In THE INTEREST OF A.A., G.A., AND K.A., CHILDREN v. the State of Texas

Supreme Court of Texas
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No. 21-0998
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In the Interest of A.A., G.A., and K.A., Children

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On Petition for Review from the
Court of Appeals for the Seventh District of Texas
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JUSTICE YOUNG, joined by Justice Blacklock and Justice Busby,
dissenting.

Childhood in Texas should be an age of wonder and plenty, not
privation or fear or neglect. Yet because of the failures of adults, innocent
children across our State sometimes irretrievably lose some or all of the
childhood they deserve. Whenever that happens, it is a tragedy for those
children and for each now-broken family. It is also tragic for our State
and its people, given the monumentally compelling interest we all share
in the health, safety, and future of the youngest generation of our fellow
citizens.
The children in this case are among those who have received less
than they deserve. They cannot rely on their parents, which is one of
the saddest conclusions any court can reach. The State’s protection of
these children, including from their parents—a subversion of the normal
order, in which parents protect their children—therefore has been and
remains necessary. On that point I agree with the Court.
But I cannot agree with the Court regarding how our law addresses
these circumstances. Texas law provides potent tools to protect children,
but—at this stage, on this record, and under the statutory provision on
which the Court relies—the irrevocable termination of Mother’s parental
rights is not among them. To terminate any parent-child relationship
under § 161.001(b)(1)(O), the State must satisfy multiple statutory
conditions. One of paragraph O’s antecedent requirements is that the
child at issue was “remov[ed] from the parent” whose parental rights are
at issue. Confirming that point, paragraph O contemplates “the return
of the child”—that is, the restoration of the status quo ante. But no
matter how we define “remove,” these children were “remov[ed] from”
Father, not Mother. A transfer to Mother would not be a “return” to her,
either—another of paragraph O’s requirements. And there is a third:
Paragraph O only addresses removals to the State because of the targeted
parent’s “abuse or neglect.” The children here, however, were removed
from Father because of his abuse or neglect, not because of Mother’s. As
a matter of law, therefore, paragraph O does not even apply to this case.1
Neither the State nor the Court can show how any of these
important requirements of paragraph O can be met here, much less
under the statute’s “clear and convincing” standard. Tex. Fam. Code
§ 161.001(b). Nothing justifies sidelining these unambiguous
requirements. Tellingly, the lone but repeatedly cited precedent of this

1 This Court’s cases sometimes call the provision “subsection O,” but the
statute itself denominates § 161.001(b)(1)(O) as a “paragraph.” See Tex. Fam.
Code § 161.001(b)(1)(M) (describing “terminat[ion] . . . based on a finding” of
“conduct . . . in violation of Paragraph (D) or (E)”). The subsection is
§ 161.001(b), and § 161.001(b)(1) is the subdivision. Like the Court, I refer to
paragraph O.

2
Court that is invoked to support today’s judgment is wholly inapplicable.
In In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d 239 (Tex. 2013), the parent whose rights were
at issue was the same parent from whom the child was removed, the same
parent to whom a return of the child would go, and the same parent whose
conduct constituted the abuse that led to the child’s removal.
There is no good reason for the Court to weaken paragraph O’s
requirements so thoroughly. Doing so is not necessary for the State to
be able to (lawfully) protect these and any other children using the many
other available legal tools at its disposal. Even to obtain termination,
§ 161.001(b)(1) has multiple additional grounds that are available and, if
the allegations are true, more appropriate. Why, then, is paragraph O
the only ground before us? Because, as the Court acknowledges,
paragraph O is just so easy for the State that there is often little incentive
to go beyond it. Now there will be even less. Paragraph O’s textual
limitations represent an unsuccessful legislative attempt to confine that
provision’s use; the courts have instead allowed it to proliferate.
So in exchange for diluting unambiguous statutory requirements,
what do we get? An even more expansive and undisciplined use of
paragraph O. What a terrible trade. Rather than erode the statute and
risk consequences far transcending this single case, we should reverse the
judgment below. Because the Court instead ratifies a seriously mistaken
understanding of paragraph O, I must respectfully dissent.2

2 I agree with the Court that we have jurisdiction to resolve the appeal,
see ante, Part II, and confine my dissent to the Court’s analysis of paragraph
O and to its judgment affirming the decisions below.

3
I
I share the Court’s dim view of this case’s history. Mother and
Father consistently use drugs. Father is prone to domestic violence.
Mother, deeming herself unable to care for the children, voluntarily
relinquished custody to Father upon their divorce. The children often
had no adult supervision at all. The list goes on. The Court rightly
recognizes that these children have not received admirable or even
acceptable parenting. Like so many other parental-termination cases
that we see (and the People of Texas would be truly dismayed to realize
just how many there are), it is terribly sad.
Fortunately, our law has many tools to protect and address the
important rights of children when parents fall so far below our minimal
standards. The most drastic such tool is to terminate the parent-child
relationship. But termination is the last resort, not the first impulse; it
ends one of the most “sacred” and “precious” bonds the law recognizes.
See In re J.W., 645 S.W.3d 726, 752 (Tex. 2022) (Young, J., concurring)
(internal citations omitted). Termination, after all, threatens not just
the right of a parent to retain a formal relationship with her child, but
also the right of the child to retain such a relationship with her parent.
When the law requires termination, we must unflinchingly enforce
it. But we should turn the sharpest of corners when doing so: “In a case
involving termination of parental rights, the ‘“death penalty” of civil
cases,’ the importance of safeguarding a parent’s right to a fair trial is
even more pronounced” than usual. Id. at 751 (majority op.) (quoting In
re K.M.L., 443 S.W.3d 101, 121 (Tex. 2014) (Lehrmann, J., concurring)).
This termination has not turned sharp corners, at least as to

4
Mother.3 I think it falters at the very first step—the premise that the
law even authorizes that consequence under these circumstances. The
Court finds the necessary authority within Texas Family Code
§ 161.001(b)(1)(O), which provides:
The court may order termination of the parent-child
relationship if the court finds by clear and convincing
evidence: (1) that the parent has . . . (O) failed to comply
with the provisions of a court order that specifically
established the actions necessary for the parent to obtain
the return of the child who has been in the permanent or
temporary managing conservatorship of the Department of
Family and Protective Services for not less than nine
months as a result of the child’s removal from the parent
under Chapter 262 for the abuse or neglect of the child.
Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(b)(1)(O) (emphases added).
The thrice-reiterated focus in that provision is on “the parent,”
which must refer to the same person each time it is used in the
paragraph’s single sentence. Nothing displaces the presumption of
consistent usage and it is hard to see any linguistic way that “the parent”
could mean someone different in any of its appearances. Each time “the
parent” appears, it imposes another condition on paragraph O’s
applicability. Without the same parent meeting all three requirements,
paragraph O cannot apply.
Accordingly, to take the three conditions as they would
chronologically unfold in a case, here is the minimum the State must
establish to invoke paragraph O:

3 There is no dispute as to Father. The record focuses heavily on his
behavior and the need for the State to remove the children from his custody.
The judiciary was empowered to terminate his parental rights, and no
challenge to that determination is before us.

5
• “abuse or neglect of the child” by the parent
• that led to “the child’s removal from the parent”
• such that a “court order[ed]” service plan was created as a
condition “for the parent to obtain the return of the child.”

The State would have to show that all three conditions apply to
Mother. Not even one of them does:
• Father’s “abuse or neglect” is what led to the State’s machinery
cranking into gear.

• After the State got involved, Father tested the State’s patience
with the behavior that the Court describes, ante at 4–5,
leading to “the child[ren]’s removal from [Father].” Mother
had no rights to possession, legally or physically; she could not
so much as see them without Father’s agreement. So the State
certainly could not “remov[e]” the children from Mother.

• And because Father alone had all rights to the children, any
“return of the child[ren]” would not have meant going to
Mother.

In short, Mother cannot be “the parent” as paragraph O uses the term.
True, Mother clearly failed to comply with her service plan. See
ante at 23–24. That fact is relevant to paragraph O, however, only if the
antecedent conditions of paragraph O are met. One cannot blame bad
weather in Chicago for a delayed flight if the reason it never left Miami
was that the FAA deemed the airplane unfit for flight. Had Mother
retained some rights of custody that the State could remove from her
before issuing the service plan, things might be different; had the plane
intending to depart from Miami been just barely airworthy enough to
depart, bad weather in Chicago might be a culprit for its nonarrival there.
But the record shows that Mother could not implicate paragraph

6
O. Father had sole custody and it was his malfeasance that led to the
State’s intervention. Because these points illustrate why it is mistaken
even to proceed beyond the applicability of paragraph O (much less to
address the “best-interests” analysis, see id., Part IV), I will address
them in more detail.

A
First, in no ordinary sense of the word “removal” were the
children “removed” from Mother. How could they have been? Mother
did not have legal or physical custody of the children. Her rights were
not altered by the children’s removal. As the Court acknowledges,
Father had “sole legal care and physical custody” of the children at the
time of removal. Ante at 3 (emphasis added).
I will spot the Court its expansive definition of removal. According
to the Court, removal concerns not “just . . . physical possession” and
implicates a “bundle of conservatorship rights from one or both parents
to DFPS.” Id. at 10 (emphasis added). I assume that is right. But even
so, it is just “one” and not “both parents” here. For it to be “both,” each
must have something that the State has removed. The Court’s own
definition cannot justify its outcome.
That is because the record resoundingly confirms in so many ways
that the children were removed from Father alone. In its “Order of
Termination,” the trial court found that the status quo ante was the
parents’ divorce decree, which is what granted Father sole custody. And
the Court’s chief authority from the record—the “affidavit in support of
removal” that the Court cites over and over—illustrates my point:
• The affidavit mentions Mother in it occasionally, but only in

7
the context of supplying information about Father.

• From its start, the affidavit makes clear that its “allegations”
concerned only “the Neglectful Supervision of [A.A.], by her
father.” (Emphasis added.)

• The “facts necessitating removal” section provides five bullet
points summarizing the request for removal. Each of the five
involves Father; Mother does not appear in a single one.

• In the four-page narrative following that high-level overview,
the only mentions of Mother are to obliquely note her absence
and the difficulty in finding her.

• Eventually, Mother herself got in touch with the State’s
investigator (the affiant). The affidavit then recounts the call
that the investigator had with Mother, primarily to obtain
Mother’s perspective on Father.

• Consistent with the rest of the affidavit, its “conclusion” does
not even mention Mother, but focuses exclusively on Father:
“All reasonable efforts . . . have been made . . . to prevent or
eliminate the need for removal of th[ese] child[ren] and to
make it possible for the children to remain in the care of
[Father]. It would be contrary to the safety and welfare of the
child[ren] to remain in the custody of [Father].”

The Court could rightly rely on such a document regarding Father
if he (or the removal of his rights) were at issue. But the record lacks
any accompanying document for the Court to rely on regarding Mother.
Understandably so: The children were not in Mother’s custody and so
there was no need or ability to remove them from her custody, physical
or otherwise. The State could not “remove” them from her possession
any more than it can “remove” the Hope Diamond from mine.
Thus, the Court’s observation that “[t]he Department’s affidavit
shows what the trial court relied on [in its orders] to find that

8
continuation in the home of [Mother] would be contrary to the children’s
welfare” cannot be relevant as to Mother. Ante at 16. There could be no
“continuation” with Mother, of course. More importantly, the affidavit
does not speak to any conclusion as to Mother.4 In fact, the affidavit
concludes by saying that “[a]ll reasonable efforts . . . have been made by
[DFPS] to prevent or eliminate the need for removal of th[ese] child[ren]
and to make it possible for the children to remain in the care of [Father].
It would be contrary to the safety and welfare of the child[ren] to remain
in the custody of [Father].” Removal from Mother is not even mentioned.
So what was removed from Mother by the State in these
proceedings? Nothing. Before the removal of Father’s rights, Mother
had no rights (even to see the children) except at Father’s sufferance.
Once the State replaced Father, Mother still had no such rights (even to
see the children) except at the State’s sufferance.5 The State’s removal
of the children from Father, in other words, set forth no independent
alteration to Mother’s non-existent rights of custody or possession.
Nothing changed for her: the State simply stepped into Father’s shoes

4 The Court notes that “though Mother’s positive test was not mentioned
in the Department’s removal affidavit, a parent’s methamphetamine use surely
poses ‘an immediate danger to the physical health or safety of [a] child.’” Ante
at 18. Agreed—such drug use poses a danger. And other provisions in
§ 161.001(b) address exposure to dangers. But the Court misses the point. The
reason Mother’s test is not included is because the affidavit only concerned
removal from Father.
5 I use the term “right” only colloquially. Because this right was totally
dependent on someone else’s approval, I am hesitant to call it a right at all. But
it was certainly not one that was then removed. Mother’s right to visitation,
as framed by the Court, seems more akin to a right to request visitation—first
of Father and then, when the State stepped into Father’s shoes, of the State.
The failure of Father (or the State) to agree to any request for visitation would
not be the removal of a right, but a failure of an agreed-upon condition.

9
with respect to agreeing to any request that Mother may have made
about access to the children.
The Court actually confirms the point: “[T]he children were
transferred to DFPS as their conservator, temporarily ending both
Mother’s and Father’s exercise of control of them without DFPS
approval.” Ante at 22. Exactly. Mother had no exercise of control of the
children before or after their transfer to the State. The children’s
removal from Father caused no further loss of rights to Mother.
The Court really has nothing else. From its first paragraph, it
repeatedly says things like “[t]he court’s order ended both parents’ legal
custody of the children and transferred them to the Department’s
statutory conservatorship based on evidence of misconduct by both
parents that amounted to abuse and neglect,” id. at 2, or the “removal
order expressly affects Mother’s rights,” id. at 15. But the Court never
articulates what those rights are and how those rights were “expressly
affect[ed].” When it comes to the question at the heart of this dispute—
what right was removed from Mother and transferred to the State?—the
Court is all hat and no cattle. To maintain the metaphor, the Court is
bootstrapping. It can only appear to satisfy the “removal” requirement
by conflating (a) the desired outcome (permanent termination of Mother’s
status as a mother) with (b) the necessary prerequisite for paragraph O’s
ability to achieve that outcome (some actual removal of the children from
Mother—even in the rather abstract way that the Court frames
removal—before a service plan was issued). Said differently, the ultimate
termination depended on Mother’s failure to comply with a service plan,
but the issuance of a service plan that could affect termination under

10
paragraph O required some initial “removal” of the children. The
ultimate termination cannot itself be the initial removal of rights.
In short, all that Mother had, all along, was her mere status as the
children’s mother and the bare possibility of restoration. That meager
but precious status is not something that the State could or did “remove”
before Mother received a service plan. Removing that status from her
is what the State hoped to achieve at the end. But to achieve that final
result through paragraph O, the State had to remove the children from
Mother at the beginning of parental-termination proceedings.6
Without such a showing, paragraph O has no power in this case.
That paragraph’s power—its rather fearsome and potentially abused
power, as the Court also acknowledges, see ante at 20—lacks force unless
“the parent” is one from whom the children can be “remov[ed].” Here, the
children cannot have been—and thus were not—removed from Mother.7

6The Court expresses incredulity that paragraph O might not be able
to reach someone who, because of her own failings, started out with so few
rights. Ante at 22. But that gets the reasoning backward. We cannot start
with the conclusion (this is an unfit parent), then force paragraph O to
accommodate the desired outcome (this paragraph allows termination here).
7 Beyond paragraph O’s “removal” requirement, its “return”
requirement provides another reason to reach the same result. The “court
order” (the service plan) must be one “for the parent to obtain the return of the
child who has been in” state custody. Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(b)(1)(O)
(emphasis added). According to the Court, paragraph O “gives a parent like
Mother an opportunity to have the child returned to her by demonstrating her
parenting ability through compliance with the service plan.” Ante at 21
(emphasis added). It is the promise of a restoration of the status quo ante.
But because Father had sole legal custody, Mother could not obtain
their “return.” Return means “give back” as a transitive verb or “go back” as
an intransitive verb. Return, Webster’s New International Dictionary (2d ed.
1934). I can return something to you that I borrowed from you; I can return to

11
B
Even if I could be persuaded that the removal was in any sense
from Mother, that still would be insufficient. Under the statute, the
relevant removal had to have been caused by Mother’s “abuse or neglect.”
Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(b)(1)(O). The Court accurately describes the
abuse and neglect that the children wrongfully endured. But the abuse
or neglect that led to their removal was committed solely by Father. Ante
at 17. Had Father not fallen short, there would have been no
investigation and no removal. The affidavit makes that point abundantly
and painfully clear. Far from the statutorily required direct link between
the removal and “the parent[’s]” conduct, however, the record offers only
attenuation when it comes to Mother. Her conduct played no role in the
investigation or subsequent removal of the children.
The Court’s response is to blame Mother for abusing and
neglecting her children because, long before, she left them with Father,
who later abused or neglected them. Id. at 2. As unfortunate as that
turned out to be, it has nothing to do with this removal, either legally or
factually, and thus nothing to do with paragraph O.8

where I was before. Neither works for these children vis-à-vis Mother. Again,
both the Court and the temporary orders make several conclusory mentions to
the children “return[ing] home” to Mother or that “continuation in the home of
[Mother] . . . would be contrary to the children’s welfare.” Ante at 15–16. But
they cannot be “returned” (from State custody) to Mother because they were
not removed (by the State) from her. Nor can they “return” to her home or
“continue” living in her home because they were not there to start with.
Restoring the status quo ante would mean their return to Father’s care—an
outcome that the law does forbid. But that tells us nothing about Mother.
8 Again, paragraph O—despite being treated as a general catch-all—is
not drafted to cover every manner of sin. Other provisions of subdivision (b)(1)
exist to address the allegations against Mother. They were not used.

12
To the contrary, the reason that Father had sole custody and total
control was not merely Mother’s acquiescence. Her lack of custody was
instead the product of a New Mexico court order. That court expressly
found that the new arrangement—giving Father custody—was in the
children’s best interests. The court found that “[Father] is a fit and
proper person to have the sole legal care and physical custody of the
minor children.” If Mother’s relinquishment of the children to Father
was itself the “abuse” that paragraph O references, then it was abuse
that the New Mexico state court validated. The State cannot plead
ignorance of that divorce decree, which features prominently in the
record. Indeed, the judgment in this case deems the divorce decree to be
the status quo ante, as I discussed above.
Perhaps the New Mexico court was wrong in its finding about
Father. Perhaps Mother was wrong, too. As she testified in this case, she
judged herself to have been emotionally incapacitated and far less able to
care for the children than Father, who “was doing better than I was doing
at the time, so I figured they would be better with him.” Perhaps she (and
the New Mexico judge) were also wrong about Father’s trajectory with
respect to his anger management or his greater capacity to care for the
children with his mother’s help. Perhaps the “noticeable change in his
anger” that Mother perceived was illusory. The shared error—expecting
more from Father than Father ultimately gave—was unfortunate.
But it is extraordinary to deem that error as abuse—abuse that
remained in hibernation until it manifested years later—that could
constitute the foundation of a paragraph O termination. Frankly, I am
astounded that the Court could deem Mother to have committed an act of

13
abuse sufficient to warrant parental termination just for allowing Father
custody when an American court found that to be the appropriate result.
The Court continues that, after the custody arrangement was
settled by judicial decree, the children later alerted Mother to Father’s
subsequent abuse. That, too, the Court says, qualifies as Mother’s
abuse—even though she immediately alerted the Texas authorities,
which investigated and ultimately charged Father. Ante at 4. Recall
that Mother was totally dependent on Father at this point with respect to
the children—yet she provoked him by reporting him and causing his
arrest. Not good enough, the Court announces. The Court has less to say
about what did not happen after her call. It admits that “[t]he incident
led to Father’s indictment . . . for causing intentional bodily injury to a
child.” Id. at 4. But the incident did not lead to the children’s removal—
the affidavit in support of removal does not even mention it.
The Court’s theory of how Mother’s conduct had any causal
relationship to the State’s removal of the children is worthy of Rube
Goldberg. A New Mexico court gave Father custody because it was in
the children’s best interests. And when Mother called the police because
of Father’s later behavior, the Texas government took no steps to change
that custody arrangement; nothing in the record suggests that behavior
had anything to do with the State’s investigation of Father or its removal
of the children. All its stated reasons are wholly separate. I do not see
how Mother’s conduct in either instance remotely qualifies as the “abuse
or neglect” that paragraph O addresses.
It seems to me that the Court just needs something—anything—
that remotely attaches to the statutory language. The Court defends its

14
position with what I regard as true but utterly irrelevant: the principle
that danger of abuse or neglect is “centered on risk, rather than just a
history of actual abuse or neglect.” Ante at 14 (citing E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d
at 247). To the extent that the Court means that Mother’s behavior in
leaving the children with Father was analogous to the prior abuse of one
child that constituted a “risk” to another, as the Court held in E.C.R.,
the New Mexico court’s validating action (like the Texas authorities’
refusal to remove the children from Father) severs any causal link. To
the extent that the Court believes that there is a risk of abuse or neglect
if these children are to be placed with Mother, even though there has
been no “history of actual abuse or neglect” from her yet, I readily agree.
As the Court notes, even Mother agrees, via her counsel. Ante at 18. But
that “risk” of abuse or neglect does not satisfy paragraph O; it was not
why the children were removed. The State can protect the children, of
course—but not by using paragraph O.
Ultimately, the Court’s risk analysis and emphasis on E.C.R. are
misplaced. Today’s decision cites no other precedent from this Court to
support its paragraph O conclusions, but the question here—whether
the children were removed from Mother—was not even at issue in E.C.R.
That case turned simply on whether risk could be considered in an
analysis of abuse or neglect. We rejected the mother’s argument that
paragraph “O was inapplicable because [her] child was not removed for
actual abuse or neglect, but only because of the risk of abuse or neglect.”
E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d at 244 (emphasis added). That point is not in
contention in this case. Abuse and neglect necessarily include risk. But
such a risk analysis is dependent on the children (1) being removed from

15
the parent whose rights are subject to being terminated and (2) because
of the abuse or neglect (including risk) of that parent. In E.C.R., “the
record conclusively establishe[d] that E.C.R. was removed from [his
mother]” and that she was the source of the risk. Id. at 249. The record
here, however, establishes neither of those things. If E.C.R. tells us
anything useful for this case, it can only support my view, not the Court’s.
I again note that rejecting the application of paragraph O does not
equate to giving Mother free reign. A documented risk will allow the
State to protect the children in other ways, such as by not allowing Mother
actual custody pending completion of a (properly created) service plan
or by bringing termination proceedings under other grounds.9 Thus, I can
again agree that “[t]he trial court could have believed that the affidavit
demonstrated ‘an immediate danger’ to the children if they were placed
in Mother’s care,” ante at 17, without agreeing that this is relevant to
the termination inquiry under paragraph O. The history that disturbs
both the Court and me will be deeply relevant to whether the children
are allowed to be in Mother’s physical custody, and perhaps to a future
termination proceeding, as was true in E.C.R. But for the risk analysis
to be relevant in this proceeding brought under paragraph O, the children
must have been removed from Mother due to her abuse and neglect.
They were not. Paragraph O does not apply for this additional reason.

9 The Family Code provides for termination on different grounds—not
under paragraph O, that is—for genuinely bad conduct. Among other things,
a court may hold a parent responsible for “engag[ing] in conduct or knowingly
plac[ing] the child with persons who engaged in” dangerous conduct or
“knowingly plac[ing] or knowingly allow[ing] the child to remain in conditions
or surroundings which endanger” the child. Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(b)(1)(D),
(E). Perhaps tellingly, Father’s rights were terminated under those grounds—
Mother’s were not. Her rights were only terminated under paragraph O.

16
C
The Court’s holding today could have profound consequences for
other families. For one thing, eliminating core limitations of paragraph
O creates a different regime for parental termination than the one that
the legislature demands. The legislature’s careful calibration and
balance in the Family Code is not something that we should disturb. I
hope that the Court’s statement that its “judicial antennae are raised
and attuned to potential misuses of (O)” will prove true. Ante at 20. But
after today’s decision, one might be forgiven for a measure of doubt.
More specifically, I fear the consequences for truly innocent parties
who could lose their parental rights due to the fault of the other parent.
What should they make of this Court’s willingness to deem as “abuse”
Mother’s compliance with a New Mexico court that found Father “fit”
enough to have “sole” custody and that this arrangement was in the
children’s best interests? And if that is not enough, what should they
make of situations in which, unlike with the New Mexico divorce decree
here, there is no judicial imprimatur of an agreement to share custody?
For such reasons, today’s decision could plant the seeds of distrust
between parents whom we expect to continue co-raising a child. Consider
a mother who, through no choice or fault of her own, must be temporarily
absent from her children. Perhaps she is deployed overseas by the
military, earning a living for her family by working offshore on a rig for
weeks or months, or forced through illness to be under medical care for
an extended period. (Under some of these circumstances, particularly if
the parents have divorced, it may be necessary or beneficial to give the
other parent legal authority over the children, but for purposes of this

17
analysis I doubt that it would matter much.) Suppose that during such
an extended absence, the father goes off the rails. Under the Court’s
decision today, if the mother knew of any shadows in the father’s past,
the mother’s very act of leaving the children behind with him could be
deemed “abuse” even if she was utterly convinced that the father’s
demons would stay in his past.
Picture that mother coming home from deployment to find, to her
dismay, the father addicted to drugs and alcohol. Removal to State
custody from the father would be appropriate, but I think it would be too
much if that act also took away the mother’s rights under the theory that
she herself had abused or neglected her children by leaving them in what
she thought was the capable and loving hands of their own father. Now,
instead of a well-deserved and happy homecoming, the mother finds
herself embroiled in a controversy with the State. I would think that the
mother in this story would not be the true cause of the abuse, neglect, and
subsequent removal.
Perhaps the Court agrees—but its decision today is cold comfort
for anyone ever in that situation. The Court’s response? “[T]he military
veteran mother would easily complete any service plan that might be
proposed.” Ante at 23. Maybe that parent will be able to satisfy the State;
maybe not. As the Court itself noted only pages earlier in its opinion,
“[t]hese plans can be difficult—perhaps impossible—to comply with
fully,” id. at 20, which surely makes the encouraging words to the military
veteran a bit less cheery.10

10 The frequent “impossibility” of complying with service plans raises a
Pandora’s box of other issues about paragraph O. And it perhaps explains why
the legislature has tried to limit when paragraph O is available.

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All of this could be avoided just by following paragraph O as the
legislature wrote it. Doing so would take parental termination of the
mother’s rights off the table, even if the State found it necessary to subject
her to serious scrutiny before allowing the children to live with her again.
And I agree, of course, that unlike the mother in the illustration, Mother
in this case is not a sympathetic figure. The Court attempts to downplay
my “trepidation,” id. at 23, mostly by continuing to highlight Mother’s
misconduct. “Notably,” it states, “the mother in the hypothetical does not
have a long history of methamphetamine use and instability, and she did
not test positive for methamphetamine at the outset of proceedings.” Id.
at 20 n.47. Indeed—that is my whole point. This case does not involve
innocent parties, which is why I am expressing concern about other
parties. This Court’s decisions cannot be confined to the parties before
us; we grant review to set precedent for all other cases. The consequences
of today’s decision on innocent parties are among the decision’s costs.
In short, I worry that holding that “Mother’s misconduct in
exposing her children to Father’s abuse and neglect was itself abuse and
neglect on her part,” id. at 2, goes too far. A parent’s informed choice to
leave children with the other parent under the belief that the parent is
no longer a danger and poses no threat should not become fodder for a
sort of strict liability for neglect or abuse. The law should and does hold
parents responsible for their own actions. But it is mistaken to hold them
responsible for the actions, mistakes, or inactions of another when such
vicarious liability is as attenuated as it is here—at least when it comes to
unleashing paragraph O to totally terminate a parent-child relationship.

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D
Lastly, while I don’t think Mother’s rights can be terminated under
paragraph O at this point, this conclusion does not require ordering the
children’s return to her physical custody. Indeed, at oral argument,
Mother’s counsel agreed that, if the consequence of Father’s termination
and this litigation is that Mother is deemed to have any possessory rights
to the children, the State could—and should—instantly intervene and
prevent her from having actual, physical custody. Why? Because, as her
counsel conceded with candor that I appreciate, “[Mother] hasn’t done
anything to harm these kids yet, but, in all likelihood, if we put those
children back with her, something bad is going to happen.”
Exactly: “in all likelihood” refers to risk. This is where the Court’s
analysis of risk from E.C.R. could come into play. The “risk” here comes
from Mother’s drug use and other serious deficiencies documented in the
record. Multiple provisions of § 161.001(b)(1) might apply—including, if
done properly, paragraph O.
Here is how paragraph O might apply in this very case, if used
correctly. I see nothing that would require the State to forget the risks
described above; if the State believes that such risk is real and ongoing,
the State would have cause to remove the children from Mother for
paragraph O’s purposes. The removal would be from her constructive
custody—it would, that is, constitute the removal of rights that first
would be formally conferred on her, thus satisfying the paragraph’s
requirement. Upon that removal, a court could then issue a new service
plan. If Mother, fully aware of the consequences of failure, is able to
comply, then restoration may turn out to be possible. According to the

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Court, I “hope[]” that “another round” of litigation will lead to
termination. Ante at 23. The Court is mistaken. In fact, what I hope for,
in this case and in every case, is restoration: that the God-created bonds
between parent and child might heal. I believe that each of my colleagues
so desires. History and experience, of course, prove that many parents
are incapable of such progress, which is why termination is an available
option. If no progress can be made here—and I readily acknowledge, as
Mother’s counsel does, that the outlook is not promising—then
paragraph O (along with other provisions) could be properly triggered
and termination would be legally permissible.
Frankly, just as I see no reason why other paragraphs of
§ 161.001(b)(1) could not have been used, I see no reason why this process
under paragraph O—one that respects the Family Code’s requirements—
could not have happened much earlier. Once the children were removed
from Father, the State could have acknowledged Mother’s possessory or
custodial rights once he was out of the picture. And if the State deemed
Mother herself to be a similar risk, it immediately could have taken
steps to proceed against her the same way it proceeded against Father.
For example, it could have obtained a comparable “affidavit in support
of removal” explaining why removal from Mother was justified,
including based on “risk.” But nothing in this record suggests that the
State did so—hence my conclusion about the result today—even though
the State could have proceeded as I describe.

II
The Court describes my position not only as “illogical” but as devoid
of a “legal basis.” Ante at 22. I must respectfully disagree. Those who

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read the two opinions can decide which one has a firmer tether to the
statute. In my view, at least, nothing in the Court’s opinion disturbs my
reading of paragraph O; nothing in it shows how the State has remotely
satisfied paragraph O’s antecedent requirements such that termination
on that ground is even a plausible outcome on this record; and nothing
in it provides any meaningful limit for future misuses of paragraph O.
I acknowledge the Court’s frustration that I can agree that Mother
is unfit yet disagree with today’s judgment. E.g., id. at 23. I acknowledge,
and indeed honor, its desire to end the litigation hovering over this family.
Id. But while efficiency is not nothing, neither is it everything. The Court
itself recognizes that “[t]he more straightforward path is not always the
right one,” id. at 20, and for the reasons I have stated, accelerating this
termination by cutting some corners will cost us all far more than
unrelentingly following the law would, even when—from the perspective
of a single case—doing it right might seem futile.
In my judgment, the law does not yet authorize the courts to
terminate Mother’s parental rights on this record. I hope that I am wrong
about the consequences of today’s decision being felt elsewhere by future
parties who are far less culpable. I am certain that my colleagues in the
majority pursued the same goal that I have: reading the statute in its
context to the best of our ability. Despite my reluctance to disagree with
the Court, my reading of the statute compels me to respectfully dissent.

Evan A. Young
Justice

OPINION FILED: June 9, 2023

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