State v. Zamudio

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

Docket No. 49561

STATE OF IDAHO, )
) Filed: July 12, 2023
Plaintiff-Respondent, )
) Melanie Gagnepain, Clerk
v. )
) THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED
ADAM ZAMUDIO, JR., ) OPINION AND SHALL NOT
) BE CITED AS AUTHORITY
Defendant-Appellant. )
)

Appeal from the District Court of the Third Judicial District, State of Idaho, Canyon
County. Hon. Thomas W. Whitney, District Judge.

Order denying motion to suppress and judgment of conviction, affirmed.

Eric D. Fredericksen, State Appellate Public Defender; Kiley A. Heffner, Deputy
Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant.

Hon. Raúl R. Labrador, Attorney General; Kacey L. Jones, Deputy Attorney
General, Boise, for respondent.
________________________________________________

HUSKEY, Judge
Adam Zamudio, Jr. appeals his conviction for felony possession of a controlled substance,
Idaho Code § 37-2732(c)(1). Zamudio argues the district court erred in denying his motion to
suppress evidence obtained during an unlawful seizure, thus violating his constitutional rights
provided by the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I § 17 of the
Idaho State Constitution. A defendant is not unlawfully seized during a consensual encounter with
a police officer. Furthermore, law enforcement may conduct a brief investigatory stop when it has
reasonable, articulable suspicion based on facts and rational inferences from those facts that the
detained is, has been, or is about to, engage in criminal activity. The district court did not err when
it denied Zamudio’s motion to suppress because the officer had reasonable, articulable suspicion
that Zamudio had been, was, or was about to be, engaged in criminal activity and, thus, the

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subsequent investigatory detention was constitutionally permissible. The order denying
Zamudio’s motion to suppress and his judgment of conviction are affirmed.
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The Nampa Police Department received a call on February 10, 2021, at approximately 4:27
a.m. regarding a suspicious person in a high-crime, residential neighborhood. The caller informed
dispatch that a Hispanic male wearing a tan Carhartt-style jacket and a backpack was walking in
circles, looking into the caller’s front yard hedges, and said that he was looking for something,
despite not having a light.
A police officer arrived at the caller’s home approximately five minutes after being
dispatched. The officer located a person closely matching the description of the suspicious person,
later identified as Zamudio, approximately four blocks away from the caller’s home. The person
had the same physical characteristics and was wearing a gray Carhartt-style jacket and a backpack.
The police officer did not observe any other person in the area between the caller’s home and
where he encountered Zamudio.
After seeing Zamudio, the police officer parked his patrol vehicle approximately ten feet
from Zamudio without activating the vehicle’s overhead lights or siren. The uniformed officer got
out of the patrol vehicle and asked Zamudio if he was willing to speak with him; Zamudio agreed
and walked toward the officer to begin the conversation. When the officer asked for Zamudio’s
identification, he verbally provided his name and date of birth and indicated that he did not carry
a physical copy of his identification.
Almost simultaneous to Zamudio providing his information to the first officer, a second
uniformed officer arrived at the scene, parked her patrol car behind Zamudio, got out of her
vehicle, walked toward Zamudio, and stopped approximately ten feet behind him. The first officer
relayed Zamudio’s information to dispatch to conduct a records check and to verify the information
provided by Zamudio. While waiting for confirmation from dispatch, the first officer asked
Zamudio for consent to search him and his backpack. Zamudio consented to the search of his
person but refused consent to search his backpack. As the first officer began to pat down Zamudio,
dispatch informed both officers that Zamudio had an active, outstanding arrest warrant.
Approximately sixty seconds elapsed between the time the second officer took position behind
Zamudio and when law enforcement learned of the warrant. Upon confirming the warrant, the

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first officer continued to pat down Zamudio and then placed him under arrest pursuant to the arrest
warrant. The second officer then searched Zamudio’s backpack, locating a syringe containing a
clear liquid that tested presumptively positive for methamphetamine. Zamudio was charged with
possession of a controlled substance, possession of drug paraphernalia, and a persistent violator
enhancement.
Zamudio moved to suppress the evidence obtained during his encounter with law
enforcement, including his personal information and the evidence discovered during the search of
his backpack, arguing the seizure was unlawful because the officers lacked a valid warrant to stop
Zamudio and did not have a reasonable suspicion that Zamudio was engaged in criminal behavior.
The district court denied Zamudio’s motion to suppress, finding the initial encounter between the
officer and Zamudio was consensual and, thereafter, officers had reasonable suspicion of criminal
activity that justified Zamudio’s brief, investigatory detention. The district court further concluded
that once the officers confirmed the outstanding warrant, Zamudio was lawfully arrested and his
backpack was lawfully searched, thus, there was no basis on which to grant Zamudio’s suppression
motion.
Thereafter, Zamudio entered a conditional guilty plea to possession of a controlled
substance and the remaining charges were dismissed. Zamudio appeals from his judgment of
conviction, asserting the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress.
II.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The standard of review of a suppression motion is bifurcated. When a decision on a motion
to suppress is challenged, we accept the trial court’s findings of fact that are supported by
substantial evidence, but we freely review the application of constitutional principles to the facts
as found. State v. Atkinson, 128 Idaho 559, 561, 916 P.2d 1284, 1286 (Ct. App. 1996). At a
suppression hearing, the power to assess the credibility of witnesses, resolve factual conflicts,
weigh evidence, and draw factual inferences is vested in the trial court. State v. Valdez-Molina,
127 Idaho 102, 106, 897 P.2d 993, 997 (1995); State v. Schevers, 132 Idaho 786, 789, 979 P.2d
659, 662 (Ct. App. 1999).

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III.
ANALYSIS
At issue in this case is whether the officers had a reasonable, articulable suspicion to detain
Zamudio for approximately sixty seconds after Zamudio provided his personal information to the
officer but before dispatch confirmed Zamudio’s active warrant. On appeal, the parties do not
challenge the district court’s finding that Zamudio’s initial engagement with the first officer was
consensual or that, during that consensual encounter, Zamudio provided his personal information.
However, Zamudio argues the officers unlawfully seized him prior to dispatch confirming he had
an active arrest warrant because the officer lacked specific, articulable facts to support reasonable
suspicion that Zamudio had been, was, or was about to be, engaged in criminal activity. Zamudio
further argues the evidence discovered from the unlawful seizure should be suppressed pursuant
to the exclusionary rule. In response, the State argues the brief investigatory detention did not
violate Zamudio’s constitutional rights because the officers were aware of specific, articulable
facts sufficient to establish a reasonable suspicion that Zamudio had been, was, or was about to
be, engaged in criminal activity.
A. The District Court Did Not Err in Finding There Was a Reasonable Suspicion for the
Investigatory Detention
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, § 17 of the Idaho
State Constitution protects “[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,
and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures” and applies to the states through the Due
Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. U.S. CONST. amend. IV; State v. Bishop, 146 Idaho
804, 810, 203 P.3d 1203, 1209 (2009).1
The determination of whether an investigative detention is reasonable requires a dual
inquiry--whether the officer’s action was justified at its inception and whether it was reasonably
related in scope to the circumstances which justified the interference in the first place. State v.

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Although Zamudio contends that both constitutions were violated, he provides no cogent
reason why Article I, Section 17 of the Idaho Constitution should be applied differently than the
Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution in this case. Therefore, the Court will rely
on judicial interpretation of the Fourth Amendment in its analysis of Zamudio’s claims. See State
v. Schaffer, 133 Idaho 126, 130, 982 P.2d 961, 965 (Ct. App. 1999).

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Roe, 140 Idaho 176, 181, 90 P.3d 926, 931 (Ct. App. 2004); State v. Parkinson, 135 Idaho 357,
361, 17 P.3d 301, 305 (Ct. App. 2000). A limited investigative detention is permissible if it is
based upon an officer’s reasonable articulable suspicion that the detained person is, has been, or
was about to be engaged in criminal activity. Bishop, 146 Idaho at 811, 203 P.3d at 1210. An
officer’s “[r]easonable suspicion must be based on specific, articulable facts and the rational
inference that can be drawn from those facts.” Id.; see also State v. Sheldon, 139 Idaho 980, 983,
88 P.3d 1220, 1223 (Ct. App. 2003). The quantity and quality of necessary information to establish
reasonable suspicion is greater than a mere hunch or “inchoate and unparticularized suspicion” but
less than what is necessary to establish probable cause. Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325, 330
(1990) (quoting United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989)); Bishop, 146 Idaho at 811, 203
P.3d at 1210. Whether the officer possessed enough necessary information to establish reasonable
suspicion is evaluated on the totality of the circumstances at or before the time of the stop. Bishop,
146 Idaho at 811, 203 P.3d at 1210.
A report received from an individual regarding suspected criminal activity may establish
reasonable suspicion when it would warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that a stop
was appropriate. Bishop, 146 Idaho at 811, 203 P.3d at 1210. A report received from a known
citizen is generally sufficient to establish reasonable suspicion because the citizen’s reputation can
be assessed and may be subjected to criminal liability if the provided information is untruthful. Id.
at 812, 203 P.3d at 1211. Even though reports provided by known citizens are presumed reliable,
the report’s content and the citizen’s basis of knowledge are examined under the totality of the
circumstances to determine whether the report gives rise to reasonable suspicion. Id.
The district court denied Zamudio’s motion to suppress after first making factual findings
regarding the content of the citizen’s report. The information provided by the citizen included:
(1) the citizen’s identity (or that identity was readily ascertainable as the citizen provided their
address); (2) the basis of their knowledge, which was a first-hand observation of Zamudio
searching through the citizen’s bushes, claiming he was looking for something in the bushes
although he did not have a light to assist in his search; (3) the citizen watched Zamudio walk
toward a neighbor’s house and then walk in circles in the street; and (4) a physical description of
Zamudio and his attire. The district court also found: (1) the events occurred during the dark, pre-
dawn hours on a winter day; (2) the neighborhood was a high-crime residential area; (3) the officer
responded within five minutes and found Zamudio four blocks from the citizen’s home;

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(4) Zamudio matched the physical description of the suspect, as did his attire; (5) Zamudio
provided his name and birthdate during a consensual encounter with the officer; (6) Zamudio was
seized for “approximately sixty seconds” beginning when the second officer positioned herself
behind Zamudio and ending when Zamudio’s outstanding arrest warrant information was
conveyed to the officers; and (7) during that sixty seconds, the officer was undertaking reasonable
inquiries to confirm or dispel his suspicion of criminal activity. Based on these facts, the district
court concluded that the officer’s suspicion was reasonable based on the information contained in
the report and the circumstances existing at the time the officer arrived at the scene. Thereafter,
Zamudio was lawfully arrested pursuant to an outstanding arrest warrant; and his backpack was
lawfully searched incident to the arrest which resulted in the discovery of a controlled substance.
Zamudio does not challenge the content or reliability of the report but argues that the report
was too vague to provide reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. We disagree. The information
reported was sufficiently specific and some of the information was confirmed or corroborated
within five minutes of the call when the first officer arrived at the location. For example, Zamudio
was the only person the officer encountered en route to the address, Zamudio matched the physical
description of the suspicious person, and he had a similar Carhartt-style jacket and a backpack.
The district court’s factual findings, which are unchallenged on appeal, provide objective
and articulable facts supporting the officer’s reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. When
determining whether the officer had reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, this Court considers
the totality of the circumstances rather than viewing individual facts in isolation. State v. Kelley,
159 Idaho 417, 424, 361 P.3d 1280, 1287 (Ct. App. 2015). Although Zamudio argues the officer
did not have specific, articulable facts to suspect Zamudio of trespass, the officer need not have a
reasonable suspicion of a specific crime; instead, there need only be objective and specific facts
giving rise to a reasonable belief the individual had been, is, or is about to be, engaged in some
criminal activity. State v. Perez-Jungo, 156 Idaho 609, 615, 329 P.3d 391, 397 (Ct. App. 2014).
As listed above, the officer had specific, articulable facts suspecting Zamudio of criminal activity.
The totality of circumstances in this case supports the district court’s conclusion that not
only was the detention justified at its inception, but thereafter, the detention was related in scope
to the circumstances which justified the initial detention. By the time Zamudio was detained, he
had already provided his personal identifying information to the officer, who called it in to
dispatch. During the next sixty seconds, the officer was talking with Zamudio to confirm or dispel

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the officer’s suspicion that Zamudio was the subject of the citizen’s call and the extent, if any, of
criminal activity. This was constitutionally permissible. During this time, the officer received
confirmation of an outstanding warrant for Zamudio, which provided the legal basis for Zamudio’s
subsequent arrest and the search of his backpack. Thus, because the officer had reasonable
suspicion to detain Zamudio, the district court did not err in denying Zamudio’s motion to
suppress.
IV.
CONCLUSION
The officer possessed specific, articulable facts providing reasonable suspicion of criminal
activity to justify Zamudio’s detention to confirm or dispel that suspicion. Zamudio’s subsequent
arrest and search of his backpack did not violate the Fourth Amendment to the United States
Constitution. The district court did not err in denying Zamudio’s motion to suppress, and the
judgment of conviction is affirmed.
Chief Judge LORELLO and Judge GRATTON CONCUR.

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