In the Interest of E.B. and P.D., Minor Children

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-0982
Filed August 30, 2023

IN THE INTEREST OF E.B. and P.D.,
Minor Children,

M.B., Father,
Appellant,

C.D., Mother,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Susan Cox, District

Associate Judge.

A mother and father appeal the juvenile court order terminating their

parental rights. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.

Nicholas J. Einwalter, Des Moines, for appellant father.

Teresa M. Pope of Pope Law, PLLC, Des Moines, for appellant mother.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Mackenzie Moran, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.

Lynn Vogan, Des Moines, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor children.

Considered by Greer, P.J., Buller, J., and Carr, S.J.*

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206

(2023).
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CARR, Senior Judge.

A mother and father each appeal the termination of their parental rights. As

to the mother, we find a six-month extension of time is not advisable, termination

of her parental rights is in the children’s best interests, and she did not meet her

burden to show an exception to termination should be applied. As to the father,

there is sufficient evidence in the record to support termination of parental rights

to his child, termination is in the child’s best interests, he did not meet his burden

to show an exception should be applied, and he cannot show he will be able to

care for the child within six months. We affirm the termination of the mother’s

parental rights to her two children and the father’s parental rights to his child.

I. Background Facts & Proceedings

C.D. is the mother of P.D., born in 2015, and E.B., born in 2019. Z.G. is the

father of P.D. M.B. is the father of E.B. In 2021, the family became involved with

the Iowa Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) due to concerns about

substance abuse by C.D. and M.B. The mother entered a residential substance-

abuse-treatment program in July 2021. P.D. was placed with his father, Z.G., and

E.B. was placed with the child’s paternal grandparents. The mother left the

program within a few days. She entered an intensive outpatient program but was

discharged for lack of participation. At the time, M.B. was incarcerated.

On October 11, the children were adjudicated to be in need of assistance

(CINA), pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.2(6)(c)(2) and (n) (2021). In the

dispositional order, filed on January 31, 2022, the court determined the children

“should remain in out-of-home placement due to the mother and father [M.B.’s]
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substance abuse/mental health needs and instability.” C.D. and M.B. are also the

parents of Em.B., born in 2022.

On August 22, the mother and M.B. overdosed on fentanyl and opiates in a

vehicle in a parking lot. The parents were slumped over and the mother’s face

was blue. Em.B. was in a car seat in the vehicle with them. M.B. woke up when

officers knocked on the car window but the officers had to administer Narcan to

the mother, which is given to treat an overdose in an emergency situation. The

parents were charged with child endangerment. Em.B. tested positive for

amphetamines, methamphetamine, cocaine, and THC.1

Following the mother’s overdose, P.D. struggled with behaviors. In

October, P.D. told social workers he no longer wanted to visit his mother. His

therapist recommended that P.D. be given the option of whether to visit the mother

or not. He has not had any further visits with her. In November, the mother tested

positive for amphetamines, methamphetamine, and THC. She also tested positive

for methamphetamine in January 2023.

A petition to terminate the parents’ rights was filed on January 24. The

termination hearing was held on February 13. The mother was placed on

probation based on the charge of child endangerment. As part of her probation,

she entered a substance-abuse treatment program, where she resided at the time

of the hearing. The father’s child endangerment charges remained unresolved.

He was in the beginning stages of a one-year treatment program. He is not able

to have the child in his care in this program.

1 Em.B. was removed from the parents’ care. Separate CINA proceedings have
been instituted for Em.B.
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The court entered an order terminating the parental rights of the mother

under section 232.116(1)(f) (P.D.), (h) (E.B.), and (l) (2023). M.B.’s parental rights

to E.B. were terminated under section 232.116(1)(h). The court found termination

is in the children’s best interests, stating the parents “are in no position to meet the

children’s needs given their present issues.” The court declined to apply any of

the exceptions in section 232.116(3). The court did not grant the parents’ requests

for a six-month extension of time to work on reunification. The mother and M.B.

appeal the termination of their parental rights.

II. Standard of Review

Our review of termination proceedings is de novo. In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d

764, 773 (Iowa 2012). The State must prove its allegations for termination by clear

and convincing evidence. In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 492 (Iowa 2000). “‘Clear

and convincing evidence’ means there are no serious or substantial doubts as to

the correctness [of] conclusions of law drawn from the evidence.” Id. Our primary

concern is the best interests of the children. In re J.S., 846 N.W.2d 36, 40 (Iowa

2014).

In general, we follow a three-step analysis in reviewing the termination of a

parent’s rights. In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 39 (Iowa 2010). We first consider

whether there is a statutory ground for termination of the parent’s rights under

section 232.116(1). Id. Second, we look to whether termination of the parent’s

rights is in the child’s best interests. Id. (citing Iowa Code § 232.116(2)). Third,

we consider whether any of the exceptions to termination in section 232.116(3)

should be applied. Id.
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III. Mother

A. The mother asks for additional time to work on reunification with the

children. A six-month extension of time may be granted under sections

232.104(2)(b) and 232.117(5) if parental rights are not terminated following a

termination hearing. In re D.P., No. 21-0884, 2021 WL 3891722, at *2 (Iowa Ct.

App. Sept. 1, 2021). An extension of time may be granted if the court “determin[es]

that the need for removal of the child from the child’s home will no longer exist at

the end of the additional six-month period.” In re A.A.G., 708 N.W.2d 85, 92 (Iowa

Ct. App. 2005) (quoting Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(b)). “The judge considering [the

extension] should however constantly bear in mind that, if the plan fails, all

extended time must be subtracted from an already shortened life for the children

in a better home.” Id. (citation omitted).

The mother states it is likely the children could be returned to her within six

months if she continued to participate in substance-abuse treatment, engages in

individual therapy, interacts with the children, and locates housing. The mother

has a history of entering substance-abuse treatment programs then leaving before

completing treatment. The court found, “The mother’s prognosis in addressing her

substance-abuse issues, mental-health issues, and instability, indicates that these

children cannot be returned to her custody within a reasonable period of time.” We

find it is unlikely the need for removal will no longer exist at the end of six months.

See id.

B. The mother does not dispute whether there was a statutory ground

for termination of her parental rights. She claims, however, that termination of her

parental rights is not in the children’s best interests. She asserts that she is now
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willing to participate in services and maintain sobriety. She also wants to

strengthen her relationship with P.D.

In considering the best interests of a child, we give “primary consideration

to the child’s safety, to the best placement for furthering the long-term nurturing

and growth of the child, and to the physical, mental, and emotional needs of the

child under section 232.116(2).” P.L., 778 N.W.2d at 41. “It is well-settled law that

we cannot deprive a child of permanency after the State has proved a ground for

termination under section 232.116(1) by hoping someday a parent will learn to be

a parent and be able to provide a stable home for the child.” Id.

The court found termination of the mother’s parental rights is in the

children’s best interests, noting “[d]ue to [the mother’s] unresolved substance-

abuse issues, and unresolved mental-health issues and instability, [the mother]

poses a risk to [E.B.’s] and [P.D.’s] well-being.” The mother is just beginning to

address her substance-abuse and mental-health problems. She is unable to meet

the children’s needs or provide stability and permanency for them. We find it is in

the children’s best interests to terminate the mother’s parental rights.

C. The mother contends the court should have applied an exception to

termination under section 232.116(3). She states the exception in section

232.116(3)(a), “A relative has legal custody of the child,” could be applied. The

mother points out that P.D. is in the care of his biological father and E.B. is in the

care of the paternal grandparents.

The exceptions to termination found “in section 232.116(3) are permissive,

not mandatory.” In re W.T., 967 N.W.2d 315, 324 (Iowa 2021) (citation omitted).

“The court may exercise its discretion in deciding whether to apply the factors in
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section 232.116(3) to save the parent-child relationship based on the unique

circumstances of each case and the best interests of the children.” In re A.R., 932

N.W.2d 588, 591 (Iowa Ct. App. 2019). “[O]nce the State has proven a ground for

termination, the parent resisting termination bears the burden to establish an

exception to termination under Iowa Code section 232.116(3) . . . .” In re A.S., 906

N.W.2d 467, 476 (Iowa 2018). The child’s best interests remain our first

consideration. Id. at 475.

The court stated:

The Court does not exercise any of the permissive exceptions under
Iowa Code section 232.116(3). Although both children are placed
with relatives, both children need true permanency that only
termination of parental rights will provide. Both children are very
young and they need to know who is going to be the person(s) to
meet their needs for the rest of their childhood and beyond. The
uncertainty of anything less than termination of parental rights would
not be in their best interests as it would be disruptive to their
custodians/caretakers and more importantly, disruptive to the
children themselves.

On our de novo review, we agree with the court’s analysis. We conclude the

mother did not meet her burden to show an exception to termination should be

applied. See W.T., 967 N.W.2d at 322 (noting a parent’s burden to establish an

exception to termination).

IV. Father

A. The father claims there is not sufficient evidence in the record to

support termination of his parental rights to E.B. He contends the State did not

prove by clear and convincing evidence that the child could not be returned to his

care at the time of the termination hearing. He asserts that he was working

diligently towards sobriety.
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“We will uphold an order terminating parental rights where there is clear and

convincing evidence of the statutory grounds for termination.” In re T.S., 868

N.W.2d 425, 434 (Iowa Ct. App. 2015). The father’s rights were terminated under

section 232.116(1)(h).2 One of the criteria in section 232.116(1)(h) is whether a

child can be returned to the parent at the time of the termination hearing. In re

A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 111 (Iowa 2014).

The father had been charged with child endangerment, pled guilty to

neglect, and was waiting to be sentenced, so at the time of the termination hearing

it was unknown if he would be sent to prison. Also, the father was in a substance-

abuse program that takes about a year to complete. The father testified he had

additional work to do to address his substance-abuse problems before he could

care for his child. He acknowledged he would not be available as a placement

option for the child until he completed the one-year program. We conclude there

is clear and convincing evidence in the record to show E.B. could not be safely

placed in the father’s care at the time of the termination hearing. See id.

2 Section 232.116(1)(h) provides for termination of parental rights based on the

following criteria:
(1) The child is three years of age or younger.
(2) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of
assistance pursuant to section 232.96.
(3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of
the child’s parents for at least six months of the last twelve months,
or for the last six consecutive months and any trial period at home
has been less than thirty days.
(4) There is clear and convincing evidence that the child
cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents as provided
in section 232.102 at the present time.
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B. The father contends that termination of his parental rights is not in

the best interests of E.B. He asserts that the child could be placed in a

guardianship with the paternal grandparents.

“[A] guardianship is not a legally preferable alternative to termination.” A.S.,

906 N.W.2d at 477 (quoting In re B.T., 894 N.W.2d 29, 32 (Iowa Ct. App. 2017)).

Guardianships can be modified or terminated. See id. at 477–478 (discussing the

practical realities of guardianships); In re Z.G., No. 20-1083, 2020 WL 7383528, at

*3 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 16, 2020).

The court addressed this issue and found an ongoing guardianship is not in

the child’s best interests. The court found, “The paternal grandmother needs the

legal ability to fully protect [E.B.] from chaos and danger. An ongoing guardianship

is clearly contrary to [E.B.’s] best interests.” We find that a guardianship would

simply add another dimension of uncertainty for E.B. We conclude a guardianship

is not in the child’s best interests. The child’s best interests are served by

terminating the father’s parental rights.

C. Similarly, the father argues the court should have applied the

exception to termination found in section 232.116(3)(a)—“A relative has legal

custody of the child.” In this argument he again asserts that the child could be

placed in a guardianship with the paternal grandmother. As discussed above, a

guardianship is not in the child’s best interests. We conclude the father has not

met his burden to show an exception to termination should be applied. See W.T.,

967 N.W.2d at 322.

D. The father’s petition on appeal mentions that he could be reunited

with the child within six months. See D.P., 2021 WL 3891722, at *2 (noting
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sections 232.104(2)(b) and 232.117(5) permit a six-month extension of time if

parental rights are not terminated following a termination hearing). This request

was mentioned in the section of his brief arguing that termination is not in E.B.’s

best interest. Read together, Iowa Rules of Appellate Procedure 6.201(d) and

6.1401 – Form 5, paragraph 8 require that any issue raised on appeal must be

separately stated in a numbered section of the petition on appeal. Observance of

this rule facilitates timely consideration of the appeal and assures all issues

properly raised will be considered; failure to do so may result in waiving the issue.

This omission notwithstanding, we briefly address it. The father was just beginning

a one-year substance-abuse-treatment program. The evidence does not show it

was likely the child could be returned to the father’s care within six months. The

record does not support granting a six-month extension of time in this case.

We affirm the termination of the mother’s parental rights to P.D. and E.B.

and the father’s parental rights to E.B.

AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.