Cent. Carolina Surgical Eye Assocs., P.A. v. Matthews

Cent. Carolina Surgical Eye Assocs., P.A. v. Matthews, 2022 NCBC 14.

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA IN THE GENERAL COURT OF JUSTICE
SUPERIOR COURT DIVISION
WAKE COUNTY 21 CVS 3201

CENTRAL CAROLINA SURGICAL
EYE ASSOCIATES, P.A. by and
through GERALD JEUTTER,
Receiver,

Plaintiff, ORDER AND OPINION ON RULE
12(c) CROSS-MOTIONS FOR
v. JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS
JOHN D. MATTHEWS, M.D.,

Defendant.

1. THIS MATTER is before the Court upon Defendant John D. Matthews,

M.D.’s (“Matthews”) Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings Pursuant to Rule 12(c) of

the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure (“Rule(s)”) (“Matthews’ Motion”), (ECF

No. 31), 1 and Plaintiff Central Carolina Surgical Eye Associates, P.A.’s (“CCSEA”),

Rule 12(c) Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings (“CCSEA’s Motion;” together, the

“Motions”), (ECF No. 29).

2. Matthews contends in his Motion that CCSEA has asserted claims that

expand or add to the claims CCSEA previously asserted against Matthews in a prior,

now voluntarily dismissed action and that those claims should be dismissed in part

or in full because they are time-barred or because they fail to otherwise state a claim. 2

1 Unless otherwise specified, court filings cited herein have been filed in this action (21 CVS

3201). The case number for cited case filings from other actions will be provided when they
are cited for the first time.

2 (Def. Matthews’ Mot. J. on Pleadings Pursuant to Rule 12(c) ¶ 15 [hereinafter “Def.’s Mot.”],

ECF No. 31.)
3. CCSEA asserts in its Motion that four of Matthews’ counterclaims, each of

which seeks recovery of sums Matthews alleges he is owed for unpaid compensation

and distributions as an employee and shareholder of CCSEA, are fatally deficient as

pleaded and should be dismissed as a matter of law. 3

4. After reviewing the Motions, the related briefing, the arguments of counsel

at the hearing on the Motions, and other appropriate matters of record, the Court

GRANTS in part and DENIES in part each Motion for the reasons set forth below.

Law Offices of Richard M. Greene, by Richard M. Greene, for Plaintiff
Central Carolina Surgical Eye Associates, P.A.

Oak City Law LLP, by Robert E. Fields, III, for Gerald A. Jeutter, Jr.,
Receiver for Central Carolina Surgical Eye Associates, P.A.

Pinto Coates Kyre & Bowers, PLLC, by Lyn K. Broom, and Teague
Rotenstreich Stanaland Fox & Holt PLLC, by Steven B. Fox and Mallory
G. Horn, for Defendant John D. Matthews, M.D.

Bledsoe, Chief Judge.

I.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background

5. CCSEA was an ophthalmological medical practice in Greensboro, North

Carolina that was formed in 1992 when Richard Epes, M.D. (“Epes”) and Matthews

sold their interests in a predecessor entity known as Central Carolina Surgical Eye

Associates, P.A. (“Old CCSEA”) and formed a new medical practice using the same

3 (Pl.’s Rule 12(c) Mot. J. on Pleadings [hereinafter “Pl.’s Mot.”], ECF No. 29.)
name. 4 Epes and Matthews acquired all of the stock in the new CCSEA, with Epes

holding 75% of the stock and Matthews holding 25%. 5

6. CCSEA alleges that Matthews entered an Employment Agreement with

CCSEA in 1992 to provide ophthalmological services as a part of the sale of Old

CCSEA and that Matthews has been a director and officer of CCSEA ever since.

(2021 Compl. ¶¶ 5–8). The initial term of the Employment Agreement was for five

years, and the Agreement automatically renewed for subsequent five-year terms

unless Matthews provided notice of his intent to terminate at least one year prior to

the end of any five-year term. (2021 Compl. Ex. A at 2.) The Agreement contained

non-competition and non-solicitation covenants purporting to restrict Matthews’

ability to compete against CCSEA and solicit its patients and employees.

7. The parties acknowledge that Matthews and six other CCSEA employees

left their employment with CCSEA on 19 July 2012 and within days of their

departure began providing ophthalmological services under the trade name Triad

4 (Compl. ¶¶ 4–5 [hereinafter “2021 Compl.”], ECF No. 4; 2021 Compl. Ex. A, ECF No. 4.1.)

5 (2021 Compl. ¶¶ 4–5; Def.’s Answer, Mot. Dismiss and Countercl. ¶¶ 4–5 [hereinafter “2021

Answer”], ECF No. 14.) Matthews has filed four separate answers and counterclaims in the
lawsuits between these two parties: (i) a 20 August 2015 Motion to Dismiss, Answer, and
Counterclaims, (“2015 Answer and Countercl.,” ECF No. 10.3 (15 CVS 7266)); (ii) an 8
January 2016 Amended Motion to Dismiss, Answer and Counterclaims for Set-off/Offset and
Constructive Trust, (“2015 Am. Answer and Countercl.,” ECF No. 289 (15 CVS 1648)); (iii) a
10 June 2021 Answer, Motion to Dismiss and Counterclaims, (“2021 Answer and Countercl.,”
ECF No. 14); and (iv) a 13 August 2021 Amended Answer, Motions to Dismiss and
Counterclaims, (“2021 Am. Answer and Countercl.,” ECF No. 25), which amended the 2021
counterclaims but not the 2021 answer. The answer and counterclaim paragraphs of each
filing are separately numbered, so, to avoid ambiguity, the answer portions will be cited as
“2015 Answer,” “2015 Am. Answer,” and “2021 Answer,” and the counterclaim portions will
be cited as “2015 Countercl.,” “2015 Am. Countercl.,” “2021 Countercl.,” and “2021 Am.
Countercl.”
Retina and Diabetic Eye Center (“Triad Retina”) at a fully equipped medical facility

located within five miles of CCSEA. (2021 Compl. ¶¶ 14, 16; 2021 Answer ¶¶ 14, 16.)

According to CCSEA, the Employment Agreement had automatically renewed for a

five-year term through 30 June 2017 and was in full force and effect at the time

Matthews and his departing colleagues terminated their employment with CCSEA.

(2021 Compl. ¶ 13.)

8. CCSEA alleges that soon thereafter patients began calling CCSEA to report

that Triad Retina had been calling them on behalf of Matthews and soliciting them

to become new patients of Triad Retina. (2021 Compl. ¶ 46.) CCSEA further alleges

that Matthews used confidential patient information to solicit patients away from

CCSEA for Matthews’ “financial benefit,” ultimately causing “more than 1,400

patients” to leave CCSEA’s practice for Triad Retina and causing CCSEA to “suffer

significant damages and loss of patient revenue[.]” (2021 Compl. ¶¶ 21, 33–34, 40.)

9. For his part, Matthews denies the enforceability of the Employment

Agreement on various grounds, contends that the Agreement was terminated no later

than 2007, rendering him an at-will employee at liberty to leave CCSEA’s

employment without further obligation thereunder, (2021 Countercl. ¶¶ 14, 23; see,

e.g., 2021 Answer ¶ 14), and asserts that he was never an officer or a director of

CCSEA, alleging that Epes “effectively shut him out of those roles[,]” (2021 Countercl.

¶ 11; 2021 Answer ¶¶ 27–37, 43–55). He also asserts counterclaims, alleging that

during his employment, CCSEA continuously undercompensated him, 6 failed to

6 (2015 Am. Countercl. ¶¶ 16(a)–(b), (d)–(f), (l)–(p), (v), 20–29, 46–51; 2021 Countercl.
¶¶ 15(a)–(b), (d)–(f), (l)–(p), (v), 19–20, 27–28.)
provide him with adequate equipment and facilities, 7 and failed to pay him required

distributions. 8

10. CCSEA is no longer operating and is in receivership. Old Battleground

Props. v. Cent. Carolina Surgical Eye Assocs., P.A., 2015 NCBC LEXIS 19, *24 (N.C.

Super. Ct. Feb. 25, 2015).

B. Procedural Background 9

11. CCSEA’s receiver, Gerald Jeutter, has filed two actions against Matthews

arising from Matthews’ departure from his employment with CCSEA in 2012. The

complaint initiating the first action (the “First Action”) was filed on 17 July 2015 (the

“2015 Complaint”). In that action, CCSEA sought damages for Matthews’ alleged

breaches of contract and fiduciary duty and requested an accounting of and a

constructive trust over all income Matthews received from former CCSEA patients

after he terminated his employment with CCSEA. 10

12. Matthews filed an answer and counterclaims in response to the 2015

Complaint on 20 August 2015. (2015 Answer and Countercl.) CCSEA subsequently

7 (2015 Am. Countercl. ¶¶ 17–19; 2021 Countercl. ¶¶ 17–18.)

8 (2015 Am. Countercl. ¶¶ 30–36; 2021 Am. Countercl. ¶¶ 30–36.)

9 The procedural history of this case is tortuous. Filings related to the dispute between
CCSEA and Matthews have been submitted in four separate case files over the years: (i) 2015
CVS 7266 (the initial litigation between CCSEA and Matthews); (ii) 2015 CVS 1648 (the
consolidated case file for numerous pending matters involving the receiverships established
for CCSEA and various related entities (In re Southeastern Eye Center–Pending Matters));
(iii) 2012 CVS 11322 (the consolidated case file for matters arising in connection with various
judgments involving the receiverships established for CCSEA and various related entities
(In re Southeastern Eye Center–Judgments); and (iv) 2021 CVS 3201 (the current litigation
between CCSEA and Matthews).

10 (Compl. ¶¶ 29, 43, 46 [hereinafter “2015 Compl.”], ECF No. 1 (15 CVS 7266).)
moved to strike and dismiss Matthews’ counterclaims, 11 contending, in part, that

Matthews’ counterclaims were asserted in violation of the Court’s 22 June 2015

Master Case Management Order (“Master CMO”), 12 which applied to all pending In

re Southeastern Eye Center matters, including the First Action. In that motion,

CCSEA argued that Matthews’ counterclaims should be dismissed because they were

not presented in accordance with the claims process mandated in the Master CMO

for the assertion of claims against CCSEA. 13

13. On 23 November 2015, after consulting with the parties concerning the

proper procedure for litigating and administering the parties’ claims against one

another, the Court, with the parties’ consent, ordered Matthews to withdraw his

counterclaims and submit any claims against CCSEA through the process set forth

in the Master CMO. 14 At the same time, the Court consolidated the First Action into

the In re Southeastern Eye Center group of consolidated cases. 15

14. On 8 January 2016, Matthews withdrew his counterclaims in the First

Action, “with the exception of the defense/counterclaims of Set-off/Offset, for a

Constructive Trust and reservation of the right concerning the failure to

11(Pl.’s Br. Supp. Pl.’s Second Mot. to Compel Arbitration and Stay Action, Mot. Strike
Countercl. and Mot. Dismiss Countercl. with Prejudice, ECF No. 19 (15 CVS 7266).)

12 (Case Management Order, ECF No. 82 (15 CVS 1648).)

13(Pl.’s Br. Supp. Pl.’s Second Mot. to Compel Arbitration and Stay Action, Mot. Strike
Countercl. and Mot. Dismiss Countercl. with Prejudice 5–8.)

14 (Scheduling Order 2–3, ECF No. 260 (15 CVS 1648).)

15 (Consolidation Order, ECF No. 259 (15 CVS 1648).)
prosecute[.]” 16 At the same time, Matthews filed an amended answer and

counterclaims (“2015 Answer and Counterclaims”), contending that he was entitled

to set-off against any sums he may owe to CCSEA all amounts CCSEA owed to him.

(See generally 2015 Am. Countercl.) He also requested an accounting and a

constructive trust, and asserted counterclaims against CCSEA for conversion,

misappropriation, disposition of assets without shareholder approval, and failure to

prosecute derivative claims. (See generally 2015 Am. Countercl.)

15. After extensive fact and expert discovery and substantial motions practice,

CCSEA moved for partial summary judgment and both parties moved to exclude

certain expert testimony. At the hearing on the motions on 24 September 2020,

CCSEA announced its intention to voluntarily dismiss without prejudice all of its

claims against Matthews under Rule 41 and promptly thereafter refile a new action

against Matthews. 17 CCSEA moved to voluntarily dismiss the action under Rule

41(a)(2) on 30 September 2020, 18 and after full briefing by the parties, the Court

granted CCSEA’s motion on 12 November 2020, dismissing CCSEA’s claims against

Matthews without prejudice. 19 Soon thereafter, on 3 December 2020, the Court

16 (Def.’s Notice of Withdrawal of Def.’s Countercl. Pursuant to Ct.’s Order of November 23,

2015 [hereinafter “Def.’s Notice of Withdrawal of 2015 Countercl.”], ECF No. 290 (15 CVS
1648).)

17 (Scheduling Order and Am. Notice of Hr’g, ECF No. 1340 (15 CVS 1648).)

18 (Pl.’s Rule 41(a)(2) Mot. for Voluntary Dismissal without Prejudice of Claims Against Def.,

ECF No. 1343 (15 CVS 1648).)

19(Order Granting Pl.’s Rule 41(a)(2) Mot. for Voluntary Dismissal without Prejudice of
Claims Against Def., ECF No. 1371 (15 CVS 1648).)
granted, with CCSEA’s consent, Matthews’ motion to dismiss his counterclaims

under Rule 41(a)(2) and 41(c) without prejudice. 20

16. After initiating this action on 8 March 2021, 21 CCSEA filed its new

complaint against Matthews (“2021 Complaint”) on 29 March 2021. (See 2021

Compl.) CCSEA reasserts in its 2021 Complaint claims for breach of contract 22 and

breach of fiduciary duty and adds new claims for constructive fraud, restitution and

disgorgement, and violation of the North Carolina Unfair and Deceptive Trade

Practices Act, N.C.G.S. § 75-1.1 (“UDTPA”). CCSEA also makes a new request for

punitive damages. (See generally 2021 Compl.) CCSEA further alleges—again for

the first time—that, during Matthews’ employment, CCSEA was insolvent and that

Matthews took excessive compensation and other money from CCSEA, mismanaged

CCSEA’s finances, and failed to retain and recruit physicians, all of which contributed

to CCSEA’s insolvency, breached Matthews’ fiduciary duties to CCSEA, and

constituted unfair and deceptive trade practices under section 75-1.1. 23

17. Matthews filed his Counterclaims on 10 June 2021. Matthews reasserts his

2015 counterclaims for breach of contract, equitable dividend, violation of the North

20(Order Granting Def.’s Consent Rule 41(a)(2) and 41(c) Mot. for Voluntary Dismissal
without Prejudice of Countercl. Against Pl., ECF No. 1389 (15 CVS 1648).)
21 (Application and Order Extending Time to File Compl., ECF No. 3.)

22 The parties stipulate that any of CCSEA’s claims for breach of contract based on 16A of the

Employment Agreement are withdrawn and not subject to the tolling provisions of Rule 41(a).
(CCSEA’s Resp. Br. Opp’n Matthews’ Mot. J. on Pleadings 9 [hereinafter “Pl.’s Opp’n Br.”],
ECF No. 42.)

23 (2021 Compl. ¶¶ 3, 22–26, 41, 58, 63, 75; Amendment to Compl. ¶¶ 68–71 [hereinafter

“Amendment to 2021 Compl.”], ECF No. 24.)
Carolina Wage and Hour Act, disposition of assets without shareholder approval, and

an accounting; seeks recoupment in addition to set-off; and declines to reassert his

counterclaims for constructive trust, conversion, misappropriation, and failure to

prosecute claims. 24 After each party amended its pleading in August 2021, 25 the

parties filed their respective Motions on 3 September 2021. (Pl.’s Mot.; Def.’s Mot.)

18. Matthews’ Motion asserts that CCSEA’s new and expanded allegations and

claims for breach of fiduciary duty, constructive fraud, restitution and disgorgement,

violation of the UDTPA, and punitive damages do not enjoy the benefit of Rule 41’s

savings provision and therefore are time-barred or time-limited. (Def.’s Mot. ¶¶ 13,

15–19.) Matthews also challenges the legal sufficiency of CCSEA’s pleading of certain

claims and contends, in particular, that CCSEA’s UDTPA claim fails as a matter of

law because Matthews’ actions occurred within a single market participant and fall

within the learned profession exception. (Def.’s Mot. ¶ 12.)

19. CCSEA contends in its Motion that Matthews’ counterclaims for breach of

the Employment Agreement and violation of the Wage and Hour Act are solely for

recoupment and, to the extent they are for set-off, they should be dismissed as time-

24 (See 2021 Countercl. ¶¶ 22–29, 37–47; 2021 Am. Countercl. ¶¶ 30–36; 2021 Countercl.

¶¶ 48–53.)

25 CCSEA amended its UDTPA claim to allege that Matthews engaged in commerce in North

Carolina and thus that his conduct was “in or affecting commerce” under the UDTPA.
CCSEA’s amendments also seek to clarify that its UDTPA claim excludes Matthews’
“provision of medical services as a professional physician,” apparently to avoid application of
the learned profession exception to its claim. (Amendment to 2021 Compl. ¶¶ 67–71.)
Matthews amended his counterclaim for failure to make distributions to plead that “CCSEA
was solvent . . . when the distributions were made and payments were to be made[,]” to
remove his prior allegation that the distributions harmed CCSEA’s creditors, and to remove
a prior reference to N.C.G.S. § 55-6-40(c). (2021 Am. Countercl. ¶¶ 30–36.)
barred. (Pl.’s Mot. ¶ A.) CCSEA asserts that Matthews’ counterclaim for failure to

make distributions in compliance with N.C.G.S. § 55-6-40 should either be dismissed

or time-limited because Matthews failed to plead CCSEA’s solvency at the time of the

filing of the Counterclaims. (Pl.’s Mot. ¶ B.) Finally, CCSEA contends that

Matthews’ counterclaim for disposition of assets without shareholder approval should

be dismissed because the claim accrues to CCSEA, not Matthews. (Pl.’s Mot. ¶ C)

20. After full briefing, the Court held a hearing on the Motions on 14 October

2021, at which all parties were represented by counsel. The Motions are now ripe for

resolution.

II.

LEGAL STANDARD

21. “The purpose of [ ] Rule 12(c) ‘is to dispose of baseless claims or defenses

when the formal pleadings reveal their lack of merit’ and is appropriately employed

where ‘all the material allegations of fact are admitted in the pleadings and only

questions of law remain.’ ” Dicesare v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Hosp. Auth., 376 N.C.

63, 70 (2020) (quoting Ragsdale v. Kennedy, 286 N.C. 130, 137 (1974)). In ruling on

a motion under Rule 12(c), “ ‘[t]he trial court is required to view the facts and

permissible inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party,’ with ‘[a]ll

well pleaded factual allegations in the nonmoving party’s pleadings [being] taken as

true and all contravening assertions in the movant’s pleadings [being] taken as

false.’ ” Id. (alterations in original) (quoting Ragsdale, 286 N.C. at 137).
22. To prevail, the moving party must show that “the complaint . . . fails to allege

facts sufficient to state a cause of action or admits facts which constitute a complete

legal bar thereto.” Van Every v. Van Every, 265 N.C. 506, 510 (1965). Of particular

relevance here, “[a] judgment on the pleadings in favor of a defendant who asserts

the statute of limitations as a bar is proper when, and only when, all the facts

necessary to establish the limitation are alleged or admitted.” Flexolite Elec., Ltd. v.

Gilliam, 55 N.C. App. 86, 87–88 (1981).

III.

ANALYSIS

A. Matthews’ Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings

23. Matthews contends that, to the extent CCSEA has asserted new claims

against him, those claims are barred by the applicable statutes of limitations. 26

CCSEA argues to the contrary, contending that its claims were either asserted in the

First Action (its claims for breach of fiduciary duty, breach of the UDTPA, and

constructive fraud) and are thus timely under Rule 41(a)(1) or merely describe

CCSEA’s damages or other forms of relief (its claims for punitive damages and

restitution and disgorgement) and are therefore not subject to a statute of

limitations. 27

24. Rule 41(a)(1) permits the voluntary dismissal of claims as follows:

26 (Br. Supp. Def.’s Mot. J. on Pleadings Pursuant to Rule 12(c) 18–23 [hereinafter “Def.’s

Supp. Br.”], ECF No. 32.)

27 (CCSEA’s Resp. Br. Opp’n Matthews’ Mot. J. on Pleadings 12 [hereinafter “Pl.’s Opp’n Br.”],

ECF No. 42.)
Subject to the provisions of Rule 23(c) and of any statute of this State,
an action or claim therein may be dismissed by the plaintiff without
order of court (i) by filing a notice of dismissal at any time before the
plaintiff rests his case, or; (ii) by filing a stipulation of dismissal signed
by all parties who have appeared in the action. . . . If an action
commenced within the time prescribed therefor, or any claim therein, is
dismissed without prejudice under this subsection, a new action based
on the same claim may be commenced within one year after such
dismissal[.]

25. This “long-standing rule allow[s] a plaintiff to take a voluntary dismissal

and refile the claim within one year even though the statute of limitations has run

subsequent to a plaintiff’s filing of the original complaint[.]” Brisson v. Santoriello,

351 N.C. 589, 572 (2000). By the Rule’s plain language, a refiled complaint is only

protected by Rule 41’s one-year savings provision if it is “based on the same claim[s]”

as the initial complaint. N.C. R. Civ. P. 41(a)(1).

26. The Court of Appeals has determined that for a claim in a refiled action to

be “based on the same claim” as asserted in the dismissed action, the complaint in

the first action must “give notice of the events and transactions and allow the adverse

party to understand the nature of the claim and to prepare for trial.” Haynie v. Cobb,

207 N.C. App. 143, 149 (2010) (quoting Murdock v. Chatham Cnty., 198 N.C. App.

309, 317 (2009)). While strict identity between the two complaints is not necessary

to put the adverse party on notice, “[i]t is clear at least that ‘same claim’ does not

include independent causes of action with unique elements.” BB&T Boli Plan Trust

v. Mass. Mut. Life Ins. Co., 2016 NCBC 34, at *11 (N.C. Super. Ct. Apr. 29, 2016).

27. The Court of Appeals’ decision in Staley v. Lingerfelt, 134 N.C. App. 294

(1999), is instructive. In that case, the plaintiff asserted claims in the first action for
violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and loss of consortium after he was arrested at the scene

of an automobile collision. Id. at 295–296. He later dismissed those claims

voluntarily under Rule 41. Upon refiling, he alleged identical conduct and reasserted

the same claims, but added claims for “assault and battery, false arrest and

imprisonment, malicious prosecution, intentional infliction of emotional distress,

negligent infliction of emotional distress, trespass by a public officer, violations of the

North Carolina Constitution, and a claim for punitive damages.” Id. at 296. The

Court of Appeals held that all claims were time-barred, except for the request for

punitive damages, because

Each claim is an independent cause of action with unique elements
which must be proven by plaintiffs. Although the claims arise from the
same events as the section 1983 and loss of consortium claims, the
defendants were not placed on notice that they would be asked to defend
these claims within the time required by the statute of limitations.

Id. at 299 (emphasis added). See also, e.g., Losing v. Food Lion, L.L.C., 185 N.C. App.

278, 284 (2007) (“This Court has long held that the Rule 41(a) tolling of the applicable

statute of limitations applies only to the claims in the original complaint, and not to

other causes of action that may arise out of the same set of operative facts.”).

28. Likewise, the Court of Appeals has held that alleging new, factually

independent conduct in the refiled complaint, even if it supports a cause of action that

was advanced in the initial complaint, can push a claim outside the scope of the initial

complaint. For instance, in Stutts v. Duke Power Co., 47 N.C. App. 76 (1980), the

Court of Appeals upheld the dismissal of a plaintiff’s refiled claim for libel and slander

as time-barred, because the second complaint, which also asserted causes of action
for slander and libel, was based on different defamatory statements made at a later

time and in front of a different audience. Id. at 81–82.

29. Finally, the Court of Appeals has also made clear that when a plaintiff’s

newly added allegation “is nothing more than a description of the damage that he

claims to have suffered and did not constitute the addition of an enforceable claim or

cause of action that the statute of limitations had run against,” Royster v. McNamara,

218 N.C. App. 520, 532 (2012) (cleaned up), Rule 41’s one-year savings provision will

apply.

30. Mindful of these principles, the Court will address in turn each of those

claims Matthews contends CCSEA has newly asserted in this action.

a. Breach of Fiduciary Duty

31. CCSEA’s claim for breach of fiduciary duty is subject to a three-year statute

of limitations, Toomer v. Branch Banking & Tr. Co., 171 N.C. App. 58, 66–67 (2005),

and rests on conduct occurring more than three years before the filing of the 2021

Complaint. CCSEA, therefore, must rely upon Rule 41(a)(1)’s savings provision to

toll the otherwise applicable statute of limitations and render this claim timely. (Pl.’s

Opp’n Br. 16–17.)

32. Matthews argues that the refiled claim has been vastly expanded from its

2015 origins and is supported with fresh factual allegations that pose a new and

therefore time-barred claim. (Def.’s Supp. Br. 23.) In particular, Matthews contends

that CCSEA never alleged in the 2015 Complaint that CCSEA was insolvent, 28 that

28 (See 2021 Compl. ¶¶ 3, 23–25, 41(b)–(c), (h)–(i), (k), 58(f)–(h); Amendment to Compl.
¶ 69(f)–(g), (i)–(k).)
Matthews mismanaged CCSEA, 29 or that Matthews was overcompensated between

2006 and his July 2012 departure. 30 Matthews contends that a fair reading of the

2015 Complaint put him on notice only of his conduct immediately before departure

and thereafter, and even then with a tight focus on Matthews’ establishment and

staffing of Triad Retina and his diversion of patients from CCSEA to that newly

formed entity. (Def.’s Supp. Br. 22–23.)

33. CCSEA does not squarely address in its briefing and argument whether the

2015 Complaint contained allegations of insolvency or affirmative mismanagement

by Matthews. But CCSEA does contend that its 2015 Complaint put Matthews’

compensation at issue because it recited the formula in the Employment Agreement

used to calculate Matthews’ monthly salary. (Pl.’s Opp’n Br. 17 (citing 2015 Compl.

¶ 5).) CCSEA then argues that Matthews put his 2006–12 compensation at issue in

the First Action by seeking in his 2015 Amended Counterclaims an accounting and a

constructive trust for any transfers made by CCSEA to the detriment of Matthews

during that period. (Pl.’s. Opp’n Br. 17 (citing 2015 Am. Countercl. ¶¶ 59, 63).)

Finally, and more generally, CCSEA argues that its fiduciary duty claim cannot be

limited only to the incidents expressly alleged in the 2015 Complaint because such a

limitation defies North Carolina’s notice pleading standards and because the 2015

29 (See 2021 Compl. ¶¶ 3, 24–27, 35, 41(h)–(i), (k), 58(e); Amendment to Compl. ¶ 69(c), (f)–

(h), (k).)

30 (See 2021 Compl. ¶¶ 3, 22–25, 27, 41(b)–(c), (i), (k), 58(f)–(h), 63, 65–66; Amendment to

Compl. ¶ 69(g), (i)–(k).) CCSEA repeats allegations of insolvency, mismanagement, and
overcompensation in varying combinations across its claims for breach of fiduciary duty,
constructive fraud, restitution and disgorgement, breach of the UDTPA, and punitive
damages. (See generally 2021 Compl.)
Complaint did not set out a time limit regarding the conduct on which the claim is

based. (Pl.’s Opp’n Br. 16–17.)

34. The Court first addresses CCSEA’s allegations of its insolvency and initially

notes that no permutation of the term “insolvent” or “insolvency” appears in the 2015

Complaint. Nor does the 2015 Complaint allege that CCSEA was unable to pay its

debts as they became due or otherwise satisfy its financial obligations to creditors

and other stakeholders. 31 The most CCSEA alleges concerning its financial condition

in the 2015 Complaint is that Matthews’ departure caused CCSEA to “lose significant

net profits” over several years and that those lost net profits exceeded $25,000. (See

2015 Compl. ¶¶ 16, 23, 29, 43.) This allegation, however, without more does not show

insolvency because solvent and insolvent firms alike can suffer significant losses to

their net profits. As a result, the Court concludes that CCSEA’s insolvency

allegations and the expansion of its fiduciary duty claim to include duties arising from

CCSEA’s insolvency are newly made in the 2021 Complaint and not subject to the

savings provision of Rule 41(a).

35. The 2015 Complaint is similarly silent about how Matthews mismanaged

CCSEA before he created Triad Retina, terminated his employment, and solicited

CCSEA employees and patients in 2012. (2015 Compl. ¶ 28.) Indeed, nothing even

suggesting the kind of mismanagement that CCSEA alleges in the 2021 Complaint

appears anywhere in the 2015 Complaint. As a result, the Court must conclude that

31 The 2015 Complaint also does not contain any permutation of terms like “debt,”
“indebtedness,” “obligations,” or their equivalents.
CCSEA’s pre-departure allegations of Matthews’ mismanagement are newly made

and not protected by Rule 41(a)’s savings provision.

36. The same is also true about the allegations CCSEA advances to support its

right to recover the compensation Matthews was paid between 2006 and his

departure from CCSEA in 2012. After careful review, the Court cannot agree with

CCSEA that its 2015 Complaint put Matthews on notice that his conduct during the

2006–12 period was at issue in the First Action. The 2015 Complaint specifically

identified Matthews’ breach as his post-departure efforts to establish Triad Retina as

a competing ophthalmology practice using confidential information misappropriated

from CCSEA in 2012. (2015 Compl. ¶ 28.) Among its remedies, CCSEA sought a

constructive trust over all income Matthews received “from any patients who were

formerly Plaintiff’s patients since July 19, 2012” as a result of Matthews’ “breaches

of fiduciary duty[,]” (2015 Compl. ¶ 46 (emphasis added)), and CCSEA sought an

accounting in its prayer for relief “for all income received by [Matthews] from all who

were formerly [CCSEA’s] patients.” (2015 Compl. at 12.) It is true, as CCSEA points

out, that Matthews alleged in his 2015 Answer and Counterclaims that he was

underpaid, (see, e.g., 2015 Am. Answer ¶ 15(a), (f)), but Matthews’ own affirmative

allegation, without more, did not put him on notice that CCSEA sought to recover in

the First Action the compensation he received for the six years prior to his 2012

departure based on his alleged breach of fiduciary duty.

37. Based on the above, the Court concludes that CCSEA’s breach of fiduciary

duty claim pleads new operative facts concerning CCSEA’s alleged insolvency and
Matthews’ alleged mismanagement and overcompensation. Accordingly, CCSEA’s

breach of fiduciary duty claim, to the extent it is premised on those allegations, is not

subject to Rule 41(a)’s savings provision and must therefore be dismissed as time-

barred.

b. Constructive Fraud

38. The elements of a constructive fraud claim have been recently summarized

by our Supreme Court:

Constructive fraud arises where a confidential or fiduciary relationship
exists, and its proof is less exacting than that required for actual fraud.
When a fiduciary relation exists between parties to a transaction, equity
raises a presumption of fraud when the superior party obtains a possible
benefit. To assert a cause of action for constructive fraud, the plaintiff
must allege facts and circumstances (1) which created the relation of
trust and confidence, and (2) led up to and surrounded the
consummation of the transaction in which defendant is alleged to have
taken advantage of his position of trust to the hurt of plaintiff.

Head v. Gould Killian CPA Grp., P.A., 371 N.C. 2, 9 (2018) (cleaned up). Thus, “[t]he

primary difference between pleading a claim for constructive fraud and one for breach

of fiduciary duty is the intent and showing that the defendant benefitted from his

breach of duty.” Bryant v. Wake Forest Univ. Baptist Med. Ctr., 2022-NCCOA-89,

P20 (2022) (alteration in original) (citation omitted).

39. CCSEA’s constructive fraud claim is subject to a ten-year statute of

limitations. See, e.g., N.C.G.S. § 1-56(a); Chisum v. Campagna, 376 N.C. 680, 707

(2021) (“[T]he limitations period applicable to constructive fraud claims is ten

years[.]”). Matthews argues that CCSEA did not plead constructive fraud in its 2015
Complaint, so its current claim must be dismissed to the extent it relies on conduct

arising more than ten years before the 8 March 2021 filing of the 2021 Complaint.

40. CCSEA acknowledges in opposition that it did not caption a claim in its 2015

Complaint as constructive fraud, but it argues that it nevertheless alleged the

requisite elements of its 2021 constructive fraud claim in its 2015 Complaint by

asserting that Matthews (1) owed fiduciary duties to CCSEA, (2) had access to patient

information only because he was CCSEA’s fiduciary, and (3) misused that patient

information “for [his own] financial benefit[.]” (Pl.’s Opp’n Br. 15–16 (quoting 2015

Compl. ¶ 22).) As such, CCSEA argues that its constructive fraud claim is timely and

that Rule 41 permits CCSEA’s claim to reach back to conduct occurring on or after 20

August 2005—the date ten years prior to the filing of the 2015 Complaint.

41. The Court agrees with CCSEA, but only with respect to those aspects of

CCSEA’s breach of fiduciary duty claim that remain after the Court’s dismissal of

portions of that claim as set forth above. 32 Based on its careful review, the Court

concludes that the 2015 Complaint’s allegations sufficiently notified Matthews that

CCSEA sought to recover against him not only because he breached his fiduciary duty

to CCSEA by using its confidential information to solicit its patients but also because

he obtained a personal financial benefit from doing so by receiving fees from CCSEA’s

former patients. (See 2015 Compl. ¶ 22.) As a result, even though CCSEA failed to

caption a claim as constructive fraud in the 2015 Complaint, the Court concludes that

32 The breach of fiduciary duty underpinning CCSEA’s constructive fraud claim is necessarily

the same breach of fiduciary duty on which CCSEA’s remaining breach of fiduciary duty claim
is based.
the allegations in the 2015 Complaint put Matthews on notice of the 2021

constructive fraud claim. See, e.g., Haynie, 207 N.C. App. at 149–50 (“Thus, plaintiff

did allege the necessary elements to put defendant Jones on notice of the claim of

negligent entrustment, even if plaintiff mislabeled or failed to label the claim.”). Rule

41’s savings provision therefore applies. Matthews’ statute of limitations challenge

to CCSEA’s constructive fraud claim is thus without merit and this aspect of his

motion must therefore be denied.

c. Violation of N.C.G.S. § 75-1.1

42. CCSEA’s UDTPA claim is subject to a four-year statute of limitations.

N.C.G.S. § 75-16.2.

43. Section 75-1.1 provides as follows:

(a) Unfair methods of competition in or affecting commerce, and unfair
or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce, are declared
unlawful.
(b) For purposes of this section, “commerce” includes all business
activities, however denominated, but does not include professional
services rendered by a member of a learned profession.

44. Matthews argues that, since CCSEA failed to plead a UDTPA claim in the

First Action, it must be dismissed as time-barred because it is a unique claim with

distinct elements that rests on conduct occurring more than four years prior to the

filing of the 2021 Complaint. (Def.’s Supp. Br. 18.)

45. CCSEA invokes the Court of Appeals’ Haynie decision in response,

contending that, while it did not expressly plead a UDTPA claim in the First Action,

the 2015 Complaint nevertheless put Matthews on notice of the factual basis for that

claim. (Pl.’s Opp’n Br. 12–13.) In particular, CCSEA contends that the 2015
Complaint pleaded both Matthews’ breach of fiduciary duty, which CCSEA argues

may constitute an unfair or deceptive trade practice under the UDTPA, (Pl.’s Opp’n

Br. 12–13 (citing 2015 Compl. ¶¶ 26–31)), and that Matthews’ actions were in or

affecting commerce because the 2015 Complaint alleged that Matthews left CCSEA

for a competing firm and used CCSEA’s confidential information to induce employees

to do the same, (Pl.’s Opp’n Br. 13 (citing 2015 Compl. ¶¶ 28–29, 41–43)). CCSEA

argues that these two allegations, read in combination, state a UDTPA claim that

enjoys the tolling provision in Rule 41(a). (Pl.’s Opp’n Br. 13.)

46. After careful consideration, the Court agrees with Matthews and finds

CCSEA’s contentions without legal merit. Haynie is instructive. To support his

newly asserted negligent entrustment claim, the refiling plaintiff in Haynie used the

same conduct to prove the same elements to achieve the same remedy that he sought

in his original negligence claim. 207 N.C. at 148–50. In contrast here, CCSEA must

prove different elements to prevail on its UDTPA claim than it would on its breach of

fiduciary duty or constructive fraud claims, including proof of an unfair or deceptive

act and conduct in or affecting commerce, and a UDTPA claim permits wholly

different remedies, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees. Even if the Court

could read CCSEA’s 2015 Complaint to include the conduct on which it relies for its

2021 UDTPA claim, the Court cannot further conclude that Matthews should be

deemed to have been on notice of that claim for purposes of Rule 41, particularly given

the very different and potentially far more consequential remedies that are available

for a violation of section 75-1.1 than exist for a claim for breach of fiduciary duty or
constructive fraud. See, e.g., Staley, 134 N.C. App. 299 (rejecting tolling under Rule

41(a) where “[e]ach claim [was] an independent cause of action with unique

elements”); BB&T Boli Plan Trust, 2016 NCBC 34, at *11 (noting that “same claim”

as used in Rule 41(a) “does not include independent causes of action with unique

elements”).

47. The Court’s conclusion is further supported by the fact that CCSEA’s

UDTPA claim implicates certain defenses—in particular, whether Matthews’ actions

were in or affecting commerce or protected by the single company 33 or learned

profession 34 exceptions under the UDTPA—that were not at issue in the First Action.

See, e.g., Brannock v. Brannock, 135 N.C. App. 635, 645–46 (1999) (concluding that a

claim brought under a newly enacted statute was not the “same claim” as the original

claim under the prior, now repealed statute—even though plaintiff sought the same

relief in both actions—because the new statute required different proof, foreclosed

prior, available defenses, and permitted new defenses).

48. The cases that CCSEA relies upon do not change this result. Those cases—

Compton v. Kirby, 157 N. C. App. 1 (2003), Governor’s Club v. Governor’s Club Ltd.

P’ship, 152 N. C. App. 240 (2002), and Spence v. Spaulding and Perkins, Ltd., 82 N.C.

App. 665, 668 (1986)—do not involve repleaded claims under Rule 41 and instead

33 The UDTPA does not apply to, “any unfair or deceptive conduct contained solely within a

single business,” because such action is not “in or affecting commerce.” Wheeler v. Wheeler,
2018 NCBC LEXIS 38 at *12 (N.C. Super. Ct. Apr. 25, 2018); White v. Thompson, 364 N.C.
47, 48 (2010).
34 For purposes of the UDTPA, required “commerce” “does not include professional services

rendered by a member of a learned profession.” N.C.G.S. § 75-1.1(b).
merely affirm the well-established proposition that “conduct which constitutes a

breach of fiduciary duty and constructive fraud is sufficient to support a UDTP[A]

claim.” Compton, 157 N.C. App. at 20. See also Governor’s Club, 152 N.C. App. at

244, 249; Spence, 82 N.C. App. at 666, 668. The issue under Rule 41, however, is

whether Matthews had notice that a UDTPA claim was contained in CCSEA’s claims

for breach of fiduciary duty and constructive fraud. Because the UDTPA claim

involves different elements and significantly different defenses and remedies, the

Court concludes that Matthews did not. See, e.g., Stanford v. Owens, 76 N.C. App.

284, 289 (1985) (“Plaintiffs’ contention that the fraud claim has in effect been before

the court all along, since it rests upon somewhat the same allegations that were made

in support of the negligent misrepresentation claim when the action was first filed,

though appealing to some extent is nevertheless unavailing.”); Staley, 134 N.C. App.

at 299 (to similar effect). Accordingly, the Court concludes that Rule 41’s savings

provision does not apply, and because CCSEA’s UDTPA claim is based on conduct

occurring more than four years before it filed the 2021 Complaint, the claim is time-

barred and must be dismissed. 35

d. Unjust Enrichment (or “Restitution and Disgorgement”)

49. Matthews next contends that CCSEA’s request for restitution and

disgorgement is in fact a disguised, previously unpleaded, and time-barred claim for

35 Although the parties spilled much ink and devoted substantial portions of their arguments

in debating whether CCSEA’s UDTPA claim should be dismissed on the merits under Rule
12(c), (see Def.’s Supp. Br. 8–16; Pl.’s Opp’n Br. 3–9; Def.’s Reply Br. in Resp. to Pl.’s Opp’n
Br. 3–5, ECF No. 55), the Court need not address those arguments in light of the Court’s
decision to dismiss on statute of limitations grounds as discussed above.
unjust enrichment. 36 In opposition, CCSEA argues that Matthews has

mischaracterized its demand for restitution and disgorgement—an equitable

remedy—as a claim for unjust enrichment—a cause of action that must be brought

within three years of accrual. (Pl.’s Opp’n Br. 13–14.)

50. The Court agrees with CCSEA. “As with a constructive trust, a request for

‘disgorgement of compensation’ [is] considered a remedy and not a cause of action.”

Global Textile All., Inc. v. TDI Worldwide, LLC, 2018 NCBC LEXIS 159, *39–40 (N.C.

Super. Ct. Nov. 29, 2018). Rather than existing as an affirmative claim, “[r]estitution

measures the remedy by the wrongdoer’s unjust enrichment, and seeks to force

disgorgement of that gain.” Potter v. Hilemn Labs., Inc., 150 N.C. App. 326, 335

(2002). Statutes of limitation, however, are “not determined by the remedy sought,

but by the substantive right asserted by plaintiffs.” Toomer, 171 N.C. App. at 66

(citation omitted).

51. As a result, because CCSEA has asserted claims that both permit restitution

or disgorgement as a remedy and survive Matthews’ challenge under Rule 12(c),

Matthews’ motion seeking to deny CCSEA the benefit of these remedies at this stage

must be denied. See, e.g., Booher v. Frue, 98 N.C. App. 570, 580 (1990) (“Imposition

of a constructive trust (i.e., recovery in restitution or for unjust enrichment) is one

possible remedy available to plaintiffs for defendant’s breach of fiduciary duty.”);

Housing, Inc. v. Weaver, 37 N.C. App. 284, 294 n.1 (1978) (“[O]ne who breaches his

fiduciary duty can be forced to disgorge his ill-gotten gains.”).

36 (Def.’s Supp. Br. 18–19 (citing Housecalls Home Health Care Inc. v. State, 200 N.C. App.

66, 70 (2009)).)
e. Punitive Damages

52. Matthews seeks to dismiss CCSEA’s request for punitive damages as a

standalone claim and also to the extent that the claims on which the relief is based

are dismissed under Rule 12(c). (Def.’s Supp. Br. 17.) CCSEA’s opposition appears

focused on a separate point, namely that North Carolina law does not consider

punitive damages to be “an enforceable claim or cause of action that the statute of

limitations ha[s] run against.” 37

53. Both parties are correct. First, “[p]unitive damages are available, not as an

individual cause of action, but as incidental damages to a cause of action.” Collier v.

Bryant, 216 N.C. App. 419, 434 (2011). Accordingly, to the extent CCSEA asserts a

claim for punitive damages, that claim must be dismissed, 38 and to the extent the

Court has dismissed claims under Rule 12(c), punitive damages cannot be awarded

“as incidental damages” to those claims.

54. In addition, North Carolina courts “have usually not required the pleader to

specifically plead, by name, punitive damages[.]” Holley, 86 N.C. App. at 627. Rather,

our courts have held that “it is enough that the facts tending to establish the

aggravated character of the wrong are alleged, and that characterizing a party’s

conduct as being wilful [sic], or wanton, or reckless without alleging the specific acts

relied upon are but conclusions that add nothing to the allegation.” Id. at 627–28.

Consequently, our courts have routinely applied Rule 41 to permit refiling parties

37 (Pl.’s Opp’n Br. 14 (quoting Holley v. Hercules, Inc., 86 N.C. App. 624, 629 (1987)).)

38 The Court’s dismissal of CCSEA’s punitive damages “claim” in no way impairs CCSEA’s

right to seek punitive damages as a remedy, where appropriate, for its remaining claims.
who have previously pleaded facts showing willful, wanton, or reckless conduct to

plead such facts in greater detail or with further characterization upon refiling. See,

e.g., Staley, 134 N.C. App. at 298–300 (applying Rule 41 to permit a newly pleaded

request for punitive damages to survive because the underlying claim was pleaded in

the first action); Holley, 86 N.C. App. at 628 (same). Because CCSEA pleaded facts

in the 2015 Complaint permitting a factfinder to conclude that Matthews engaged in

willful, wanton, or reckless conduct, the Court concludes that CCSEA’s request for

punitive damages in this action is not barred under Rule 41.

B. CCSEA’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings

1. Matthews’ First and Third Counterclaims for Set-Off/Recoupment for
Breach of Contract and Violation of the Wage and Hour Act

55. CCSEA challenges four counterclaims Matthews has asserted in the Second

Action for set-off or recoupment that were also pleaded in the First Action. The Court

addressed the distinctions between set-off and recoupment in the First Action as

follows:

“the terms ‘offset,’ or ‘set-off’ as it is also known, and ‘recoupment’ are
distinct remedies with distinct legal definitions.” Mikels v. Unique Tool
& Mfg. Co., No. 5:06CV32, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 91814, at *66 n.7
(W.D.N.C. Dec. 3, 2007) (internal citation omitted). Set-off is defined as
“[a] defendant’s counterdemand against the plaintiff, arising out of a
transaction independent of the plaintiff’s claim.” SETOFF, Black’s Law
Dictionary (10th ed. 2014) (emphasis added). As a general proposition,
a claim for set-off, whether asserted as an affirmative defense or
counterclaim, is subject to the applicable statute of limitations. Perry v.
First Citizens Bank & Tr. Co., 223 N.C. 642, 644, 27 S.E.2d 636, 637
(1943). Recoupment is defined as a “[r]eduction of a plaintiff’s damages
because of a demand by the defendant arising out of the same
transaction.” RECOUPMENT, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014)
(emphasis added). In contrast to set-off, a claim for recoupment is not
subject to the otherwise applicable limitations period. Ken-Lu Enters.,
Inc. v. Neal, 29 N.C. App. 78, 81, 223 S.E.2d 831, 833 (1976) (“[T]he
borrowers’ counterclaim is in the nature of setoff, not recoupment. As
such, it is subject to the statute of limitations.”).

In re Se. Eye Ctr.-Pending Matters, 2016 NCBC LEXIS 59, at *21 (N.C. Super. Ct.

July 22, 2016). Considering this distinction, the Court concluded in the First Action

that Matthews’ counterclaims for breach of the Employment Agreement and violation

of the Wage and Hour Act were in the nature of recoupment “because they [arose]

from the same transactions as CCSEA’s claims—i.e., the employment relationship

between CCSEA and Dr. Matthews.” Id. at *22.

56. In this Second Action, the parties agree that Matthews’ first counterclaim

for breach of the Employment Agreement and third counterclaim for violation of the

North Carolina Wage and Hour Act seek recoupment rather than set-off because they

arise from Matthews’ employment contract with CCSEA. 39 The Court agrees, for the

same reasons as before.

57. The parties disagree, however, on what follows from that conclusion.

CCSEA argues that, because recoupment permits a reduction of damages “arising out

of the same transaction,” id., “any damages that Matthews is able to prove arising

out of these claims will only be reductions against damages that CCSEA sustained

because of Matthews’ breaches of the Employment Agreement[,]” (Pl.’s Supp. Br. 6).

CCSEA therefore seeks a declaratory judgment to this effect under Rule 12(c).

39 (CCSEA’s Br. Supp. Mot. J. on Pleadings 5–7 [hereinafter “Pl.’s Supp. Br.”], ECF No. 30;

Def. Matthews’ Br. Resp. and Opp’n to Pl.’s Rule 12(c) Mot. J. on Pleadings 6 [hereinafter
“Def.’s Opp’n Br.”], ECF No. 43.)
58. Matthews argues in opposition that while he agrees that his first and third

counterclaims are for recoupment, application of either the “logical relationship test”

or the “integrated transaction test” entitles him to reduce all damages awarded on

those counterclaims against damages awarded on any of CCSEA’s claims—including

CCSEA’s claims for breach of fiduciary duty and constructive fraud—because

CCSEA’s newly pleaded claims are “inextricably intertwined” with “Matthews taking

compensation under the alleged employment contract.” (Def.’s Opp’n Br. 6–12.)

59. The Court agrees with CCSEA. To begin, CCSEA’s claims for breach of

contract and Matthews’ first and third counterclaims unquestionably arise from the

employment relationship between CCSEA and Matthews. The same cannot be said

for CCSEA’s breach of fiduciary duty and constructive fraud claims because those

claims arise from Matthews’ fiduciary duties to CCSEA as an alleged director and

officer. Matthews’ employment relationship with CCSEA stands separately and

independently from Matthews’ fiduciary duties. As a result, the Court concludes that

any damages Matthews may recover from CCSEA on his first and third counterclaims

do not arise out of the same transaction (i.e., his employment relationship with

CCSEA) as do CCSEA’s claims for breach of fiduciary duty and constructive fraud

(his relationship to CCSEA as an alleged officer and director).

60. Matthews’ resort to either the “logical relationship test” or the “integrated

transaction test” does not change this result. Indeed, those tests have traditionally

been applied to determine whether competing contractual claims arise out of the
same contract 40—not, as attempted here, to determine whether contractual and non-

contractual claims arise out of the same contract or transaction. Significantly,

neither the parties nor the Court have been able to locate a single case where either

of these tests has been used to permit a recoupment claim against a non-contractual

claim as Matthews urges here.

61. Accordingly, the Court concludes that CCSEA’s motion should be granted

and a declaratory judgment entered determining that any damages Matthews may

recover on his first and third counterclaims may reduce an award of damages that

CCSEA may obtain on its breach of contract and Wage and Hour Act claims but not

on its other claims. 41

40 The Fourth Circuit has not specifically adopted one test over the other but has offered

guidance that “[r]ecoupment is the right of the defendant to have the plaintiff’s monetary
claim reduced by reason of some claim the defendant has against the plaintiff arising out of
the very contract giving rise to the plaintiff’s claim.” FDIC v. Marine Midland Realty Credit
Corp., 17 F.3d 715, 722 (4th Cir. 1994) (emphasis added). See, e.g., In re Thompson, 182 B.R.
140, 149 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 1995), aff’d, 92 F.3d 1182 (4th Cir. 1996) (applying the integrated
transaction test to hold that an employee’s contractual right to disability benefits, which
hinged on routine medical examinations, “represent[ed] a transaction distinct from his
[contractual] eligibility for disability benefits” even though both sets of benefits arose from
his employment); Newbery Corp. v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co., 95 F.3d 1392, 1402–03 (9th Cir.
1996) (using the logical relationship test to affirm the award of recoupment to a creditor
defendant when a debtor plaintiff breached a contract against the creditor defendant and a
later agreement between the parties specifically incorporated by reference the breached
contract).

41 The parties have also advanced alternative arguments should the first and third
counterclaims be deemed for set-off rather than recoupment. In that event, CCSEA argues
that the claims are time-barred because they were pleaded for the first time more than three
years after the claims accrued on 19 July 2012, the date CCSEA contends that Matthews’
compensation claim ripened. (CCSEA’s Reply Br. Supp. Mot. J. on Pleadings 3, ECF No. 53.)
Matthews argues in opposition that the claims are timely because the “pleadings do not
contain any dates which establish that the date(s) upon which the compensation and benefits
due to be paid to Matthews were all necessarily” three years before he filed his counterclaims
in the original action. (Def.’s. Opp’n Br. 6.) The Court need not resolve these alternative
arguments in light of the Court’s conclusion that the counterclaims are in the nature of
recoupment.
2. Matthews’ Counterclaim for Set-Off/Recoupment for Failure to Make
Distributions in Compliance with N.C.G.S. § 55-6-40

62. Through his second counterclaim, Matthews contends that CCSEA violated

N.C.G.S. § 55-6-40 by distributing funds to Epes without making corresponding

proportional distributions to Matthews. Matthews seeks damages from CCSEA as

set-off or recoupment in the amount of his proportional share of dividends that were

paid to Epes but not to Matthews, plus attorneys’ fees and other expenses. In addition

to his statutory claim, Matthews seeks payment of his share of unpaid dividends

under “General Principals [sic] of Equity.” (2021 Am. Countercl. ¶¶ 31–36.) CCSEA

moves to dismiss, contending first that the statutory claim is time-barred as to

distributions made on or after 8 January 2013, and second, that Matthews has failed

to allege facts entitling him to the payment of dividends on either statutory or

equitable grounds.

a. Statute of Limitations

63. CCSEA argues that because Matthews’ counterclaim was filed as part of his

amended counterclaims in the First Action on 8 January 2016, the claim should be

deemed time-barred to the extent it is based on the alleged nonpayment of dividends

that occurred more than three years prior to that date. 42 In opposition, Matthews

argues that the tolling date is 20 August 2015, the date the counterclaims were

originally filed, so that the counterclaim reaches conduct occurring on or after 20

August 2012. (Def.’s Opp’n Br. 12–13.) The Court agrees with Matthews.

42 (Pl.’s Supp. Br. 7–10 (citing N.C.G.S. § 1-52 as the applicable statute of limitations).)
64. Matthews filed a counterclaim in the First Action on 20 August 2015 seeking

a set-off of all distributions made to Epes in violation of section 55-6-40 against any

damages Matthews was found to owe to CCSEA. (2015 Countercl. ¶¶ 24–30.)

Although Matthews’ initial counterclaim focused on CCSEA’s payment of

distributions to Epes without Matthews’ “knowledge, consent, and/or approval,”

(2015 Countercl. ¶ 26), and the amended counterclaim is focused on CCSEA’s failure

to pay Matthews his proportional share of the dividends paid to Epes, the Court

concludes that Matthews tolled the statute of limitations on his section 55-6-40

counterclaims when he invoked that section in the First Action. Matthews’

subsequent withdrawal of counterclaims on 8 January 2016 does not change this

result, particularly because he expressly excepted his “defense/counterclaims of Set-

off/Offset.” (Def.’s Notice of Withdrawal of 2015 Countercl. 3.)

b. Whether the Claim Fails as a Matter of Law

65. Apart from statute of limitations grounds, CCSEA contends that Matthews’

counterclaims must be dismissed because they are inadequately pleaded under both

section 55-6-40 and the equitable principles established in Steele v. Locke Cotton Mills

Co., 231 N.C. 636 (1950), and Gaines v. Long Mfg. Co., 234 N.C. 331 (1951). (Pl.’s

Supp. Br. 7–10.) On this ground CCSEA fares better.

66. Section 55-6-40 permits a corporation to “make distributions to its

shareholders subject to restriction by the articles of incorporation and the limitation

in subsection (c).” N.C.G.S. § 55-6-40(a). Subsection (c) in turn provides that:

(c) No distribution may be made if, after giving it effect:
(1) The corporation would not be able to pay its debts as they
become due in the usual course of business; or

(2) The corporation’s total assets would be less than the sum of its
total liabilities plus (unless the articles of incorporation permit
otherwise) the amount that would be needed, if the corporation
were to be dissolved at the time of the distribution, to satisfy the
preferential rights upon dissolution of shareholders whose
preferential rights are superior to those receiving the
distribution.

N.C.G.S. § 55-6-40(c). Subsection (c) therefore prohibits an insolvent corporation

from making distributions to its shareholders. See, e.g., N.C.G.S. § 39-23.2(a)–(b)

(providing that “[a] debtor is solvent if, at a fair valuation, the sum of the debtor’s

debts is greater than the sum of the debtor’s assets” and “[a] debtor that is generally

not paying the debtor’s debts as they become due other than as a result of a bona fide

dispute is presumed to be insolvent.”)

67. CCSEA moves to dismiss Matthews’ counterclaim, contending that

Matthews has failed to plead that CCSEA was solvent or had a surplus from which

it could pay distributions at the time Matthews filed his counterclaim as required

under section 55-6-40(c). Matthews responds that he pleaded throughout his

amended counterclaims that CCSEA was solvent when it made the challenged

distributions to Epes, which Matthews contends is the relevant time period for

inquiry under the statute. The Court agrees with CCSEA.

68. Setting aside whether Matthews pleaded that CCSEA was solvent in the

past, it remains that Matthews seeks to compel CCSEA to pay a distribution in the

future. For such a payment to be permitted, the plain language of section 55-6-40(c)

requires that CCSEA be solvent when the distribution is made. However, Matthews
did not plead that CCSEA was solvent when the amended counterclaim was filed or

that CCSEA would be solvent at the time of any distribution upon entry of final

judgment. At most, he has pleaded only that CCSEA was solvent when it distributed

funds to Epes. (2021 Am. Countercl. ¶ 32.) That allegation would be relevant if

CCSEA sought to recover the distributions paid to Epes in violation of section 55-6-

40(c), but it has no bearing on the claim Matthews has pleaded—that CCSEA must

pay him a distribution in the future.

69. Although considering a predecessor statute to section 55-6-40, the Supreme

Court of North Carolina has explained why it makes sense that a corporation wishing

to distribute funds to shareholders must be solvent at the time the distribution is

made—and not at some prior point in time:

Corporate surpluses, like riches, have wings. They are here today, and
gone tomorrow. The presence of such a surplus on a particular occasion
is not inconsistent with its absence nine months later. Hence, the fact
that a corporation has accumulated profits on hand on October 11, 1949,
cannot be fairly and reasonably inferred from the specific averment that
it possessed such profits on January 1, 1949.

Steele, 231 N.C. at 642.

70. Indeed, the Supreme Court concluded in Steele that the corporation’s

solvency was so important that a stockholder wishing to compel a dividend “must

allege in his complaint facts disclosing that the corporation has surplus or net profits

available for the payment of the dividend . . . when he brings his action[.] Id., 231

N.C. at 640. The Supreme Court reiterated this requirement the following year in

Gaines. Gaines, 234 N.C. at 339 (requiring the stockholder to plead that “at the time

of the commencement of the action funds were available for the payment of
dividends[.]”). Although neither case is controlling in applying the later-enacted

section 55-6-40, Steele and Gaines nonetheless provide strong support for the policy

judgment embodied in that statute and the Court’s interpretation of that section as

set forth above.

71. Matthews seeks to avoid this result by resorting to N.C.G.S. § 55-6-40(k),

which provides that “[n]othing in [section 55-6-40] shall impair any rights which a

shareholder may have on general principles of equity to compel the payment of

dividends.” N.C.G.S. § 55-6-40(k). But in light of the holdings and reasoning of Steele

and Gaines and the policy judgment consistent with those decisions reflected in

section 55-6-40(c), the Court is not prepared to conclude that section 55-6-40(k)

permits the Court to compel an insolvent corporation to pay a dividend to a

shareholder when there is no dissolution and winding up process to guarantee

fairness to all creditors and shareholders. Accordingly, the Court concludes that

Matthews’ failure to plead that CCSEA was solvent at the time his counterclaim was

filed or would be solvent at the time a distribution would be made is fatal to his claim

as pleaded here.

72. For the foregoing reasons, therefore, the Court concludes that CCSEA’s

Motion should be granted and that Matthews’ counterclaim seeking set-off or

recoupment for failure to make distributions in compliance with section 55-6-40

should be dismissed.
3. Matthews’ Fourth Counterclaim for Set-Off/Recoupment for Violation of
N.C.G.S. § 55-12-02

73. In the First Action, Matthews advanced a counterclaim seeking to recover

damages for injury to CCSEA’s property under N.C.G.S. § 55-12-02, which governs

the disposition of assets by CCSEA. (2015 Countercl. ¶¶ 52–56.) The Court

dismissed the counterclaim because it accrued to CCSEA, not Matthews, and had

been settled and released by the Receiver. See In re Se. Eye Ctr.-Pending Matters,

2016 NCBC LEXIS at *24. Matthews acknowledges that he reasserted this

counterclaim in the Second Action “out of an abundance of caution” in response to

CCSEA’s newly pleaded claims. (Def.’s Opp’n Br. 18.) Nothing has changed since the

Court’s earlier ruling, so the Court concludes that this counterclaim should be

dismissed for the same reasons the Court dismissed the nearly identical counterclaim

in the First Action. See In re Se. Eye Ctr.-Pending Matters, 2016 NCBC LEXIS 59 at

*24.

III.

CONCLUSION

74. WHEREFORE, for the reasons set forth above, the Court hereby GRANTS

in part and DENIES in part Matthews’ Motion as follows:

a. Matthews’ Motion as to CCSEA’s claim for breach of fiduciary

duty is hereby GRANTED and that claim is hereby dismissed

with prejudice to the extent it is based on CCSEA’s allegations

that Matthews was overcompensated during his employment
with CCSEA, that CCSEA was insolvent during the period of

Matthews’ employment, or that Matthews mismanaged CCSEA;

b. Matthews’ Motion as to CCSEA’s UDTPA claim under section 75-

1.1 is hereby GRANTED and that claim is hereby dismissed with

prejudice;

c. Matthews’ Motion as to CCSEA’s claims for constructive fraud

and restitution and disgorgement is hereby DENIED.

d. Matthews’ Motion as to CCSEA’s purported claim for punitive

damages is hereby GRANTED in part and that purported claim

is hereby dismissed with prejudice to the extent it is pleaded as a

standalone claim. Further, to the extent the Court has dismissed

claims under Rule 12(c) herein, punitive damages cannot be

awarded as incidental damages to those claims. The Court’s

rulings in no way impair CCSEA’s right to seek punitive damages

as a remedy, where appropriate, for its remaining claims.

75. The Court hereby GRANTS in part and DENIES in part CCSEA’s Motion

as follows:

a. CCSEA’s Motion as to Matthews’ counterclaims for set-

off/recoupment in connection with CCSEA’s claims for breach of

the Employment Agreement and violation of the North Carolina

Wage and Hour Act is hereby GRANTED and the Court therefore

determines and declares that (i) Matthews’ first counterclaim for
breach of the Employment Agreement and third counterclaim for

violation of the North Carolina Wage and Hour Act seek

recoupment rather than set-off and (ii) any damages Matthews

may recover on these two counterclaims may reduce an award of

damages that CCSEA may obtain on its breach of contract or

Wage and Hour Act claims but not on its other claims;

b. CCSEA’s Motion as to Matthews’ counterclaim for set-

off/recoupment for failure to make distributions in compliance

with N.C.G.S. § 55-6-40 is hereby GRANTED and that claim is

hereby dismissed with prejudice;

c. CCSEA’s Motion as to Defendant’s counterclaim for set-

off/recoupment for violation of N.C.G.S. § 55-12-02 is hereby

GRANTED and that claim is hereby dismissed with prejudice.

SO ORDERED, this the 16th day of March, 2022.

/s/ Louis A. Bledsoe, III
Louis A. Bledsoe, III
Chief Business Court Judge