In the Interest of J.R., Minor Child

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-1831
Filed January 10, 2024

IN THE INTEREST OF J.R.,
Minor Child,

J.R., Mother,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Linn County, Cynthia S. Finley,

District Associate Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights. AFFIRMED.

Kristin L. Denniger, Mount Vernon, for appellant mother.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Tamara Knight, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.

Kimberly Opatz of Linn County Advocate, Cedar Rapids, attorney and

guardian ad litem for minor child.

Considered by Bower, C.J., and Schumacher and Badding, JJ.
2

BOWER, Chief Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to her child.1

Because clear and convincing evidence supports a statutory ground for

termination, additional time was not warranted, termination is in the best interests

of the child, and no exception applies, we affirm.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

The child was born in February 2023, testing positive for cannabinoids and

THC. At the time, the mother was participating in a child-in-need-of-assistance

case with the Iowa Department of Health and Human Services involving an older

child due to concerns about domestic violence, substance abuse, mental health,

and lack of housing. 2 The mother “largely had failed to follow through with the

case plan expectations of [the older child’s] case.” 3 The child was removed from

the mother’s custody, placed in family foster care, and the mother stipulated to the

child’s adjudication as in need of assistance.

The court entered a dispositional order in April, finding in part “that

continuation of the child in the parental home would be contrary to the welfare of

the child because the mother has substance abuse issues and mental health

issues that have gone unaddressed despite services being provided for over a

year in her older children’s cases.” The department reported the mother failed to

regularly attend visits with the child or engage in services.

1 The father’s parental rights were also terminated; he does not appeal.
2 The mother denied being pregnant “until less than three weeks prior to delivery”

of J.R.
3 The mother’s parental rights to that child were terminated in May 2023.
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The State initiated termination-of-parental-rights proceedings in late July.

The termination hearing took place in October. The mother did not appear. The

caseworker testified about the services provided to the mother and her lack of

consistent participation and progress. Except for the mother obtaining housing,

the same concerns remained that existed at the time of the child’s birth.

Significantly, the mother had tested positive for methamphetamine less than one

month prior, despite the mother denying “all substance use” or “being around

anyone that is using.” And the guardian ad litem voiced concerns about the

mother’s bond with the child, noting the child was “often upset and crying when

with [the mother],” which was “starkly different than how she is observed in all other

environments.” The department and guardian ad litem opined termination of the

mother’s parental rights would be in the child’s best interests.

The court thereafter entered an order terminating the mother’s parental

rights pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(g) and (h) (2023). The court

noted the mother had failed to make progress toward reunification. Specifically,

the court observed the mother had “received services without any gap for over 1.5

years,” which included the services offered for her older child to whom her parental

rights had been terminated. The court found the mother had “not meaningfully

engaged in these [services] to sufficiently address the concerns which brought her

to the attention of [the department] in April 2022. The same concerns of substance

abuse, domestic violence, inconsistent employment, mental health, are present at

the time of trial as much as there were in April 2022.” The mother appeals.
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II. Standard of Review

Appellate review of termination-of-parental-rights proceedings is de novo.

In re A.B., 957 N.W.2d 280, 293 (Iowa 2021). Our paramount concern in

termination proceedings is the best interests of the child. In re L.T., 924 N.W.2d

521, 529 (Iowa 2019). We give weight to, but are not bound by, the juvenile court’s

fact findings. In re A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467, 472 (Iowa 2018).

III. Analysis

A. Grounds for Termination. The mother’s rights were terminated on

multiple grounds; we may affirm if any one of the grounds is supported by the

record. See In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 774 (Iowa 2012) (“When the juvenile court

terminates parental rights on more than one statutory ground, we may affirm the

juvenile court’s order on any ground we find supported by the record.”). We focus

on paragraph (h). Regarding this paragraph, the mother only challenges the fourth

element—whether the child could be returned to her custody. See Iowa Code

§ 232.116(1)(h)(4). This element is satisfied when the State establishes the child

cannot be safely returned to the parent at the time of the termination hearing. In

re T.W., No. 20-0145, 2020 WL 1881115, at *2–3 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 15, 2020).

The mother “recognizes that she continues to have work to do” and “acknowledges

that there might need to be continued services to monitor her progress and ensure

she did not fall back into old patterns, but argues that this does not equate to an

inability to care for her child.”

Upon our review, we find the record belies the mother’s claims. At the

termination hearing, the department voiced concerns about the mother’s continued

substance abuse. The caseworker reported the mother was ordered to participate
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in drug testing “[f]our times a month,” and she did not complete “approximately

eleven” tests. Of the tests completed, she tested positive for THC twice in March,

and she tested positive for methamphetamine in July and September. The mother

also missed three tests in June and removed a patch placed in June. Despite her

positive tests and the fact the child tested positive at birth, the mother denied “all

substance use” and maintained she had not used “since August of 2022.” She

also denied “being around anyone that is using.” The caseworker was

“concern[ed] that the mother is not being honest” when she denied substance use,

which had also resulted in her substance-abuse evaluations recommending no

treatment.

The mother was also “not honest about her relationship” with the father, and

she reported domestic violence in their relationship. The mother obtained housing

shortly after the child’s birth. The caseworker expressed concerns about the

mother becoming “flustered” during visits. The mother had recently attended visits

more frequently, but “[s]he missed out on a lot of bonding time with [the child]

during those first four months that she was not having visits very often.” Although

“[s]ome” of the missed visits were excused, the caseworker opined the mother “did

not take advantage of the visits offered” to her, having attended fifteen out of thirty-

six visits.

In sum, the mother had “not shown any stability in working the case plan

until [the department] requested that termination be filed for [the child].” For

example, the mother had recently begun participating more frequently in mental-

health treatment, including group therapy. But the caseworker testified, “She

had—from March—really before March, through June that she could have been in
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individual counseling. She could have been attending a lot of mental health

groups, but she wasn’t. She didn’t start doing that until we requested termination

be filed.”

Based on these and the other facts detailed above, we concur with the

court’s assessment the child could not be returned to the mother’s custody at the

time of the termination hearing. Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h) was satisfied.

B. Additional Time. Although the mother raises this issue in her material

facts rather than an argument section, we choose to address it separately. She

requests “additional time and services to achieve safe case closure.” “It is well-

settled law that we cannot deprive a child of permanency after the State has proved

a ground for termination under section 232.116(1) by hoping someday a parent will

learn to be a parent and be able to provide a stable home for the child.” In re W.T.,

967 N.W.2d 315, 324 (Iowa 2021) (quoting In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d 212, 224 (Iowa

2016)).

The caseworker testified the mother was “trying” and had made some

minimal progress. As noted above, the caseworker acknowledged the mother had

started attending more visits and more mental-health treatment around the time

the termination petition was filed. But the caseworker did not believe additional

time or services would facilitate the mother’s reunification with the child, because

the mother “would not capitalize on it, [and] she would fall back into her old ways.”

As the caseworker testified:

[The mother] has had the exact same expectations since April of
2022. Nothing has changed. It’s all the same and she knows exactly
what she needs to do. Every month that we have met she has been
able to tell me what she is supposed to be doing. But there has
always been excuses why. . . . She chose when to start following
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the case plan expectations and she chose to do that around the
same time that we recommended termination. She chose not to
have those visits and not to confirm the visits and she chose to tell
[caseworkers] that she only wanted an hour long visit when she could
have had two. There were times that she would cancel visits
because she had other obligations. Her infant daughter should be
her obligation.

Under these circumstances, we agree the child should not wait any longer for

permanency on a mere hope of the mother’s improvement. Additional time was

not warranted.

C. Best Interests of the Child and Permissive Exceptions. Pursuant to Iowa

Code section 232.116(2), termination of parental rights must be in the best

interests of the child. Additionally, Iowa Code section 232.116(3) provides that the

court “need not terminate the relationship,” on a finding of certain factors, including:

“[t]here is clear and convincing evidence that the termination would be detrimental

to the child at the time due to the closeness of the parent-child relationship.” Iowa

Code § 232.116(3)(c).

The mother blends together the best-interests-of-the-child and exception

issues by claiming termination is not in the best interests of the child because of

the strong bond between her and the child. We address the mother’s argument as

a challenge to both the best-interests finding and the court’s refusal to preserve

the parental relationship with the permissive exception provided in Iowa Code

section 232.116(3)(c).

First, we determine that termination is in the best interests of the child.

When determining best interests, we give primary weight to “the child’s safety, to

the best placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and growth of the child,

and to the physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs of the child.” Id.
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§ 232.116(2). At the time of termination, the guardian ad litem “continue[d] to be

concerned regarding [the mother]’s honesty, parenting skills, and ability to maintain

a stable home for herself and [the child]. She has not shown a willingness to

change, and she is often hostile toward the providers involved in this case when

they try to help her.” The mother’s lack of engagement and progress during this

proceeding leaves room for only one reasonable conclusion—the child’s best

opportunity to achieve permanency and stability is through termination of the

mother’s parental rights. See A.B., 815 N.W.2d at 778 (“It is simply not in the best

interests of children to continue to keep them in temporary foster homes while the

natural parents get their lives together.” (citation omitted)). Upon our review, we

conclude termination is in the child’s best interests.

As to the permissive exception, we note both the caseworker and guardian

ad litem opined the mother’s bond with the child was “not strong” and expressed

“concerns about her parenting,” for which “issues persist.” Specifically, the

caseworker believed the mother’s missing “over 50 percent of visits has caused

damage to her relationship with [the child].” In contrast, since her removal, the

child had been placed with a foster family with which the mother’s older child was

also placed. The caseworker opined the siblings “are very bonded” and stated the

family was a pre-adoptive placement. These factors weigh against finding that the

parent-child relationship precludes termination. See In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100,

113 (Iowa 2014) (“[The child] was just over a year old at the time of trial, and the

record indicates she also has a close bond to her maternal grandparents, with

whom she has spent much more time.”); In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 709 (Iowa

2010) (“Over the course of [the child's] young life, [the mother] has only had closely
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supervised visits with him.”). Under these facts and circumstances, we affirm the

court’s decision not to apply this permissive exception.

We affirm the termination of the mother’s parental rights.

AFFIRMED.