Bandy v. a Perfect Fit for You, Inc.

Bandy v. A Perfect Fit for You, 2017 NCBC 63.

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA IN THE GENERAL COURT OF JUSTICE
SUPERIOR COURT DIVISION
COUNTY OF CARTERET 16 CVS 456

SHELLEY P. BANDY,

Plaintiff,

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA,

Intervenor-Plaintiff,

v.

MARGARET A. GIBSON, OPINION AND ORDER
individually, and RONALD WAYNE
GIBSON,

Defendants,

A PERFECT FIT FOR YOU, INC.,

Defendant and
Intervenor-Defendant

THIS MATTER comes before the Court upon Defendants Margaret A. Gibson

and Ronald Wayne Gibson’s Motion for Partial Judgment on the Pleadings

(“Motion”) pursuant to North Carolina Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c) (hereinafter

“Rule(s)”).

THE COURT, having considered the Motion, the briefs in support of and in

opposition to the Motion, the arguments of counsel at the hearing, and other

appropriate matters of record, concludes that the Motion should be GRANTED, in

part, and DENIED, in part, for the reasons set forth below.

Wheatly, Wheatly, Weeks, Lupton & Massie, P.A., by Wesley C. Cooper, Esq.,
Stevenson L. Weeks, Esq., and C.R. Wheatly, III, Esq. for Plaintiff Shelley P.
Bandy.
Ward and Smith, P.A., by Michael J. Parrish, Esq. and E. Bradley Evans,
Esq. for Defendants Margaret A. Gibson and Ronald Wayne Gibson.

McGuire, Judge.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND.

1. Plaintiff Shelley P. Bandy (“Bandy”) is a certified fitter of medical

devices for use of mastectomy, diabetes, and other patients. Certification as fitter is

required in order to directly bill for fitter services through Medicare, Medicaid, and

some private insurance carriers. (First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 6—7.)

2. Defendant Margaret A. Gibson’s (“Margaret”) background is in medical

insurance billing. Ronald Wayne Gibson (“Ronald”) (collectively, Margaret and

Ronald are the “Gibsons”) is Margaret’s husband. Bandy and Margaret began

working together for a retail medical device and pharmacy business in Carteret

County in 2008. While working together, Bandy and Margaret became experienced

in billing patients for fitting services. (First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 8—11.)

3. In 2013-14, Bandy and Margaret decided to go into business together

utilizing Bandy’s certification as a fitter and ability to direct bill for fitting services

and Margaret’s experience with medical insurance billing to create a “boutique

business offering custom fitting services and sales of medical and therapeutic

devices.” (First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 15—24.) Bandy and Margaret eventually agreed that

they would form an “S” corporation with 500 shares of stock, with Bandy and

Margaret each owning 250 shares. Bandy left it to Margaret to take care of forming

the corporation, while Bandy worked on the “operational side of the business.”

(First Am. Compl. ¶ 32.) On September 14, 2014, Bandy and Margaret co-signed a
lease for a retail store location, and each signed a personal guaranty on the lease.

(First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 37—38, Exs. E and F.)

4. On September 18, 2014, Margaret filed with the North Carolina

Secretary of State Articles of Incorporation forming A Perfect Fit for You,

Incorporated (“Perfect Fit”). (First Am. Compl. ¶ 39, Exh. G.) The Articles of

Incorporation authorized 500 shares of stock in Perfect Fit, but the shares have

never been issued. (First Am. Compl. ¶ 41.) Bandy alleges that Margaret

represented to her that they were both equal shareholders in the business with

Margaret serving as President and Bandy as Vice-President. (First Am. Compl. ¶

40.)

5. During October, 2014, Perfect Fit prepared to open its doors. Bandy

contributed office equipment and furniture for use in the store, and Margaret

provided an investment of approximately $65,000. Perfect Fit opened for business in

October 2014. (First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 44—49.) Bandy alleges that she and Margaret

held themselves out to the public and each other as “co-owners” of the business.

(First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 50—51.)

6. Bandy worked tirelessly to build Perfect Fit’s business, developing

relationships with health care providers and vendors and suppliers in the Carteret

County area and later other parts of North Carolina. (First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 55—65.)

Between May and September, 2015, Bandy generated over $2 million dollars in

revenue for Perfect Fit. (First Am. Compl. ¶ 66.) In October, 2015, alone Bandy

generated another $2 million dollars in revenue for Perfect Fit. (First Am. Compl. ¶
75.) Bandy alleges she alone generated more than $7 million in revenue for Perfect

Fit during 2015. (First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 77—79.)

7. In early 2016 Bandy began to suspect that “her ownership interest in

[Perfect Fit] was not what [Margaret] had represented it to be and what the parties

had agreed to. (sic)” (First Am. Compl. ¶ 89.) In March of 2016, Bandy discovered

that Perfect Fit was paying a salary to Ronald, who was neither an employee nor an

owner of Perfect Fit. (First Am. Compl. ¶ 91.) Bandy also reviewed corporate

records and discovered that Margaret had never issued any shares of stock in

Perfect Fit to Bandy. (First Am. Compl. ¶ 97.)

8. Bandy also reviewed Perfect Fit’s financial records and discovered that

Margaret had made or authorized withdrawals of over $3,320,419.00 from Perfect

Fit to herself and Ronald during the five month period from December 2015 to April

2016, and had withdrawn over $7,800,000.00 from the business since its

incorporation in October of 2014. (First Am. Compl. ¶ 98.) Bandy claims that the

withdrawals were in “no way related to the administration or operation of [Perfect

Fit].” (First Am. Compl. ¶ 99.) Margaret has directed payments from Perfect Fit to

herself, Ronald, Ronald’s construction company, and a limited liability company

owned by Margaret and Ronald. (First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 98—109.) Margaret also has

caused Perfect Fit to make payments for the purchase of automobiles and a house

for her and Ronald, and for life insurance, annuities, and pension and profit sharing

plans for the benefit of her and Ronald. (First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 110—125.)
9. On May 16, 2016, Bandy initiated this action by filing a verified

complaint in Carteret County Superior Court against Margaret and Perfect Fit. 1 In

the verified complaint, Bandy alleged that Margaret reneged on an agreement that

Bandy would be a 50% shareholder in Perfect Fit, and later transferred out of

Perfect Fit and to the Gibsons millions of dollars in which Bandy has a 50%

ownership interest. The verified complaint contained, inter alia, a motion for a

temporary restraining order against the Gibsons and a motion for appointment of a

receiver over Perfect Fit.

10. On May 16, 2016, the Honorable Benjamin G. Alford issued a

Temporary Restraining Order and an Order on Appointment of Receiver (“Receiver

Order”). The Receiver Order appointed Douglas Goines as the receiver of “property

and assets which are the subject of this action” and provided Goines with “full

power to take possession of and manage [Perfect Fit’s] business, books, and profits,

less any necessary expenditures incurred in connection with the necessary

operation of the property and business until a final adjudication of this cause may

be had.” (Receiver Order 1.)

11. On June 15, 2016, Judge Alford issued an Order Granting Preliminary

Injunction and Appointment of Receiver (“PI Order”). The PI Order froze all assets

and funds in the possession of the Gibsons that were the result of corporate funds

transferred out of Perfect Fit’s bank account by Margaret. (PI Order 5–6.) Judge

Alford also ordered that Goines would continue to act as receiver for Perfect Fit. (PI

1 On July 12, 2016, Bandy filed the First Amended Complaint that, inter alia, added Ronald

Wayne Gibson as a Defendant.
Order 6.) Goines has managed Perfect Fit as receiver since his appointment in May,

2016.

12. On June 15, 2016, this matter was designated to the North Carolina

Business Court. On June 16, 2016, the case was assigned to the undersigned by

order of the Honorable James L. Gale, Chief Judge of the North Carolina Business

Court.

13. On July 12, 2016, Bandy filed the First Amended Complaint

(“Amended Complaint”). The Amended Complaint makes claims against Defendants

for declaratory judgment (Count One), fraud (Count Two), constructive fraud (Count

Three), breach of contract (Count Four), conversion (Count Five), unjust enrichment

(Count Six), violations of North Carolina’s Unfair and Deceptive Trade Practices Act

(Count Seven), piercing the corporate veil (Count Eight), punitive damages (Count

Nine), judgment against the person (Count Ten), and attachment (Count Eleven).

The Amended Complaint also sought injunctive relief (Count Twelve) and the

appointment of a receiver over Perfect Fit and its assets (Count Thirteen).

14. On July 25, 2016, the Gibsons filed the Motion, seeking judgment on

the pleadings on Bandy’s claims for unjust enrichment (Count VI), unfair and

deceptive trade practices (Count VII), and judgment against the person (Count X).

On September 7, 2016, the Court held a hearing on the Motion, and the Motion was

ripe for disposition.
15. Subsequent to the hearing on the Motion, however, circumstances

arose that drastically altered the course of this lawsuit.2 As a result of those

circumstances, on January 19, 2017, the Court issued an order staying the case. The

stay subsequently was extended by the Court, but expired on June 30, 2017.

Accordingly, the Court now decides the Motion.

II. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS.

16. The purpose of Rule 12(c) is “to dispose of baseless claims or defenses

when the formal pleadings reveal their lack of merit.” Ragsdale v. Kennedy, 286

N.C. 130, 137, 209 S.E.2d 494, 499 (1974). The Court must “view the facts and

permissible inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Id. “A

motion for judgment on the pleadings is the proper procedure when all the material

allegations of fact are admitted in the pleadings and only questions of law remain.

When the pleadings do not resolve factual issues, judgment on the pleadings is

generally inappropriate.” Id. In deciding a 12(c) motion, the court may consider

documents attached and incorporated into the pleadings. Reese v. Mecklenburg Cty.,

200 N.C. App. 491, 497, 685 S.E.2d 34, 38 (2009). A Rule 12(c) motion for judgment

on the pleadings should be denied “unless it is clear that plaintiff is not entitled to

any relief under any statement of facts.” Praxair, Inc. v. Airgas, Inc., 1999 NCBC

LEXIS 5, at *8 (N.C. Super. Ct. May 26, 1999).

17. In the Motion, the Gibsons seek judgment in their favor on Bandy’s

claims for unjust enrichment (Count VI), unfair and deceptive trade practices

2 The circumstances are described in the Court’s order issued on June 19, 2017. Bandy v. A

Perfect Fit For You, 2017 NCBC LEXIS 56 (N.C. Super. Ct. June 29, 2017).
(Count VII), and judgment against the person (Count X). The Court will consider

each claim in turn.

A. Unjust Enrichment.

18. In Count VI of the Amended Complaint, Bandy alleges that Margaret,

Ronald, and Perfect Fit have been unjustly enriched by her work on behalf of, and

the sales she generated for, Perfect Fit. (First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 165–171.) Bandy

alleges that “[Margaret], on behalf of the closely-held corporation and herself,

consciously accepted the money and consciously directed the withdrawal of over

$7.8 million dollars for her own benefit, [and] that of [Ronald]… .” (First Am.

Compl. ¶ 168.) Bandy also alleges that Ronald “has received and consciously

accepted measurable benefits.” (First Am. Compl. ¶ 169.)

19. “The doctrine of unjust enrichment was devised by equity to exact the

return of, or payment for, benefits received under circumstances where it would be

unfair for the recipient to retain them without the contributor being repaid or

compensated.” Collins v. Davis, 68 N.C. App. 588, 591, 315 S.E.2d 759, 761 (1984);

Norman v. Nash Johnson & Sons’ Farms, Inc., 140 N.C. App. 390, 417, 537 S.E.2d

248, 266 (2000) (“In order to properly set out a claim for unjust enrichment, a

plaintiff must allege that property or benefits were conferred on a defendant under

circumstances which give rise to a legal or equitable obligation on the part of the

defendant to account for the benefits received . . . .”). “An unjust enrichment claim is

neither in tort nor contract but is described as a claim in quasi contract or a

contract implied in law.” Booe v. Shadrick, 322 N.C. 567, 570, 369 S.E.2d 554, 556
(1988) (internal quotations omitted; citation omitted). Therefore, “if there is a

contract between the parties the contract governs the claim and the law will not

imply a contract.” Id.

20. To state a claim for unjust enrichment, plaintiff must allege facts that

show: (1) plaintiff conferred a benefit on defendant; (2) the benefit was not conferred

officiously; (3) the benefit was not gratuitous; (4) the benefit was measurable; and

(5) defendant consciously accepted the benefit. Butler v. Butler, 239 N.C. App. 1, 7,

768 S.E.2d 332, 336 (2015).

21. The Gibsons first contend that Bandy’s unjust enrichment claim fails

because North Carolina law will not imply a contract where an express agreement

governs a party’s claim. In the Amended Complaint, Bandy alleges that she and

Margaret had an agreement to form Perfect Fit and that each would own 50% of the

business, and that Margaret breached the agreement. (First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 153—

159.) The Gibsons argue that because Bandy has alleged an express contract, she

“may not pursue a claim for unjust enrichment. (Gibsons’ Mem. Supp. Mot. 4.)

22. The Gibsons’ argument is simply incorrect. “The general rule, which is

subject to some qualification under statutes, is that the statement of the same cause

of action in different ways or forms, each in a separate count, so as to meet different

possible phases of the evidence as it may be developed at the trial, or different

possible legal views, is permissible . . . [t]he plaintiff can unite two causes of action

relating to the same transaction and have alternative relief.” Jenkins v. Duckworth

& Shelton, Inc., 242 N.C. 758, 759, 89 S.E.2d 471, 472 (1955) (citations omitted).
This rule applies to pleading an express contract and a claim for unjust enrichment

in the alternative. Id.; James River Equip., Inc. v. Mecklenburg Utils., Inc., 179 N.C.

App. 414, 419, 634 S.E.2d 557, 560 (2006) (“It is well-established that liberal

pleading rules permit pleading in the alternative, and that breach of express

contract and quantum merit theories may be pursued in the complaint even if

plaintiff may not ultimately be able to prevail on both.”).

23. In their reply, the Gibsons argue that even if Bandy may allege breach

of contract and unjust enrichment in the same action, she must expressly label one

claim as “in the alternative.” (Gibsons’ Reply Supp. Mot 1—2.) The Gibsons cite no

authority in support of its argument that failure to specifically plead unjust

enrichment “in the alternative” requires dismissal of her claim.

24. North Carolina is a “notice pleading” state where a plaintiff is only

required to set forth “[a] short and plain statement of the claim sufficiently

particular to give the court and the parties notice of the transactions, occurrences,

or series of transactions or occurrences intended to be proved showing that the

pleader is entitled to relief . . . .” Rule 8(a)(1); Radcliffe v. Avenel Homeowners Ass’n,

789 S.E.2d 893, 913, 2016 N.C. App. LEXIS 824, at *52 (2016). The Court is mindful

that “[t]he adoption of the notice theory of pleading indicated the legislature’s

intention that controversies be resolved on their merit . . . following an opportunity

for discovery, rather than resolving them on technicalities of pleading.” Wentz v.

Unifi, Inc., 89 N.C. App. 33, 38, 365 S.E.2d 198, 200 (1988) (internal quotations

omitted; citation omitted). The Court is unwilling to prevent Bandy’s unjust
enrichment claim from moving to discovery because it was not specifically pleaded

in the alternative to her breach of contract claim. The Motion for judgment on the

pleadings concerning Bandy’s failure to specifically assert her unjust enrichment

claim in the alternative to her breach of contract claim should be DENIED.

25. The Gibsons next argue that Bandy’s unjust enrichment claim should

be dismissed because the work performed by Bandy, including her efforts in

generating millions of dollars in sales, was for the benefit of Perfect Fit and did not

confer a direct benefit on Margaret or Ronald individually. Since only Perfect Fit

directly benefited from Bandy’s efforts, Margaret argues that Bandy’s claim of

unjust enrichment against both her and her husband should be dismissed. The

Gibsons’ base their argument on the North Carolina Court of Appeals decision in

Effler v. Pyles, 94 N.C. App. 349, 380 S.E.2d 149 (1989). In Effler, the plaintiff

alleged that her former son-in-law (Richard) had agreed (during his marriage to

plaintiff’s daughter) to apply the proceeds from the sale of certain property to repay

a loan the plaintiff had co-signed for her daughter and Richard. After the plaintiff

co-signed for the loan, the plaintiff’s daughter passed away. Richard remarried and

then conveyed the property to himself and his new wife as tenants by the entireties.

Richard and his new wife subsequently sold the property, but did not use the

proceeds to repay the plaintiff. Id. at 352, 380 S.E.2d at 151. The plaintiff sued

Richard for breach of the oral agreement to repay the loan and sued Richard’s new

wife for unjust enrichment, claiming that she diverted to herself the sale proceeds of

the property. The trial court dismissed the unjust enrichment claim against the new
wife at summary judgment, and the Court of Appeals affirmed, holding

“[a]lthough [Richard] had previously acquired his interest in this property with

plaintiff’s assistance, this does not satisfy plaintiff’s burden of showing that she

conferred a benefit directly on [the new wife].” Id. at 353, 380 S.E.2d at 152

(emphasis added).

26. To the extent that the Gibsons argue that Effler imposes a

requirement that, in order to state a claim for unjust enrichment, Bandy must

allege that she directly conferred a benefit on Margaret or Ronald, the Court

concludes that they are incorrect. First, the North Carolina Supreme Court has not

expressly imposed a requirement that a benefit be directly conferred in order to

support a claim for unjust enrichment. Booe, 322 N.C. at 570, 369 S.E.2d at 556 (“In

order to establish a claim for unjust enrichment, a party must have conferred a

benefit on the other party [and] the defendant must have consciously accepted the

benefit.”). In fact, the Supreme Court’s decision in Embree Constr. Grp., Inc. v.

Rafcor, Inc., 330 N.C. 487, 411 S.E.2d 916 (1992), suggests that an unjust

enrichment claim does not always require a direct benefit. In Embree, the Supreme

Court held that plaintiff-contractor sufficiently alleged a claim for unjust

enrichment against defendant-lender even though the plaintiff-contractor provided

no services directly to the defendant-lender. The Court held that, although not a

direct beneficiary of plaintiff-contractor’s services, the lender had benefited at the

plaintiff’s expense because it did not disburse the funds remaining in the
construction loan to plaintiff while it also acquired the completed building as

security for the loan at issue. Id. at 495—97, 369 S.E.2d 922–23.

27. In addition, decisions subsequent to Effler have concluded that a claim

for unjust enrichment does not require a direct benefit. See New Prime, Inc. v.

Harris Transp. Co., 222 N.C. App. 317, 729 S.E.2d 732, 2012 N.C. App. LEXIS 921,

at *11 (2012) (unpublished) (“Our holding in the instant case is in line with the

Restatement and other states. Many jurisdictions do not require that the plaintiff

confer a direct benefit on the defendant in order to recover under a theory of unjust

enrichment.”); Metric Constructors, Inc. v. Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi, Ltd., 72 F.

Appx. 916, 921, 2003 U.S. App. LEXIS 15067, at *13 (4th Cir.

2003) (discussing Effler and Embree, concluding that “[u]nder North Carolina law, it

is sufficient for a plaintiff to prove that it has conferred some benefit on the

defendant, without regard to the directness of the transaction.”); Lau v. Constable,

2017 NCBC LEXIS 10, at *14—16 (N.C. Super. Ct. Feb. 7, 2017)

(“Although Effler has not been expressly overruled, cases decided after Effler have

held that an indirect benefit can support an unjust enrichment claim.”).

28. In this case, Bandy has sufficiently alleged that her sales work and

other efforts on behalf of Perfect Fit benefitted Margaret personally. Bandy alleges

that Perfect Fit was a closely held corporation in which she and Margaret were the

only shareholders.3 Any benefit Bandy conferred on Perfect Fit would have directly

3 Bandy also has alleged a claim for “Alter Ego/Piercing the Corporate Veil” (First Am.

Compl. ¶¶ 179—182). Bandy alleges that Margaret dominated and controlled Perfect Fit
and ignored corporate formalities, and that Perfect Fit’s corporate form should be
disregarded for purposes of imposing liability against Margaret. Thus, to the extent
benefitted Margaret. Margaret personally allowed or directed the distribution of

more than $7 million from the assets of Perfect Fit to herself and Ronald. Bandy

alleges those assets were acquired by Perfect Fit largely due to her sales and

business development efforts. These allegations could support a claim that Bandy

conferred a direct benefit, and clearly show she provided at least an indirect benefit,

on Margaret. The Court cannot dismiss Bandy’s unjust enrichment claim against

Margaret at this stage of the proceedings, and the Motion for judgment on the

pleadings concerning Bandy’s claim for unjust enrichment against Margaret should

be DENIED.

29. The issue of whether Bandy conferred a benefit on Ronald is a more

difficult one. See Norman Owen Trucking Inc. v. Morkoski, 131 N.C. App. 168, 178,

506 S.E.2d 267, 274 (1998) (addressing whether plaintiff, which had contract with

defendant-company to provide trucking services, failed to produce evidence at trial

that it conferred a benefit directly on defendant-shareholder/director/employee of

defendant-company or that he consciously accepted a benefit). With regard to the

benefit conferred on Ronald, Bandy alleges that: Perfect Fit paid Ronald a salary

despite the fact that Ronald was not employed by Perfect Fit (First Am. Compl. ¶¶

93 and 115;) Margaret “made or authorized withdrawals” from Perfect Fit to

Margaret and Ronald jointly in the amount of $3,320,419.00 (First Am. Compl. ¶

98); Margaret made multiple payments from Perfect Fit directly to Ronald

individually (First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 101, 104, 106, 109, and 113); Margaret “made,

Bandy’s claim for unjust enrichment is asserted against Perfect Fit, she also has alleged a
means of imposing liability directly against Margaret.
directed, and/or authorized” payments from Perfect Fit directly to Ronald’s

construction company (First Am. Compl. ¶ 102); Margaret purchased automobiles

for Ronald using Perfect Fit funds (First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 110 and 121); Margaret

made payments from Perfect Fit of $100,000.00 to an LLC owned by Margaret and

Ronald (First Am. Compl. ¶ 107); and that Margaret made or authorized payments

from Perfect fit to purchase life insurance policies, annuities, pensions, and a house

for the benefit of Ronald (First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 111 and 114—125.) Bandy alleges

that Margaret and Ronald “have benefitted directly and indirectly from the efforts

and actions of Bandy” and that Ronald consciously accepted the benefits. (First Am.

Compl. ¶ 169.)

30. The Court concludes that Bandy has alleged that she conferred a

benefit on Ronald, either directly or indirectly, through her work on behalf of

Perfect Fit, and that Ronald consciously accepted the benefit. These allegations are

sufficient to survive dismissal. See Lau, 2017 NCBC LEXIS 10, at *15—16. The

Motion for judgment on the pleadings concerning Bandy’s claim of unjust

enrichment against Ronald should be DENIED.

B. Unfair and Deceptive Trade Practices.

31. In Count Seven of the Amended Complaint, Bandy claims that

Margaret violated the North Carolina Unfair and Deceptive Trade Practices Act,

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 75-1.1 et seq. (“UDTPA”) (hereafter, all references to the North

Carolina General Statutes will be to “G.S.”). (First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 172—178.) Bandy

alleges that (a) Margaret induced Bandy to contribute assets and perform work for
Perfect Fit by promising Bandy that she and Margaret were each 50% shareholders

and owners of the company and that Margaret later reneged on that promise, (b)

Margaret improperly took more than $7.8 million from Perfect Fit, (c) Margaret’s

conduct caused Bandy damages. (First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 173—176.)

32. The UDTPA provides that “[u]nfair methods of competition in or

affecting commerce, and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting

commerce, are declared unlawful.” G.S. § 75-1.1(a). Whether an act is unfair or

deceptive practice which violates the UDTPA is a question of law for the court.

Alexander v. Alexander, 792 S.E.2d 901, 904, 2016 N.C. App. LEXIS 1252, at *7

(2016).

33. For purposes of the UDTPA, the term “‘commerce’ includes all business

activities, however denominated, but does not include professional services

rendered by a member of a learned profession.” G.S. § 75-1.1(b). The phrase

“‘business activities’ [ ] connotes the manner in which businesses conduct their

regular, day-to-day activities, or affairs, such as the purchase and sale of goods, or

whatever other activities the business regularly engages in and for which it is

organized.” White v. Thompson, 364 N.C. 47, 52, 691 S.E.2d 676, 679 (2010).

Additionally, the North Carolina Court of Appeals provided in Alexander that:

Although this statutory definition of commerce is
expansive, the [UDTPA] is not intended to apply to all
wrongs in a business setting. HAJMM Co. v. House of
Raeford Farms, Inc., 328 N.C. 578, 593, 403 S.E.2d 483,
492 (1991). In White, our Supreme Court emphasized that
the UDTPA “is not focused on the internal conduct of
individuals within a single market participant, that is,
within a single business[,]” but rather “the General
Assembly intended the Act's provisions to apply to
interactions between market participants.” White, 364
N.C. at 53, 691 S.E.2d at 680 (emphasis added).

792 S.E.2d at 904, 2016 N.C. App. LEXIS 1252, at *7—8.

34. The Gibsons argue that Bandy’s UDTPA claim involves the internal

affairs of Perfect Fit, namely a dispute over the ownership of the shares in the

corporation and Margaret’s actions as an officer and/or shareholder of Perfect Fit,

and that these alleged actions were not “in or affecting commerce.” (Gibsons’ Mem.

Supp. Mot. 8—10.) The Court agrees.

35. “The [UDTPA] is not focused on the internal conduct of individuals

within a single market participant, that is, within a single business . . . [a]s a result,

any unfair or deceptive conduct contained solely within a single business is not

covered by the Act.” White, 364 N.C. at 53, 691 S.E.2d at 680; see also Weaver Inv.

Co. v. Pressly Dev. Assoc., 234 N.C. App. 645, 654, 760 S.E.2d 755, 761 (2014)

(dismissing UDTPA claim because “defendants’ misconduct within the confines of

the partnership was not ‘in or affecting commerce . . . ’”); Polyquest, Inc. v. Vestar

Corp., LLC, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14905, at *34—35 (E.D.N.C. February 6, 2014)

(dismissing claim brought by one company against another engaged in a joint

venture, holding “although Defendants’ actions were not confined to the internal

operations of a ‘single business,’ their actions were confined to the internal

operation of a ‘single market participant,’ the joint venture”); McKee v. James, 2014

NCBC LEXIS 74, at *42 (N.C. Super. Ct. Dec. 31, 2014) (dismissing UDTPA claims

between members of an LLC because “the undisputed evidence of record does not
reveal a dispute between McKee Craft and another business or consumers at large,

but rather a dispute between Plaintiffs and James as co-owners of McKee Craft”).

36. Bandy’s argument that Margaret’s actions “affected businesses and

consumers outside of [Perfect Fit]” such as Ronald, Ronald’s construction company,

the Gibsons’ LLC, and the landlord who entered into a lease with Perfect Fit do not

save her claim. (Bandy’s Mem. Opp. Mot. 12.) There is no allegation that Margaret

directed any unfair or deceptive conduct towards any of these third parties or

towards any businesses or individuals other than Bandy. Any indirect dealings that

Margaret or Perfect Fit had with other market participants was incidental to the

alleged unfair conduct that took place solely within Perfect Fit. Alexander, 792

S.E.2d at 905, 2016 N.C. App. LEXIS 1252, at *10—11 (2016) (Majority

shareholder’s “misappropriation of [corporate] funds through payments made

directly to himself and his family members as well as payments made to cover some

of his own personal expenses” including “‘land rent’ in connection with the storage

of the company’s vehicles . . . are more properly classified as the misappropriation of

corporate funds within a single entity rather than commercial transactions between

separate market participants ‘in or affecting commerce.’”); Powell v. Dunn, 2014

NCBC LEXIS 3, at *9—10 (N.C. Super. Ct. Jan. 28, 2014) (“As a result, when the

unfair or deceptive conduct alleged only affects relationships within a single

business or market participant, and not dealings with other market participants,

that conduct is not ‘in or affecting’ commerce within the meaning of Section 75-1.1,

even if other market participants may be indirectly involved in the unfair or
deceptive acts . . . [T]he involvement of an investment bank and another potential

acquirer in the merger process provides a sufficient factual basis from which the

court could conclude Plaintiffs’ claim is ‘in or affecting commerce.’”).

37. The Court concludes that any alleged unfair or deceptive conduct in

this action took place within Perfect Fit and was not in or affecting commerce.

Therefore, the Motion for judgment on the pleadings concerning Bandy’s UDTPA

violation claim should be GRANTED.

C. Judgment Against the Person.

38. In Count X, Bandy purports to raise claims under G.S. §§ 1-410 and 1-

311 for a judgment of arrest against the person against Margaret. (First Am.

Compl. ¶¶ 191—193.) G.S. § 1-410 provides for arrest of a defendant in certain

types of cases including, inter alia, “when the action is brought to recover damages

for fraud or deceit” or ”[w]hen the defendant has removed, or disposed of his

property, or is about to do so, with intent to defraud his creditors.” G.S. § 1-410 (4)

and (5). G.S. § 1-311 provides for post-judgment “execution against the person.” G.S.

§ 1-311 provides in relevant part as follows:

If the action is one in which the defendant might have
been arrested, an execution against the person of the
judgment debtor may be issued to any county within the
State, after the return of an execution against his
property wholly or partly unsatisfied. But no execution
shall issue against the person of a judgment debtor,
unless an order of arrest has been served, as provided in
the Article Arrest and Bail, or unless the complaint
contains a statement of facts showing one or more of the
causes of arrest required by law, whether such statement
of facts is necessary to the cause of action or not.
Provided, that where the facts are found by a jury, the
verdict shall contain a finding of facts establishing the
right to execution against the person; and where jury trial
is waived and the court finds the facts, the court shall find
facts establishing the right to execution against the
person. Such findings of fact shall include a finding that
the defendant either (i) is about to flee the jurisdiction to
avoid paying his creditors, (ii) has concealed or diverted
assets in fraud of his creditors, or (iii) will do so unless
immediately detained.

39. Bandy alleges that “Gibson may be arrested pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 1-

410” (First Am. Compl. ¶ 192), but “[i]n lieu of immediate arrest, Plaintiff hereby

requests execution against the person, [Margaret], in the event execution against

her property is returned wholly or partially unsatisfied pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 1-

311.” (First Am. Compl. ¶ 193.) The Gibsons seek dismissal of Count X, contending

that these statutes do not create private causes of action, but instead create

procedural remedies that may be invoked in appropriate cases. (Gibsons’ Mem.

Supp. Mot. 10—11.)

40. Bandy asserts that judgment against the person should survive the

Motion because “where there has not already been a lawful arrest under G.S. § 1-

410, the complaint or affidavit must allege such facts as would have justified an

order for such arrest.” Nunn v. Smith, 270 N.C. 374, 378, 154 S.E.2d 497, 500 (1967)

(noting that plaintiff’s fraud claim was sufficient upon which to support an order of

arrest under G.S. 1-410(4)); see also Turlington v. Aman, 163 N.C. 555, 559, 79 S.E.

1102, 1104 (1913) (providing that facts sufficient to establish a cause of arrest

within a complaint are also sufficient upon which to issue an execution against the

person).
41. The Court is not convinced that G.S. § 1-311 creates a civil cause of

action. See Safford v. Barnes, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 158863, at *18 (M.D.N.C. Nov.

10, 2014) (“[G.S. §§ 1-410 and 1-311] merely allow the execution of a judgment

against an individual who may have been arrested in a civil action. . . . They do not

create a private right of action.”) Rather, it appears that the remedy of a post-

judgment execution against the person may properly be raised following entry of a

judgment and the failure of an execution against the judgment-debtor’s property so

long as the underlying judgment was based on facts that would support one of the

reasons for arrest under G.S. § 1-410. Grimes v. Miller, 429 F. Supp. 1350, 1355,

1977 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16432 (M.D.N.C. 1977) (“N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-311 requires

that facts be found by a jury or by a judge ‘establishing the right to execution

against the person.’”). Plaintiff has alleged such facts here, including in her claims

for fraud (First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 140—148,) conversion (First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 160—

164,) and potentially other claims. If Bandy obtains a judgment on one or more of

those claims, and cannot satisfy that judgment by execution on Margaret’s property,

she will have satisfied the requirements of G.S. § 1-311.

42. As Bandy’s claim for judgment against the person is not an individual

cause of action, the Motion for judgment on the pleadings concerning Count X

should be GRANTED. Count X is dismissed WITHOUT PREJUDICE. This Order,

however, shall not preclude Bandy from seeking to execute against the person of

Margaret pursuant to G.S. § 1-311 if facts entitling Bandy to such an execution are

ultimately entered into judgment.
THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED that:

43. The Motion for judgment on the pleadings concerning Bandy’s claim

for unjust enrichment is DENIED.

44. The Motion for judgment on the pleadings concerning Bandy’s claim

for violation of the UDTPA is GRANTED, and the claim is DISMISSED WITH

PREJUDICE.

45. The Motion for judgment on the pleadings concerning Bandy’s claim

for judgment against the person is GRANTED, and the claim is DISMISSED

WITHOUT PREJUDICE as provided herein.

This the 26th day of July, 2017.

/s/ Gregory P. McGuire
Gregory P. McGuire
Special Superior Court Judge
for Complex Business Cases