Debra Morgan et al. v. Erik S. Townsend

MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions
Decision: 2023 ME 62
Docket: BCD-22-201
Argued: January 12, 2023
Decided: September 5, 2023

Panel: STANFILL, C.J., and MEAD, JABAR, HORTON, CONNORS, and LAWRENCE, JJ.
Majority: JABAR, HORTON, CONNORS, and LAWRENCE, JJ.
Dissent: MEAD, J., and STANFILL, C.J.

DEBRA MORGAN et al.

v.

ERIK S. TOWNSEND

HORTON, J.

[¶1] Erik S. Townsend appeals from an entry of summary judgment by

the Business and Consumer Docket (Duddy, J.) in an action brought by

Townsend’s neighbors, Debra and Douglas Morgan and P. Jason Ward as

Trustee of the P. Jason Ward Revocable Trust (collectively “the Morgans and

Ward”). The court issued a declaratory judgment and injunction based on its

determination that Townsend’s short-term rentals of his oceanfront property

have violated a deed restriction that limits the use and occupancy of the

property and the structures on it. We affirm the court’s declaratory judgment

that Townsend’s rentals have violated the restriction, but we vacate the

injunction against further violations because it needs to be more specific on
2

what does and does not comply with the deed restriction. We remand for

further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

I. BACKGROUND

[¶2] “The following facts are derived from the summary judgment

record” and viewed in the light most favorable to Townsend. Stiff v. Jones, 2022

ME 9, ¶ 2, 268 A.3d 294. We discern no disputed material facts.

[¶3] Townsend, the Morgans, and Ward own three neighboring

oceanfront lots in a residential subdivision created in the 1960s by the

McConchie brothers on a peninsula in the Town of Cushing. Each lot in the

subdivision is subject to a restrictive covenant contained in the deeds

transferring the lot that, in one pertinent single sentence, provides,

The premises herein conveyed shall not be used or occupied for
any purpose other than for private residential purposes and no
trade or business shall be conducted therefrom; and no building,
structure, trailer, mobile home, object or thing whatsoever other
than a private dwelling house for use and occupancy by one family
and such out buildings as are usual, customary and appurtenant to
a private residence shall be erected or placed thereon, and not
more than one such dwelling shall be erected or placed on said
lot[.]

The restriction also specifies that it is intended to burden and benefit the other

lots created from the same original tract:

Conveyances of other lots from the tract of land of which the herein
conveyed premises is a portion, shall be conveyed subject to the
3

above restrictions, which said restrictions shall inure to the benefit
of the respective land owners from said original tract.

[¶4] The structures on Townsend’s five-acre lot are a five-bedroom,

five-bathroom main house, and a two-bedroom, one-bathroom guest cottage

with a kitchen. He advertises the structures as providing sleeping space for up

to thirty-two people. The main house has a 900-square-foot recreation room,

twenty-four commercial-grade Adirondack style chairs, a hot tub, a

commercial-grade lobster cooker, a fire pit, outdoor recreation equipment,

flood lighting, an outdoor deck, and a barbeque grill. Townsend has not lived

full-time on the property since the 1970s and has not visited it since 2019, but

he continues to store personal belongings there.

[¶5] Both the Morgans and Ward have resided primarily at their

properties since 2020. Ward’s property also has a main house and guest house,

although only the main house is winterized. In addition to the main house, the

Morgans’ property has a garage with an upstairs bedroom and bath.

[¶6] In 2019, Townsend began renting his entire property for short

intervals to one group at a time.1 Townsend advertises his rental property on

1 Prior to 2019, Townsend rented out only the guest cottage.
4

Vrbo and AirBnb.2 Townsend’s advertisements have described the property as

the “[b]est oceanfront property for large groups on the coast of Maine!”

Townsend has required rentals between May and November to be for a

minimum of one week but has allowed shorter rentals between November and

May. Between May 2019 and September 2021, Townsend rented out the

property to approximately fifty-nine groups (allowing up to thirty-two people

in each group) with an average size of a dozen. Townsend has not limited

rentals of the property to family groups, nor has he inquired whether

prospective renters are members of the same family.

[¶7] Townsend employs a property manager to coordinate rentals,

cleaning, and maintenance, and he pays the manager fifteen percent of the

rental income. He reports the rental fees as income on his federal tax returns

and indicates that the property is not for his personal use. Townsend collects

Maine lodging taxes on the rental fees and remits them to the state.

2 Vrbo (an acronym for “Vacation Rentals by Owner”) and AirBnb are website businesses that
connect owners of residential property with people seeking lodging. Get to know Vrbo, Vrbo,
vrbo.com/about (last visited Aug. 23, 2023), available at https://perma.cc/83WY-D9L3; About Us,
Airbnb, news.airbnb.com/about-us/ (last visited Aug. 24, 2023), available at https://perma.cc/4GSE-
YJUB; see Nat Ives, Vrbo Changes Its Name to Match How People Say It, Wall St. J. (Mar. 27, 2019),
https://www.wsj.com/articles/vrbo-changes-its-name-to-match-how-people-say-it-
11553659260#:~:text=The%20company%20long%20known%20as,%27, available at https://per
ma.cc/RM5Z-MRGT.
5

[¶8] On June 17, 2020, the Morgans and Ward filed a two-count

complaint against Townsend. Their standing to assert their claims has never

been in question because their title descended from the land that the

McConchie brothers once owned, and their title is subject to the same

restrictive covenant. See Doyon v. Fantini, 2020 ME 77, ¶ 6 n.3, 234 A.3d 1222.

The first count of their complaint sought a declaratory judgment that

Townsend is violating the restrictive covenant by

(i) erecting on the premises two structures designed to house
transient guests;
(ii) using the property and the structures for lodging houses;
(iii) allowing dozens of people from multiple families to utilize the
property simultaneously; and
(iv) using the entirety of the property to operate a business.

The second count asserted a nuisance claim against Townsend based on the

noise associated with his rentals and trash left on the neighbors’ properties.

[¶9] The Morgans and Ward later filed an amended complaint to clarify

that Ward’s land is held in a trust. In August 2020, Townsend answered the

complaint, and in March 2021, he filed a counterclaim.3 In his counterclaim,

Townsend alleged that if he were in breach of the restrictive covenant then the

3 Townsend also filed a third-party complaint that added several parties to the litigation, including

neighbors whose lots are subject to the same restrictive covenant. Many of the added parties filed
motions to dismiss, which the court granted. By the time of Townsend’s appeal, the parties added by
the third-party complaint were no longer part of the case.
6

Morgans and Ward were also in breach of the same covenant. In July 2021, the

Morgans and Ward filed a second amended complaint to add a claim for

injunctive relief. The Morgans and Ward asked the court to permanently enjoin

Townsend “from using his land or erecting or maintaining structures on his

land in violation of the restrictive covenants in his deed.”

[¶10] In January 2022, the Morgans and Ward filed a motion for

summary judgment. Townsend opposed the motion and cross-moved for

summary judgment on the grounds that his rentals of his property do not

violate the restrictive covenant and that the Morgans and Ward had violated

the restrictive covenants in their own deeds. None of the parties’ summary

judgment filings offered extrinsic evidence of the intent of the McConchie

brothers in imposing the restrictions.

[¶11] On May 9, 2022, the court entered summary judgment in favor of

the Morgans and Ward on their claims for declaratory judgment and injunctive

relief, but denied summary judgment on the nuisance claim, citing genuine

disputes of material fact. In the same order, the court denied Townsend’s

cross-motion on his counterclaim because he had failed to show that the

Morgans and Ward had violated the restriction in their own deeds. The court
7

observed that it did not need to reach the Morgans and Ward’s potentially

applicable defenses of laches and unclean hands.

[¶12] Citing precedent from Maine and other jurisdictions, the court

determined that the restrictive covenant unambiguously limited Townsend’s

property and the structures on it to use and occupancy by one family. It decided

that Townsend’s pattern of short-term rentals to large groups, with no effort by

him to determine whether each group constituted a family, violated the

restriction’s requirement that the property be used and occupied for “private

residential purposes,” as well as its requirement that the “single dwelling house

[be] for use and occupancy by one family.” The court also decided that the same

pattern of rentals, along with Townsend’s tax treatment of the rental income,

payment of lodging taxes, use of an accounting system, and retention of a

property manager, demonstrated that Townsend “is using the [p]roperty to

conduct a full-scale commercial business in violation of the restrictive

covenant.” The court held that the Morgans and Ward had waived any claim

based on the presence of two dwellings on Townsend’s property. The court

entered an injunction as follows: “Townsend is permanently enjoined from

using his Property in violation of the restrictive covenant contained in his

deed.”
8

[¶13] Townsend filed a motion to alter or amend the judgment to clarify

the scope of the injunction. M.R. Civ. P. 59(e). The court denied the motion

without comment. Townsend timely appealed.4 See M.R. App. P. 2B(c)(1),

(2)(D).

II. DISCUSSION

[¶14] This appeal presents the first occasion for us to consider the effect

of a restrictive covenant that limits the uses of residential property upon

short-term rentals through online services such as Vrbo and Airbnb.

[¶15] “We review a grant of a motion for summary judgment de novo,

[and] view[] the evidence in the light most favorable to [Townsend]” as the

nonmoving party. Badler v. Univ. of Me. Sys., 2022 ME 40, ¶ 5, 277 A.3d 379

(quotation marks omitted); see River Dale Ass’n v. Bloss, 2006 ME 86, ¶ 5, 901

A.2d 809. “A grant of summary judgment will be affirmed if there are no

genuine issues of material fact and the undisputed facts show that the

prevailing party was entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Badler, 2022

ME 40, ¶ 5, 277 A.3d 379 (quotation marks omitted). “A fact is material if it has

the potential to affect the outcome of the suit, and a genuine issue of material

4 The court granted the parties’ consented-to motion to dismiss Count 2 (the nuisance claim) of
the Morgans and Ward’s second amended complaint, thereby creating a final judgment.
M.R. Civ. P. 41(a)(2).
9

fact exists when a fact-finder must choose between competing versions of the

truth, even if one party’s version appears more credible or persuasive.” Angell

v. Hallee, 2014 ME 72, ¶ 17, 92 A.3d 1154 (quotation marks omitted).

[¶16] Our analysis begins with an overview of the law regarding

interpretation of covenants and then turns to the deed restriction on the

parties’ properties.

A. Interpretation of a Restrictive Covenant in a Deed

[¶17] The interpretation of a deed containing a restrictive covenant

presents a question of law that we consider de novo. River Dale Ass’n, 2006

ME 86, ¶ 6, 901 A.2d 809; Sleeper v. Loring, 2013 ME 112, ¶ 10, 83 A.3d 769.

“The cardinal rule in the interpretation and construction of deeds, as in the case

of any contract, is to seek to ascertain the intention of the parties.” Sargent v.

Coolidge, 399 A.2d 1333, 1344 (Me. 1979). “In determining the intent of the

parties to the deed, we look at the instrument as a whole.” Windham Land Tr.

v. Jeffords, 2009 ME 29, ¶ 24, 967 A.2d 690.

[¶18] In construing language within a deed, we first give words their

plain and ordinary meaning to determine if they create any ambiguity. Sleeper,

2013 ME 112, ¶ 12, 83 A.3d 769; River Dale Ass’n, 2006 ME 86, ¶ 6, 901 A.2d

809. The ordinary or plain meaning of a term within a restrictive covenant is
10

determined by its dictionary definition if the covenant itself does not define the

term. See River Dale Ass’n, 2006 ME 86, ¶¶ 7-8, 901 A.2d 809. “[I]f the language

of a deed is unambiguous, it will guide interpretation of the parties’ intent.”

Green v. Lawrence, 2005 ME 90, ¶ 7, 877 A.2d 1079 (quotation marks omitted).

If language in a deed is ambiguous, meaning that it is susceptible of multiple

interpretations and “the intention of the parties [to the deed] is in doubt,” then

extrinsic evidence may be introduced to determine the parties’ or grantor’s

intent. Sylvan Properties Co. v. State Plan. Off., 1998 ME 106, ¶ 8, 711 A.2d 138;

see Green, 2005 ME 90, ¶ 7, 877 A.2d 1079; N. Sebago Shores, LLC v. Mazzaglia,

2007 ME 81, ¶ 13, 926 A.2d 728. “In the absence of extrinsic evidence, the

intent of the parties should be ascertained” by using the rules of construction

of deeds. Almeder v. Town of Kennebunkport, 2019 ME 151, ¶ 26, 217 A.3d 1111

(quotation marks omitted). The rules of construction of deeds require us “to

give effect to the intention of the parties ascertained from the language used in

the instrument, or the circumstances surrounding creation of the servitude, and

to carry out the purpose for which it was created.” Restatement (Third) of

Prop.: Servitudes § 4.1(1) (Am. L. Inst. 2000); see 3 Michael Allan Wolf, Powell

on Real Property § 24.04, Lexis (database updated 2023). Any remaining

“ambiguities [will] be resolved in favor of the interpretation that least restricts
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the free use of the property.” Doyon, 2020 ME 77, ¶ 8, 234 A.3d 1222. If the

covenantor’s intent remains in doubt, we will turn to public policy for guidance.

Restatement (Third) of Prop.: Servitudes § 4.1(2); see 9 Michael A. Wolf, Powell

on Real Property § 60.05.

B. The Deed Restriction

[¶19] Bearing in mind that the deed is to be interpreted as a whole, there

are three phrases that are especially pertinent and merit individual attention:

• “[t]he premises herein conveyed shall not be used or occupied for any
purpose other than for private residential purposes”;

• “no trade or business shall be conducted therefrom”; and

• “no building . . . other than a private dwelling house for use and
occupancy by one family.”

As have the parties and the court, we examine each in terms of its common

meaning or meanings and then assess all three in the context of the restriction

as a whole.

1. “Private residential purposes”

[¶20] The term “private” has two unambiguous meanings relevant

here—“not public” and “reserved for use.” See Hines v. Heisler, 439 So. 2d 4, 6

(Ala. 1983) (“We conclude that when the word ‘private’ is used in connection

with the word ‘residence,’ it means single family residence.”); Flaks v. Wichman,
12

260 P.2d 737, 739 (Colo. 1953) (“The word ‘private’ has a clear meaning, and,

as applied here, connotes that the word ‘residence’ as used in its singular sense

is peculiar to the privacy of one . . . family, and would not apply to structures for

two or more families.”); Fox v. Sumerson, 13 A.2d 1, 2-4 (Pa. 1940) (“The

distinction between a private dwelling house or a private residence on the one

hand and a house built or occupied as a residence for two or more families is

quite obvious. In the one case it is single, private, and personal; in the other it

is a sort of tenement affair.” (quotation marks omitted)); see also Property,

Private Property, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) (“Property—

protected from public appropriation—over which the owner has exclusive and

absolute rights.”). The “not public” meaning somewhat favors the

interpretation of the Morgans and Ward, because Townsend has advertised and

made available the use and occupancy of his property to members of the public

dozens of times. The “reserved for use” meaning weighs somewhat in favor of

Townsend’s interpretation because the use and occupancy of Townsend’s

property has always been “private” for the group renting it. We conclude that

the restriction’s use of the word “private” serves simply to limit Townsend’s

rentals to one group at a time. There is no evidence that Townsend has ever

violated that limitation.
13

[¶21] Regarding the “residential purposes” term of the covenant, what

appears to be a slight majority of the courts that have interpreted the word

“residential” in the context of deed restrictions has deemed it not to preclude

short-term rentals. See, e.g., Slaby v. Mountain River Ests. Residential Ass’n, 100

So. 3d 569, 578-79 (Ala. Civ. App. 2012); Lowden v. Bosley, 909 A.2d 261, 267-69

(Md. 2006); Tarr v. Timberwood Park Owners Ass’n, 556 S.W.3d 274, 288-92

(Tex. 2018); Craig Tracts Homeowners’ Ass’n v. Brown Drake, LLC, 477 P.3d 283,

286-87 (Mont. 2020); Lake Serene Prop. Owners Ass’n v. Esplin, 334 So. 3d 1139,

1142-43 (Miss. 2022). As the Montana Supreme Court in Craig Tracts observed,

“[t]hese decisions focus on what is being done at a particular premises, not how

long any particular individual is doing the activity for.” 477 P.3d at 286

(emphasis in original). The Court of Appeals in Lowden noted, “[t]he word

‘residential’ has been applied to apartment buildings, fraternity houses, hotels,

and bed-and-breakfasts, because such structures are used for habitation

purposes. The transitory or temporary nature of such use does not defeat the

residential status.” 909 A.2d at 267 (citations omitted); see also 334 So. 3d at

1142 (“Even though the property had been rented out for as little as one

day, . . . when the property is used as a place of abode, the use is considered

residential no matter how short the rental period.”).
14

[¶22] Other courts have concluded that, in the context of both deed

restrictions and zoning regulations, short-term property rentals are not

consistent with “residential” uses and character. See, e.g., Styller v. Zoning Bd.

of Appeals, 169 N.E.3d 160, 170-71 (Mass. 2021); Slice of Life, LLC v. Hamilton

Twp. Zoning Hearing Bd., 207 A.3d 886, 899-904 (Pa. 2019); Hensley v. Gadd,

560 S.W.3d 516, 521-26 (Ky. 2018); Bostick v. Desoto Cnty., 225 So. 3d 20, 23-26

(Miss. Ct. App. 2017); O’Connor v. Resort Custom Builders, Inc., 591 N.W.2d 216,

219-21 (Mich. 1999); Ewing v. City of Carmel-By-The-Sea, 286 Cal. Rptr. 382,

388-90 (Cal. Ct. App. 1991).

[¶23] Our own precedent includes a few decisions in which we have

considered covenants that limit use of property to “residential purposes” or

“residential uses,” or disallow use for “commercial” purposes. See Silsby v.

Belch, 2008 ME 104, ¶¶ 2, 8-14, 952 A.2d 218; Sanseverino v. Gregor, 2011 ME

8, ¶¶ 9-10, 10 A.3d 735; Jeffords, 2009 ME 29, ¶¶ 24-36, 967 A.2d 690. In Silsby,

we considered residential restrictions without defining the word “residential.”

See generally Silsby, 2008 ME 104, 952 A.2d 218. In Jeffords, we defined the

word “residential” in a way that appears to favor the interpretation that the

Morgans and Ward give the covenant here but on closer review is more neutral.

2009 ME 29, ¶¶ 27-28, 967 A.2d 690.
15

[¶24] In Jeffords, a land trust that held a conservation easement limiting

use of the burdened property to “residential recreational purposes” sued the

property owners, claiming that the owners’ plan to open the property to paying

members of the public for fishing, skiing, hiking, and sleigh rides violated the

easement. Id. ¶¶ 2-10. We agreed with the land trust, based on our

interpretation of “residential”:

We apply the common, everyday understanding of the word
“residential,” which is “of or relating to residence or residences.”
Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary 977 (1979). The definition of
“residence” is understood to include: “1a: the act or fact of dwelling
in a place for some time; b: the act or fact of living or regularly
staying at or in some place for the discharge of a duty or the
enjoyment of a benefit; 2a(1): the place where one actually lives as
distinguished from his domicile or a place of temporary sojourn.”
Id.

The meaning of “residential recreational purposes,”
therefore, refers, unambiguously, to recreational activities
associated with those who are regularly living at that locale. Thus,
the deed’s several references to “residential recreational purposes”
indicate the parties’ intent to restrict the use of the Protected
Parcel to the residents of the front fifteen acres for their
recreational purposes, and to preclude the income-producing
or -generating uses proposed by the Owners.

Jeffords, 2009 ME 29, ¶¶ 27-28, 967 A.2d 690.

[¶25] What distinguishes Jeffords from this case, however, is that the

servient owner sought to open the burdened property to recreational use by

day visitors, i.e., people whose use could not be deemed “residential” under any
16

reasonable definition of the term. Id. ¶¶ 32, 36. The issue of whether

“residential recreational purposes” would extend to recreational use of the

property by overnight guests was not before us.

[¶26] To say that a covenant limiting use of property to “private

residential purposes” means literally that only persons legally domiciled at the

property may spend the night there would impose a wholly impractical

limitation on property by prohibiting the owner from inviting friends, family,

and other guests to visit. Such a stance would likewise be contrary to the

principle of construing restrictive covenants in favor of the free use of property.

Doyon, 2020 ME 77, ¶ 8, 234 A.3d 1222. We therefore do not interpret the

phrase “private residential purposes” in the covenant, standing alone, to

prevent Townsend or any of the other lot owners from inviting overnight

guests, including paying guests, to their properties. Still, we do not exclude the

possibility that Townsend’s practice of renting it in absentia on a short-term

basis to dozens of groups yearly could have an adverse effect on the residential

character of the neighborhood and thus violate the “private residential

purposes” provision of the covenant. Exploring that possibility would entail a

fact-intensive inquiry, similar in focus to the inquiry that the Morgans and

Ward’s nuisance claims would have entailed had they been pursued, and the
17

court’s grant of summary judgment on this ground might not stand. See River

Dale Ass’n, 2006 ME 86, ¶¶ 12-13, 901 A.2d 809. However, it becomes

unnecessary for us to proceed further regarding “private residential purposes”

because we agree that the Morgans and Ward were entitled to summary

judgment on their contention that Townsend has violated the “no trade or

business” provision of the covenant.

2. “No trade or business shall be conducted therefrom”

[¶27] The Morgans and Ward argue that Townsend conducts a business

on his property akin to an unhosted hotel or bed-and-breakfast business

because he regularly rents his property to large groups, receives rental income,

pays lodging taxes on that income, reports that income on his taxes, and

maintains an accounting system.5 Townsend points out that he only rents to

one group at a time. He also relies on our clear precedent to the effect that the

owner of residential property does not engage in commercial activity merely

by renting the property. See Silsby, 2008 ME 104, ¶¶ 11-14, 952 A.2d 218.

5 The Morgans and Ward also point to various components of Townsend’s property as evidence
of business activity: the 900-square-foot recreation room, the twenty-four commercial-grade
Adirondack chairs, the hot tub, the commercial-grade lobster cooker, the fire pit, the outdoor
recreation equipment, the flood lighting, the outdoor deck, and the barbeque grill. Although these
amenities could be consistent with the operation of a business, they are not necessarily inconsistent
with an owner-occupied property.
18

[¶28] Townsend’s deed does not define the meaning of “trade or

business,” and the dictionary includes at least ten different definitions. One

definition of “business” refers to “a commercial or industrial establishment;

store, factory, etc.” Business, Webster’s New World College Dictionary

(5th ed. 2016). The definition of “business” contained in the Maine tax statute

is even broader: “any activity engaged in with the object of gain, benefit or

advantage, either direct or indirect.” 36 M.R.S. § 1752(1-C) (2023).

[¶29] The fact that Townsend and his property manager are not on the

property while renters are present may distinguish Townsend’s property from

a hotel and a bed-and-breakfast establishment, but it does not necessarily mean

that he is not operating a trade or business at the property. Businesses with

physical premises accessible to customers—for example, laundromats, parking

lots, amusement arcades, ATM locations, and farmstands—may operate

without any staff on site.

[¶30] In Silsby, we considered whether the conversion of an existing

single-family structure into a three-unit apartment building violated a

restrictive covenant that prohibited use of the property “for any commercial

purposes.” 2008 ME 104, ¶¶ 3, 11-14, 952 A.2d 218 (quotation marks omitted).

We said that “the fact that this use may involve income in some fashion does
19

not change a fundamentally residential use to a commercial enterprise.” Id.

¶ 14. We further commented that to hold otherwise “would result in an

affirmative rule of law holding that every single- or multi-family residence that

is rented for use by someone other than the owner is a commercial enterprise.

Under such a rule of law, innumerable properties would invariably run afoul of

local zoning ordinances prohibiting commercial uses.” Id. In the context of

residential property rental, the rule of Silsby is that the owner of a three-unit

building who rents to long-term tenants is not running a business at the

property. Silsby, 2008 ME 104, ¶¶ 11-14, 952 A.2d 218. Though the restriction

at issue here derives from a covenant rather than an ordinance, and though the

covenant does not utilize the word “commercial,” the analogy to Silsby remains

apropos. That Townsend rents his property and has a property manager does

not establish that he is operating a trade or business there.

[¶31] On the other hand, Townsend’s claim that he is not running a

business on the property is contrary to the growing trend among state and local

governments, in Maine and elsewhere, to regulate short-term rentals—often

defined to mean rentals for fewer than thirty days at a time—as a business

activity. See, e.g., 30-A M.R.S. § 4364-C(2) (2023) (authorizing municipalities to

“establish and enforce regulations regarding short-term rental units”);
20

Bar Harbor, Me., Code § 174 (Sept. 7, 2021), https://ecode360.com/37980653

(last visited Aug. 30, 2023), available at https://perma.cc/24DJ-S3DK;

Falmouth, Me., Code ch. II-23 (July 26, 2021),

https://online.encodeplus.com/regs/falmouth/doc-viewer.aspx#secid-778,

(last visited Aug. 30, 2023), available at https://perma.cc/L4DN-9LR3;

Commission to Increase Housing Opportunities in Maine by Studying Land Use

Regulations and Short-term Rentals, 130th Legis. 49-52 (Nov. 2022) (providing

a summary of Maine municipal short-term rental ordinances compiled by the

Maine Legislature’s Office of Policy and Legal Analysis); see generally Nicholas

E. Anania, Comment, The Short-Term Rental Economy in Rural Maine

Communities: An Opportunity for Economic Growth Instead of a Target for

Regulation, 71 Me. L. Rev. 341, 352-55 (2019) (reviewing Maine municipal

ordinances regulating short-term rentals). The fact that Townsend’s rentals

are subject to the Maine sales tax imposed on lodging is also indicative of the

operation of a business, because it means that his rentals are treated as if he

were operating a hotel or rooming house. 36 M.R.S. § 1811(1)(D)(3) (2023)

(sales tax assessed at “[n]ine percent on the value of rental of living quarters in

any hotel, rooming house or tourist or trailer camp”). The lodging tax

obligation is the direct result of the short-term nature of his rentals because
21

rentals of more than twenty-eight days to persons who reside at the property

are exempt from sales and use tax. See 36 M.R.S. § 1760(20)(A) (2023).

[¶32] Townsend’s fifty-nine rentals in twenty-eight months equates to

an average of more than two a month, or twenty-four per year. “Frequency of

sales is one criterion of a business.” Adam v. Comm’r, 60 T.C. 996, 1001 (1973).

Although “[n]o arbitrary or definite rule can be laid down which would describe

the boundary between the doing of certain infrequent or isolated transactions

for profit and the continuous and habitual carrying on of such transactions to

such an extent as to amount to a regular business,” Kaplan v. Gaskill, 187 N.W.

943, 945 (Neb. 1922), that does not mean that the boundary can never be

drawn. A household that puts items in the driveway to sell on one Saturday is

holding a garage sale; a household that does it every Saturday is operating a flea

market business. Townsend’s pattern of use, maintenance, advertising, and

holding out of his property brings his rentals squarely within the definition of

a business, such as a “hotel.” See 36 M.R.S. § 1752(4) (“‘Hotel’ means every

building or other structure kept, used, maintained, advertised as or held out to

the public to be a place where living quarters are supplied for pay to transient

or permanent guests and tenants.”).
22

[¶33] We conclude that the court was correct in deciding that the

undisputed facts show that Townsend has been using the property to operate

a business on his property in violation of the covenant.6

3. “No building . . . other than a private dwelling house for use and
occupancy by one family”

[¶34] Of the three restrictions contained in the covenant, the “one

family” restriction is the most ambiguous in terms of both its interpretation and

its enforcement. The Morgans and Ward argue that Townsend has violated the

6 The Dissent contends that Townsend is not violating the “no trade or business” provision of the

covenant because the pertinent provision includes the word “therefrom” as opposed to “therein” or
“thereon” and notes that “[n]one of Townsend’s rentals are taking place from the property—they take
place wholly upon the property.” Dissenting Opinion ¶ 44. This interpretation of the covenant would
mean that Townsend could operate a hotel, a bed and breakfast, or a campground on his property,
because all those businesses would operate on the property and cater to overnight guests. In fact,
like any business with a physical location, Townsend’s rental business seeks to attract customers to
his property, and in that sense, it operates from, on, and at his property.

The Dissent states, “If the grantors intended to forever bar residential rentals of the property, the
deed language could have, and presumably would have, explicitly said so.” Id. We do not construe
the covenant to bar residential rentals, only the operation of a short-term residential rental business.
See supra ¶ 26.

The Dissent also suggests that our opinion “provides no rationale or quantitative standards for
how parties and the trial courts are to define what constitutes a ‘trade or business’ in this frequently
occurring setting.” Dissenting Opinion ¶ 48. We have decided that because Townsend’s sole use of
his property is to rent it very frequently and exclusively for short periods, he is conducting a business
from and at his property in violation of the covenant. See supra ¶¶ 32-33. If he rented it month-to-
month or year-to-year, or if he rented it only occasionally for short periods, he would not be. See
supra ¶ 31. The Dissent also faults our decision for not defining in concrete numerical terms what
rentals the covenant does and does not permit. Dissenting Opinion ¶ 48 (“The Court’s model
anticipates a continuum based in part on the degree of use where, at some undefined tipping point,
the rental of a vacation property ceases to be a ‘non-business’ and becomes a business.”). We easily
could define a “tipping point,” but we view the promulgation of specific standards for the permanent
injunction as, at least initially, a task for the trial court with input from the parties. See infra ¶ 39 &
n.9.
23

“one family” restriction in the covenant by renting the property to groups of up

to thirty-two people without verifying that they are members of one family.

Townsend responds by pointing out that there is no evidence that any of his

fifty-nine groups of up to twenty-eight people have not consisted of members

of a family.

[¶35] Relying on our decisions in Silsby and in Boehner v. Briggs, 528 A.2d

451 (Me. 1987),7 Townsend contends that the restriction’s linkage of the “one

family” reference to the description of the dwelling demonstrates an intent only

to “limit[] the type of structure to a single-family dwelling, i.e., a single family

dwelling is permitted, but a multi-unit or apartment building is not.” The

Morgans and Ward respond by pointing out that the restriction’s phrasing, “a

private dwelling house for use and occupancy by one family,” consists of a

description of the structure—“private dwelling house” followed by a separate

7 In Silsby, one issue was whether a deed restriction limiting structures to those that “serve a
homestead” should be construed to prohibit construction of a three-unit apartment building on the
property. Silsby v. Belch, 2008 ME 104, ¶¶ 3-4, 8-10, 952 A.2d 218. The opponent of the project
contended that “the use of the word ‘homestead’ in the covenants . . . creates, as a term of art, a use
restricted to owner-occupied, single-family dwellings.” Id. ¶ 8. We rejected that interpretation,
noting that “[t]he plain language of the deeds does not invoke the word ‘homestead’ to define the use
of the property. On the contrary, ‘homestead’ is used to describe the type and character of
outbuildings that may be constructed upon the property.” Id. ¶ 9. In Boehner v. Briggs, we considered
a challenge to the construction of an addition to a home on property subject to a deed restriction
prohibiting the erection of “more than a one family dwelling on the . . . premises.” 528 A.2d 451, 452
(Me. 1987). We explained that the addition did not violate the covenant because “[t]he new structure
does not contain any kitchen facilities to support a separate family nor a full bath. There is no
evidence in the record that the new structure will house a family other than the Briggs’ immediate
family.” Id. at 453.
24

limitation that can only be construed to apply to how the structure may be used

and occupied.

[¶36] What undercuts the Morgans and Ward’s argument is that the “one

family” restriction cannot be construed strictly or literally; if it were, no

unrelated houseguest could ever be invited to stay the night on any of the

properties subject to the restriction. In addition, the definition of “family” has

plainly evolved over the decades since the covenant was instituted. Keeping

those points in mind, along with the precept favoring the free use of property,

Doyon, 2020 ME 77, ¶ 8, 234 A.3d 1222, we conclude that the single-family

limitation can reasonably be interpreted to indicate that at least some of the

people who are occupying and using the property at any given time should be

related in some way. The record does not establish that any of Townsend’s

rental groups failed to meet that standard.

4. The Restriction as a Whole

[¶37] Viewing the restriction as a whole, we conclude that, by using his

property exclusively for short-term rentals, Townsend is operating a business

at the property in violation of the covenant. We therefore agree with the court

that the Morgans and Ward are entitled to injunctive relief to prevent future

violations.
25

C. The Injunction

[¶38] The court’s judgment includes an injunction stating only that

“Townsend is permanently enjoined from using his Property in violation of the

restrictive covenant contained in his deed.” The court later denied Townsend’s

motion pursuant to M.R. Civ. P. 59(e) seeking clarification. “Rule 65(d) of the

Rules of Civil Procedure requires that an injunction be specific in terms and

describe in reasonable detail the act or acts sought to be restrained.”

Sebago Lake Camps, Inc. v. Simpson, 434 A.2d 519, 522 (Me. 1981) (alteration

and quotation marks omitted); see M.R. Civ. P. 65(d). Rule 65(d) requires

specificity and “reasonable detail” so that courts create injunctions that provide

a clear understanding of what is allowed and what is prohibited.

M.R. Civ. P. 65(d); Sebago Lake Camps, Inc., 434 A.2d at 523. We agree with

Townsend that the injunction against him needs to be recrafted.

[¶39] The interpretation that we have given the deed restriction does

not prohibit Townsend from renting his property. Two forms of rental do not

violate the prohibition of the conduct of a trade or business from the property.

A year-round or month-to-month rental of the property to a single group clearly

would not violate the covenant because it would not constitute business or

commercial activity under Silsby and also would fall outside the common
26

definition of “short-term rental” to mean rentals for fewer than twenty-eight

days. Similarly, occasional short-term rentals to one group at a time totaling a

small number of days per year would not indicate the conduct of a trade or

business. See 36 M.R.S. § 1764 (2023) (generally exempting from sales and use

tax “casual rentals” of a single residential unit for fewer than fifteen days per

year). On remand, the court should recraft the injunction to define “short-term

rental” and to set a limit, consistent with the definition, on the number of days

per year that Townsend may use the property for short-term rentals. As noted

above, one source for defining “short-term rental” consists of municipal

ordinances and state laws regulating short-term rentals. See supra ¶¶ 27-33.

Guidance for setting the limit on the total days per year permitted for

short-term rentals may also be found in the distinctions that federal and state

tax laws have drawn between business rentals and non-business rentals of

residential properties.8 The court may, in its discretion, convene an evidentiary

hearing limited to the question of what specific terms should be included in a

8 Federal income tax law provides that if the owner of a residence rents the property for fewer

than fifteen days per year, rental receipts need not be reported as income and any rental expenses
are not deductible. 26 U.S.C.A. § 280A(g)(1)-(2) (Westlaw through Pub. L. No. 118-10). As previously
discussed, Maine tax law does not treat residential rentals of twenty-eight days or more as subject to
the sales tax imposed on lodging, consistent with our jurisprudence holding that a long-term
residential rental is not inherently a commercial or business activity. 36 M.R.S. § 1760(20)(A)
(2023); Silsby, 2008 ME 104, ¶¶ 11-14, 952 A.2d 218. Maine also exempts from lodging tax casual
rentals, meaning “rental of living quarters rented for a total of fewer than 15 days in the calendar
year.” 36 M.R.S. § 1764 (2023).
27

permanent injunction,9 and in any event may invite recommendations from the

parties on these and other aspects of the injunction, including verification

procedures and requirements for enforcing, modifying, or terminating the

injunction.

[¶40] We therefore affirm the court’s judgment as to Townsend’s

violation of the covenant, vacate the injunction, and remand for the court to

amend the injunction.

The entry is:

Injunction vacated. Judgment affirmed in all
other respects. Remanded for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.

MEAD, J., with whom STANFILL, C.J., joins, dissenting.

[¶41] I respectfully dissent.

9 An evidentiary hearing is not required on whether the Morgans and Ward are entitled to
injunctive relief because the essential facts are undisputed. See Wedgewood Ltd. P’ship I v. Twp. of
Liberty, 610 F.3d 340, 349 (6th Cir. 2010) (“In the usual course, a district court should conduct an
evidentiary hearing before issuing a permanent injunction. However, because no factual issues
remained for trial, the district court’s decision to grant a permanent injunction without such a
hearing can still be upheld if it properly granted summary judgment . . . .”) (alterations, quotation
marks, and citation omitted). However, there may be factual questions relating to relief—the terms
of the injunction—that should be developed at a hearing. See United States v. Microsoft Corp., 253
F.3d 34, 101 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (“A hearing on the merits—i.e., a trial on liability—does not substitute
for a relief-specific evidentiary hearing unless the matter of relief was part of the trial on liability, or
unless there are no disputed factual issues regarding the matter of relief.”).
28

[¶42] I do not disagree with the Court’s recitation of facts,10 identification

of the issues, standards for reviewing summary judgments, identification of

principles for the interpretation of deed restrictions, or well-reasoned analysis

of the “private residential purposes” and “occupancy by one family” issues. I

do, however, depart from the Court’s conclusion that the “no trade or business”

restrictive covenant in these parties’ deeds limits Townsend’s prerogative to

make use of his property by renting it as a vacation destination. The Court’s

particular focus on the frequency and length of Townsend’s rentals in

determining whether the practice constitutes a business creates, in my view, an

elusive standard with enormous implications for the legions of Maine property

owners who derive income from the rental of their residential properties,

particularly in the summer months.

[¶43] As noted by the Court, the parties’ deeds contain the following

restrictive covenant in a single sentence:

The premises herein conveyed shall not be used or occupied for
any purpose other than for private residential purposes and no
trade or business shall be conducted therefrom; and no building,
structure, trailer, mobile home, object, or thing whatsoever other
than a private dwelling house for use and occupancy by one family
and such out buildings as are usual, customary and appurtenant to
a private residence shall be erected or placed thereon, and not

10 I would note the fact that Count 2 in the original complaint alleging nuisance has been
voluntarily dismissed without prejudice and remains available to the appellees as an alternative
means of addressing their grievances.
29

more than one such dwelling shall be erected or placed on said
lot[.]

Court’s Opinion ¶ 3 (emphasis added). The summary judgment record contains

no information regarding the grantors’ intent as to whether rentals of the

properties constituted a “trade or business.” Furthermore, it is probably safe

to assume that the grantors could not have anticipated the emergence of online

private rental services such as Vrbo and Airbnb.

[¶44] At the outset, I note that the grantors used the word “therefrom”

and not “therein” or “thereon.” The difference is subtle, but potentially

significant. One dictionary defines “therefrom” as “from there; from a . . . place.”

Therefrom, Cambridge Dictionary, https://dictionary.cambridge.org

/dictionary/english/therefrom (last visited August 15, 2023) (emphasis

added). None of Townsend’s rentals are taking place from the property—they

take place wholly upon the property. If the grantors intended to forever bar

residential rentals of the property, the deed language could have, and

presumably would have, explicitly said so.11

11 It seems unlikely that the original grantors would have intended to wholly prevent rentals in

what is described in the summary judgment record as a vacation community. More importantly, as
the trial court correctly found, “The parties do not dispute that renting out properties in the
neighborhood is permissible under the covenants.”
30

[¶45] Further, the fact that Townsend actively markets his property as a

premium getaway destination and derives income from it does not, ipso facto,

establish that he is conducting a business as prohibited by the “no trade or

business” restrictive covenant. See Slaby v. Mountain River Ests. Residential

Ass’n, Inc., 100 So. 3d 569, 580 (Ala. Civ. App. 2012) (“When the [property

owners] rent their cabin, they no doubt realize some pecuniary gain, but neither

that financial benefit nor the advertisement of the property or the remittance

of a lodging tax transforms the nature of the use of the property from

residential to commercial . . . .”); 9 Michael Allan Wolf, Powell on Real Property

§ 60.05, Lexis (database updated 2023).

[¶46] The Court does not disagree with that tenet and indeed

underscores the danger stated in Silsby v. Belch, 2008 ME 104, ¶ 14,

952 A.2d 218, that a holding to the contrary “‘would result in an affirmative rule

of law holding that every single- or multi-family residence that is rented by

someone other than the owner is a commercial enterprise. Under such a rule

of law, innumerable properties would invariably run afoul of local zoning

ordinances prohibiting commercial uses.’” Court’s Opinion ¶ 30 (quoting Silsby,

2008 ME 104, ¶ 14, 952 A.2d 218). The Court also notes, and I agree, that the

fact that Townsend does not reside at the property, derives rental income from
31

it, and employs a property manager does not necessarily establish that he is

operating a trade or business there. Id.

[¶47] The Court draws heavily on provisions of Maine’s tax code that

establish tax obligations and exemptions based upon a renter’s length of

residence at rented facilities. Court’s Opinion ¶ 31; see 36 M.R.S.

§§ 1760(20)(A), 1811(1)(D)(3) (2023). I respectfully submit that definitions

and policies underpinning state tax obligations are of little use in ascertaining

a grantor’s intent in creating a restrictive covenant or interpreting terms that

are employed in non-tax settings.

[¶48] The linchpin for the Court’s determination that Townsend’s rentals

constitute a business for purposes of the restrictive covenant—and the point

where I depart company from the Court’s reasoning—is the frequency of the

rentals. Court’s Opinion ¶ 32. The Court concludes that Townsend’s use,

maintenance, advertising, and description of his property “bring his rentals

squarely within the definition of a business, such as a ‘hotel,’”12 id., but provides

no rationale or quantitative standards for how parties and the trial courts are

to define what constitutes a “trade or business” in this frequently occurring

12 Again the Court cites a tax code definition of “hotel,” thus now adopting that definition as
precedent in non-tax cases. Court’s Opinion ¶ 32.
32

setting.13 The Court’s model anticipates a continuum based in part on the

degree of use where, at some undefined tipping point, the rental of a vacation

property ceases to be a “non-business” and becomes a business.

[¶49] The Court’s attempt to define “trade or business” by essentially

saying it is in the eye of the beholder and then invoking volume as the touchstone

fails to provide guidance to the owners of the “innumerable properties”

described in Silsby. 2008 ME 104, ¶ 14, 952 A.2d 218. Indeed, the Court here

vacates the injunction and remands the matter to the Superior Court with

instructions that it be “recraft[ed] . . . to define what constitutes a short-term

rental.” Court’s Opinion ¶ 39.

[¶50] In doing so, the Court offers this vague guidance to the court and

the parties: “occasional short-term rentals to one group at a time totaling a

small number of days per year would not indicate the conduct of a trade or

business” for purposes of the restrictive covenant despite the fact that money

is clearly changing hands. Id. Whatever a “short-term rental” is thereafter

deemed to mean becomes the foundation for the terms of the injunction. The

Court again directs the trial court to the state tax code for guidance on setting

13 Although this matter concerns a particular restrictive covenant, the Court’s holding and
adoption of tax code definitions will have implications for future ordinances and statutes concerning
rentals of private residential properties.
33

limits on short-term rentals. Id.; see supra n.13. I cannot concur in this process,

particularly when the plaintiffs do not challenge Townsend’s basic prerogative

to rent his property—it is the irresponsible and disrespectful use by some

renters that drove them to this action. I fear that the Court’s adoption of a

process that determines whether a permitted use is, or is not, a “business”

based upon the extent of use creates a slippery slope that can devolve into

arbitrariness.

[¶51] I do agree with the court’s observation that “[t]his appeal presents

the first occasion for us to consider the effect of a restrictive covenant that

limits the uses of residential property upon short-term rentals through online

services such as Vrbo and Airbnb.” Court’s Opinion ¶ 14. The arrival of

internet-based mass marketing has greatly increased the magnitude of use of

many goods and services, including short-term rentals of privately owned

properties. Has this increased usage transmogrified these private properties

into de facto hotels as the Court has concluded? Rental of privately owned

vacation properties or other residential facilities is a well-established practice

in Maine. The Court’s decision today threatens that practice, at least when a

restrictive covenant—even one that does not specifically address such usage—

is involved. Public policy in response to momentous changes in society should
34

be, in the first instance, within the exclusive domain of local ordinances and

statewide statutes, not the subject of after-the-fact interpretation of restrictive

covenants by grantors who could not have anticipated the advent of

internet-based marketing of rental properties.

[¶52] The appellees’ reaction to their plight of owning property adjacent

to a property where renters occasionally engage in raucous and annoying

behavior that interferes with the peaceful enjoyment of their own properties is

fully understandable. The appellees’ chief objective is to foreshorten the

behaviors, not necessarily to curtail private rentals. Reducing the number of

rentals may arguably (or hopefully) reduce the number of disturbances, but it

will not provide them with the ultimate remedy they seek—neighbors who are

as quiet and respectful as they are.

[¶53] I would conclude on the basis of the summary judgment record

that Townsend’s rental of his property does not violate the terms of the

restrictive covenant prohibiting “a trade or business . . . conducted therefrom.”

Accordingly, I would vacate the summary judgment and remand for further

proceedings.14

14 I presume, without being certain, that the appellees’ nuisance claim might be resurrected in the

context of such a remand.
35

Andrew W. Sparks, Esq. (orally), and William J. Kennedy, Esq., Drummond &
Drummond, LLP, Portland, for appellant Erik S. Townsend

David A. Soley, Esq. (orally), and Glenn Israel, Esq., Bernstein Shur, Portland, for
appellees Debra Morgan, Douglas Morgan, and P. Jason Ward as Trustee of the
P. Jason Ward Revocable Trust

Business and Consumer Docket docket number REA-2021-4
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY