Thus, a packer may purchase livestock on credit, but it must make sure the seller waives
its right to prompt payment in writing. Moreover, 9 C.F.R. §201.200: Sale of livestock to a packer
on credit, specifically provides the acknowledgment required if a packer buys livestock on credit;
which provides the following:
“(a) No packer whose average annual purchases of livestock exceed $500,00 shall purchase
livestock on credit, and no dealer or market agency acting as an agent for such a packer shall
purchase livestock on credit, unless: (1) Before purchasing such livestock the packer obtains
from the seller a written acknowledgment as follows:
On this date I am entering into a written agreement for the sale of livestock on credit
to ________, a packer, and I understand that in doing so I will have no rights under
the trust provisions of section 206 of the Packers and Stockyards Act, 1921, as
amended (7 U.S.C. 196, Pub. L. 94-410), with respect to any such credit sale. The
written agreement for such selling on credit
Covers a single sale.
Provides that it will remain in effect until (date).
Provides that it will remain in effect until canceled in writing by either party.
(Omit the provisions not applicable.)
Date ______
Signature_____
(2) Such packer retains such acknowledgment, together with all other documents, if any,
setting forth the terms of such credit sales on which the purchaser and seller have agreed, and
such dealer or market agency retains a copy thereof, in his records for such time as is required
by any law, or by written notice served on such person by the Administrator, but not less than
two calendar years from the date of expiration of the written agreement referred to in such
acknowledgment; and
than that required in subsection (a). Any such agreement shall be disclosed in the records of any
market agency or dealer selling the livestock, and in the purchaser’s records and on the accounts or
other documents issued by the purchaser relating to the transaction.” 7 U.S.C. §228b(b).
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(3) Such seller receives a copy of such acknowledgment.
(b) Purchasing livestock for which payment is to be made by a draft which is not a check,
shall constitute purchasing such livestock on credit within the meaning of paragraph (a) of this
section. (See also §201.43(b)(1).)” 9 C.F.R. §201.200.
Accordingly, the sale of livestock constitutes a “cash sale” unless the seller has signed a credit
arrangement in conformity with 9 C.F.R. §201.200 indicating that the same is a credit sale and, thus,
waiving its statutory trust rights. See Hedrick v. S. Bonaccurso & Sons, Inc., 466 F. Supp. 1025, 1032
(E.D. Pa. 1978) (“The regulations support the Court’s interpretation of 7 U.S.C. §228b that nothing
but an express agreement in writing can operate as a waiver of the seller’s right to next day cash
payment for livestock.”); 10-71 Agricultural Law §71.08 (“Nothing but an express agreement in
writing can operate as a waiver of the seller’s right to next day cash payment for livestock. An implied
agreement or a course of dealing which delays in payment have been tolerated by the livestock seller
are not sufficient to constitute an extension of credit within the meaning of the Act– only ‘an express
agreement in writing’ will suffice”). Any delay in payment or attempt to delay the collection of funds
by a packer is considered an “unfair practice” pursuant to 7 U.S.C. §228b(c). In the instant case,6
neither the Debtor or Trafon have presented as a supporting document in their motion for summary
judgment or in its opposition to Debtor’s motion for summary judgment a written acknowledgment
by which Trafon expressly acknowledged that it sold on credit to Debtor in conformity with 9 C.F.R.
§201.200. PASA requires that this credit agreement must be disclosed in the records of the buyer of
livestock and in the records of the market agency or dealer selling the livestock pursuant to 7 U.S.C.
§228b(b).
In view of the foregoing, this court finds that in the instant case, the invoices with a payment
term of “net 30 days” fail to constitute an express extension of credit in conformity with 7 U.S.C.
Section 409(c) provides: “Delay in payment or attempt to delay deemed unfair practice.	6
Any delay or attempt to delay by a market agency, dealer, or packer purchasing livestock, the
collection of funds as herein provided, or otherwise for the purpose of or resulting in extending the
normal period of payment for such livestock shall be considered an ‘unfair practice’ in violation of
this Act [7 USCS §§181 et seq.]. Nothing in this section shall be deemed to limit the meaning of the
term ‘unfair practice’ as used in this Act [7 USCS §§181 et seq.].
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§228b(b) and 9 C.F.R. §201.200 because they fail to include the express intention of the parties to
enter into a credit agreement and the intention of Trafon to waive the protection of the PASA
statutory trust provisions.
PASA was amended in 1987 to protect contract poultry growers under the Poultry Producers
Financial Protection Act of 1987. The provisions of the Poultry Producers Financial Protection Act
of 1987 are similar to the provisions of PASA that protect livestock sellers. Section 207 of PASA,
7 U.S.C. §197(b), (c) and (d) is the corresponding provision for the statutory trust established for
unpaid cash sellers of poultry or poultry growers. For unpaid cash sellers or poultry growers a cash7
sale under Section 207(e) of PASA is defined as, “...a sale in which the seller does not expressly
extend credit to the buyer.” 7 U.S.C. 197(e). Section 207 must be read in conjunction with the prompt
Section 207 of PASA provides;	7
“(b) Poultry, inventories, receivables and proceeds held by dealer in trust for
benefit of unpaid cash sellers or poultry growers. All poultry obtained by a live
poultry dealer, by purchase in cash sales or by poultry growing arrangement, and all
inventories of, or receivables or proceeds from such poultry or poultry products
derived therefrom, shall be held by such live poultry dealer in trust for the benefit of
all unpaid cash sellers or poultry growers of such poultry, until full payment has
been received by such unpaid cash sellers or poultry growers, unless such live
poultry dealer does not have average annual sales of live poultry, or average annual
value of live poultry obtained by purchase or by poultry growing arrangement, in
excess of $100,000.” 7 U.S.C. §197(b).
“(c) Effect of dishonored instruments. Payment shall not be considered to have been
made if the cash seller or poultry grower receives a payment instrument which is
dishonored.” 7 U.S.C. §197(c).
“(d) Preservation of trust benefit by seller or poultry grower. The unpaid cash seller
or poultry grower shall lose the benefit of such trust if, in the event that a payment
instrument has not been received, within 30 days of the final date for making
payment under section 410 [7 USCS §228b-1], or within 15 business days after the
seller or poultry grower has received notice that the payment instrument promptly
presented for payment has been dishonored, the seller or poultry grower has not
preserved his trust under this section. The trust shall be preserved by giving written
notice to the live poultry dealer and by filing such notice with the Secretary.” 7
U.S.C. §197(d).
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payment provisions under Section 410 of PASA, 7 U.S.C. §228b-1 which require that full payment8
is due “before the close of the next business day following the purchase of poultry,” in the case of a
cash sale, or before the close of the fifteenth day following the week in which the poultry is
slaughtered, in the case of poultry obtained under a poultry growing arrangement. All poultry sales
are considered to be cash sales unless there is an express extension of credit by the poultry seller or
a growing arrangement contract in place. The court need adjudicate whether the sales of poultry are
considered cash sales pursuant to Sections 207 and 410, 7 U.S.C. §§197 & 228b-1, because the parties
have not expressed their positions with respect to this particular issue, and may have waived their
right to do so.
Requirements for the Preservation of Statutory Trust under PASA
The second issue in the instant case is whether Trafon properly preserved its rights in the
assets of the statutory trusts by filing a timely written notice to the packer and/or live poultry dealer
and with the Secretary of Agriculture giving notice to the Secretary of Agriculture, both within thirty
(30) days of the final date established for making payment to the cash seller of livestock and/or
Section 228b-1 of PASA provides;	8
“Final date for making payment to cash seller or poultry grower.
(a) Delivery of full amount due. Each live poultry dealer obtaining live poultry by
purchase in a cash sale shall, before the close of the next business day following the
purchase of poultry, and each live poultry dealer obtaining live poultry under a
poultry growing arrangement shall, before the close of the fifteenth day following
the week in which the poultry is slaughtered, deliver, to the cash seller or poultry
grower from whom such live poultry dealer obtains the poultry, the full amount due
to such cash seller or poultry grower on account of such poultry.
(b) Delay or attempt to delay collection of funds as “unfair practice.” Any delay or
attempt to delay, by a live poultry dealer which is a party to any such transaction, the
collection of funds as herein provided, or otherwise for the purpose of or resulting in
extending the normal period of payment for poultry obtained by poultry growing
arrangement or purchased in a cash sale, shall be considered an ‘unfair practice’ in
violation of this Act [7 USCS §§181 et seq.]. Nothing in this section shall be
deemed to limit the meaning of the term ‘unfair practice’ as used in this Act [7
USCS §§181 et seq.].
(c) Definition of cash sale. For the purpose of this section, a cash sale means a sale
in which the seller does not expressly extend credit to the buyer.” 7 U.S.C. §228b-1.
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poultry in conformity with 7 U.S.C. §§196(b), 197(d) and 9 C.F.R. §203.15.
Section 206(b) provides in pertinent part;
“[t]hat the unpaid seller shall lose the benefit of such trust if, in the event that a
payment instrument has not been received, within thirty days of the final date for
making a payment under section 409 [7 U.S.C.S. §228b], or within fifteen business
days after the seller has received notice that the payment instrument promptly
presented for payment has been dishonored, the seller has not preserved his trust under
this subsection. The trust shall be preserved by giving written notice to the packer and
by filing such notice with the Secretary.” 7 U.S.C. §196(b).
Section 207(d) provides;
“[t]he unpaid cash seller or poultry grower shall lose the benefit of such trust if, in the
event that a payment instrument has not been received, within 30 days of the final date
for making payment under section 410 [7 USCS §228b-1], or within 15 business days
after the seller or poultry grower has received notice that the payment instrument
promptly presented for payment has been dishonored, the seller or poultry grower has
not preserved his trust under this section. The trust shall be preserved by giving
written notice to the live poultry dealer and by filing such notice with the Secretary.”
7 U.S.C. §197(d).
The corresponding regulations provide the following;
“Trust benefits under sections 206 and 207 of the Act. (a) Within the times specified
under sections 206(b) and 207(d) of the Act, any livestock seller, live poultry seller
or grower, to preserve his interest in the statutory trust, must give written notice to the
appropriate packer or live poultry dealer and file such notice with the Secretary. One
of the ways to satisfy the notification requirement under these provisions is to make
certain that notice is given to the packer or live poultry dealer within the prescribed
time by letter, mailgram, or telegram stating:
(1) Notification to preserve trust benefits;
(2) Identification of packer or live poultry dealer;
(3) Identification of seller or poultry grower;
(4) Date of the transaction;
(5) Date of seller’s or poultry grower’s receipt of notice that payment
instrument has been dishonored (if applicable); and
(6) Amount of money due; and to make certain that a copy of such letter,
mailgram, or telegram is filed with a GIPSA Regional Office or with GIPSA,
USDA, Washington, DC, 20250, within the prescribed time.
(b) While the above information is desirable, any written notice which informs the
packer or live poultry dealer and the Secretary that the packer or live poultry dealer
has failed to pay is sufficient to meet the above-mentioned statutory requirement if it
is given within the prescribed time.” 9 C.F.R. §203.15
In the instant case, Trafon notified Debtor and the United States Department of Agriculture,
Grains Inspection Packers and Stockyards Administration via fax and by certified mail on November
5, 2009. In said letter, Trafon stated the following;
“Under the credit terms between Trafon Group, Inc., and Debtor, Trafon Group, Inc.,
retained a trust claim over all commodities and their inventories derived from the
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commodities and any receivables or proceeds from the sales of the commodities until
full payment was received.
Trafon Group Inc., has requested the Debtor the payment of fifty seven invoices of
which forty-three invoices contain commodities and meat products which [a]mount
to $43,585.19. As of this date we have not yet received payment. Therefore under the
Packers and Stockyards Act, hereinafter PSA U.S.C.. Sec. 18, consider this letter our
formal complaint.
Enclosed you will find a detailed report which only reflect the invoices that contain
meat products and other commodities and their totals. Also enclosed are copies of all
the invoiced owed.” (Docket No. 295, Exhibit A).
Trafon’s certified letter was received by Regina Willis on November 12, 2009. The court notes that
Trafon’s letter refers to the “credit terms between Trafon Group, Inc., and Debtor” with respect to
the alleged statutory trust rights Trafon claims it has under PASA. The court finds that the language
making reference to “credit terms” is contrary to the requirement that the transactions have to be “cash
sales” in order to be afforded the statutory trust protection under the PASA. The court also notes that
more than two (2) years have lapsed since the United States Department of Agriculture received this
notice.
Trafon argues that it preserved its trust under 7 U.S.C. §228(b) due to the following: (i) 7
U.S.C. §228(b) “...allows for the parties to effect payment in another manner so long as the parties
expressly agree in writing;” (ii) “[i]n the case at hand, the parties agreed that the seller retains a trust
claim over the commodities sold until full payment is received. All the invoices at issue specifically
stated: ‘[t]he seller of these commodities retains a trust claim over these commodities, all inventories
of food or other products derived from these commodities and any receivables or proceeds from the
sales of these commodities until full payment is received” (Docket No. 329, paragraph 44); and (iii)
“[c]onsidering that it was stipulated on the invoices that the seller retains a trust claim over the
commodities sold ‘until full payment is received’, such provision constitutes an agreement to make
payment in another manner.
Trafon alleges that the thirty days of the final date for making payment began when Debtor
filed Bankruptcy and Trafon was put on notice that they will not receive payment. (Docket No. 329,
paragraph 45). Trafon argues that by disclosing certain language on all of the invoices constitutes by
itself (i) an agreement to make payment in another manner, the final date for all the invoices at issue
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was thirty (30) days after Debtor filed for bankruptcy and; (ii) that such language on the invoice
serves to preserve PASA’s statutory trust.
The language on Trafon’s invoice is as follows:
“[t]he perishable agricultural or meat commodities listed on this invoice are sold subject to
statutory trust authorized by Section 5(C) of the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act,
1930 (7 U.S.C. 499e(c)), or under the Packers and Stockyards Act, (7 U.S.C. Sec. 18), as the
case may be. The seller of these commodities retains a trust claim over these commodities,
all inventories of food or other products derived from these commodities and any receivables
or proceeds from the sales of these commodities until full payment is received.”
The language on Trafon’s invoice invokes the statutory trust protections under the Perishable
Agricultural Commodities Act of 1930, as amended, (hereinafter referred to as “PACA”), 7 U.S.C.
§499a et seq. PACA was amended in 1984 to create a statutory trust over any goods, receivables, or
proceeds from perishable agricultural commodities until the buyer makes full payment. 7 U.S.C.
§499e(c). However, if the seller fails to satisfy the statutory trust requirements, the PACA trust will
not be perfected. Under PACA, payment is generally due within ten (10) days after shipment is
received pursuant to 7 C.F.R. §46.2(aa)(5) , but parties may extend the time period for payment up9
to thirty (30) days without waiving the PACA statutory trust protection. 7 C.F.R. §46.2(aa)(11) &10
7 C.F.R. §46.2(aa)(5) provides: “[f]ull payment promptly is the term used in the Act	9
in specifying the period of time for making payment without committing a violation
of the Act. “Full payment promptly,” for the purpose of determining violations of
the Act, means:
(5) Payment for produce purchased by a buyer, within 10 days after the day
on which the produce is accepted.” 7 C.F.R. §46.2(aa)(5).
7 C.F.R. §46.2(aa)(11) provides in pertinent part: [f]ull payment promptly is the	10
term used in the Act in specifying the period of time for making payment without
committing a violation of the Act. “Full payment promptly,” for the purpose of
determining violations of the Act, means:
(11) Parties who elect to use different times of payment than those set forth
in paragraphs (aa)(1) through (10) of this section must reduce their
agreement to writing before entering into the transaction and maintain a copy
of the agreement in their records. If they have so agreed, then payment
within the agreed upon time shall constitute ‘full payment promptly’,
Provided, That the party claiming the existence of such an agreement for
time of payment shall have the burden of proving it.” 7 C.F.R. §46.2(aa)(11).
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7 C.F.R. §46.46(e)(2). Parties who establish a payment term of thirty (30) days must have a written
agreement before entering this transaction and must maintain a copy of this agreement in their records
pursuant to 7 C.F.R. §46.46(e) . Moreover, PACA requires that “the times of payment must be11
disclosed on the invoices, accountings, and other documents relating to the transaction.” 7 C.F.R.
§46.46(e).
PACA was amended in 1995 to allow sellers to preserve their statutory trust benefits on billing
statements or invoices by including the language provided by 7 U.S.C. §499e(c)(4) . However,12
7 C.F.R. §46.46(e)provides: “Prompt payment and eligibility for trust benefits.	11
(1) The times for prompt accounting and prompt payment are set out in §46.2(z) and
(aa). Parties who elect to use different times for payment must reduce their
agreement to writing before entering into the transaction and maintain a copy of
their agreement in their records, and the times of payment must be disclosed on
invoices, accountings, and other documents relating to the transaction.
(2) The maximum time for payment for a shipment to which a seller, supplier, or
agent can agree, prior to the transaction, and still be eligible for benefits under the
trust is 30 days after receipt and acceptance of the commodities as defined in
§46.2(dd) and paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
(3) If there is a default in payment as defined in §46.46(a)(3), the seller, supplier, or
agent who has met the eligibility requirements of paragraphs (e)(1) and (2) of this
section will not forfeit eligibility under the trust by agreeing in any manner to a
schedule for payment of the past due amount or by accepting a partial payment.” 7
C.F.R. §46.46(e)(1), (2), & (3).
7 U.S.C. §499e(c) provides: “Trust on commodities and sales proceeds for benefit	12
of unpaid suppliers, sellers, or agents; preservation of trust; jurisdiction of
courts.
(1) It is hereby found that a burden on commerce in perishable agricultural
commodities is caused by financing arrangements under which
commission merchants, dealers, or brokers, who have not made payment
for perishable agricultural commodities purchased, contracted to be
purchased, or otherwise handled by them on behalf of another person,
encumber or give lenders a security interest in, such commodities, or on
inventories of food or other products derived from such commodities, and
any receivables or proceeds from the sale of such commodities or
products, and that such arrangements are contrary to the public interest.
This subsection is intended to remedy such burden on commerce in
perishable agricultural commodities and to protect the public interest.
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(2) Perishable agricultural commodities received by a commission
merchant, dealer, or broker in all transactions, and all inventories of food
or other products derived from perishable agricultural commodities, and
any receivables or proceeds from the sale of such commodities or
products, shall be held by such commission merchant, dealer, or broker in
trust for the benefit of all unpaid suppliers or sellers of such commodities
or agents involved in the transaction, until full payment of the sums owing
in connection with such transactions has been received by such unpaid
suppliers, sellers, or agents. Payment shall not be considered to have been
made if the supplier, seller, or agent receives a payment instrument which
is dishonored. The provisions of this subsection shall not apply to
transactions between a cooperative association, as defined in section 15(a)
of the Agricultural Marketing Act (12 U.S.C. 1141j(a)), and its members.
(3) The unpaid supplier, seller, or agent shall lose the benefits of such trust
unless such person has given written notice of intent to preserve the
benefits of the trust to the commission merchant, dealer, or broker within
thirty calendar days (i) after expiration of the time prescribed by which
payment must be made, as set forth in regulations issued by the Secretary,
(ii) after expiration of such other time by which payment must be made, as
the parties have expressly agreed to in writing before entering into the
transaction, or (iii) after the time the supplier, seller, or agent has received
notice that the payment instrument promptly presented for payment has
been dishonored. The written notice to the commission merchant, dealer,
or broker shall set forth information in sufficient detail to identify the
transaction subject to the trust. When the parties expressly agree to a
payment time period different from that established by the Secretary, a
copy of any such agreement shall be filed in the records of each party to
the transaction and the terms of payment shall be disclosed on invoices,
accountings, and other documents relating to the transaction.
(4) In addition to the method of preserving the benefits of the trust
specified in paragraph (3), a licensee may use ordinary and usual billing or
invoice statements to provide notice of the licensee’s intent to preserve the
trust. The bill or invoice statement must include the information required
by the last sentence of paragraph (3) and contain on the face of the
statement the following:
‘The perishable agricultural commodities listed on this invoice are
sold subject to the statutory trust authorized by section 5(c) of the
Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act, 1930 (7 U.S.C.
499e(c)). The seller of these commodities retains a trust claim over
these commodities, all inventories of food or other products
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including this particular language on the invoices is not enough to preserve the PACA statutory trust
benefits. “In order to preserve PACA benefits by including this specified notice, sellers must also (1)
be licensed under PACA, 7 U.S.C. §499e(c)(4); and (2) if the parties have expressly agreed in writing
to a payment period different than the 10-day period provided by the Regulations, the seller must also
include the terms of payment on the invoice” See A.J. Rinella & Co. v. Bartlett (In re Bartlett), 367
B.R. 21, 30 (Bankr. D. Mass. 2007); 7 U.S.C. §§499e(c)(3), (4); 7 C.F.R. §46.46(f)(3) .13
The court notes that all of Trafon’s invoices incorrectly cite to the Packers and Stockyards Act
of 1921, as amended, which is 7 U.S.C. §181 et seq., and not 7 U.S.C. §18. The language included
in the invoices in controversy is the language which the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act of
derived from these commodities, and any receivables or proceeds
from the sale of these commodities until full payment is received.’
(5) The several district courts of the United States are vested with
jurisdiction specifically to entertain (i) actions by trust beneficiaries to
enforce payment from the trust, and (ii) actions by the Secretary to prevent
and restrain dissipation of the trust.” 7 U.S.C. 499e(c).
7 C.F.R. §46.46(f)(3) provides: “(3) Licensees may choose an alternate method of	13
preserving trust benefits from the requirements described in paragraphs (f)(1) and
(2) of this section. Licensees may use their invoice or other billing statement as
defined in paragraph (a)(5) of this section, whether in documentary or electronic
form, to preserve trust benefits. Alternately, the licensee’s invoice or other billing
statement, given to the buyer, must contain:
(i) The statement. ‘The perishable agricultural commodities listed on this
invoice are sold subject to the statutory trust authorized by section 5(c) of the
Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act, 1930 (7 U.S.C. 499e(c)). The
seller of these commodities retains a trust claim over these commodities, all
inventories of food or other products derived from these commodities, and
any receivables or proceeds from the sale of these commodities until full
payment is received.;’ and
(ii) The terms of payment if they differ from prompt payment set out in
section 46.2(z) and (aa) of this part, and the parties have expressly agreed to
such terms in writing before the affected transactions occur.” 7 C.F.R.
§46.46(f)(3).
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1930, as amended, provides to unpaid licensees to preserve the PACA statutory trust pursuant to 7
U.S.C. §499e(c)(4). PASA does not have a provision similar to the PACA provision,7 U.S.C.
§499e(c)(4), by which a cash seller must include a particular language in the invoices to preserve the
statutory trust. Thus, Trafon’s reliance on the language included in its invoice under PACA is
misplaced as to its claim of having a statutory trust under PASA. Moreover, under PACA, 7 U.S.C.
§499e(c)(4) and its pertinent regulations, 7 C.F.R. §46.46(e) require that for a PACA trust to be
perfected, parties that establish a payment term of thirty (30) days must have a written agreement
before entering these transactions and must maintain a copy of such agreement and the seller must
include the payment terms on the invoice. Consequently, even if the PACA provisions were
applicable to the instant case, the statutory trust would not have been perfected because the written
agreement entered into by the parties to the transaction has not been provided.
This court finds that the payment term for the invoices in controversy is clearly indicated on
each invoice, given that each invoice indicated an invoice date, a payment term of “net 30 days” and
the “invoice due” date. The payment term is thirty (30) days from the invoice date and corresponds
to the invoice due date, contrary to Trafon’s allegation that the thirty days of the final date for making
payment began when Debtor filed Bankruptcy and Trafon was put on notice that they will not receive
payment. Thus, the notice mailed to the Secretary was made after the thirty (30) day statutorily
required period from the “invoice due” dates of all the invoices. The invoice due dates were from
April 26, 2009 to June 12, 2009.
In view of the foregoing, this court concludes that Trafon failed to preserve its alleged
statutory trust benefits under PASA, 7 U.S.C. §§196(b), 197(d) and 9 C.F.R. §203.15, because it
failed to file a timely written notice to the alleged packer (Debtor) and to the Secretary of the United
States Department of Agriculture within the required thirty (30) days of the final payment date
included in all the invoices in controversy as the “Invoice Due” date.
Conclusion
The court finds and concludes that the invoices presented to this court with a payment term
of “net 30 days” fail to constitute an express extension of credit in conformity with 7 U.S.C. §228b(b)
and 9 C.F.R. §201.200 because they fail to include the express intention of the parties to enter into
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a credit agreement and the intention of Trafon to waive the protection of the PASA statutory trust
provisions. The court further finds that Trafon failed to preserve its alleged statutory trust benefits
pursuant to the PASA provisions, 7 U.S.C. §§196(b), 197(d) and 9 C.F.R. §203.15. Thus, Trafon does
not have a statutory trust under 11 U.S.C. §541(d) which excludes those assets in the trust from the
debtor’s estate. The amounts claimed by Trafon in the proof of claim are not subject to a PASA
statutory trust.
In view of the foregoing, the Trustee’s motion for summary judgment is hereby GRANTED.
SO ORDERED.
In San Juan, Puerto Rico, this 12 day of January 2012.th
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