In the Interest of R.C., a Baby Boy v. the State of Texas

IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

No. 10-24-00291-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF R.C.,
A BABY BOY

From the 18th District Court
Johnson County, Texas
Trial Court No. DC-D202300789

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Father appeals the trial court’s termination of his parental rights to R.C. based on

his affidavit of voluntary relinquishment of parental rights.1 In three issues, Father

challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the predicate ground for

termination and the best-interest finding, and argues that the trial court abused its

discretion in denying his motion for new trial. We affirm.

1Mother’s parental rights to R.C. were also terminated pursuant to an affidavit of voluntary relinquishment
of parental rights. Mother does not appeal.
Background

Shortly after R.C. was born, the Department of Family and Protective Services

(“the Department”) filed its Original Petition for Protection of a Child, for

Conservatorship, and for Termination in Suit Affecting the Parent-Child Relationship.2

The trial court signed an order naming the Department the temporary sole managing

conservator of the child and eventually referred the case to mediation, which occurred on

July 30, 2024.

The parties were surprised when R.C.’s foster parents unexpectedly brought the

child to the mediation. The mediation concluded with Mother and Father each entering

into a mediated settlement agreement (“MSA”) and signing affidavits of voluntary

relinquishment of their parental rights to R.C.. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §

161.001(b)(1)(K). At the final hearing on August 23, 2024, the trial court signed a

termination order in which it found by clear and convincing evidence that the parents

executed affidavits of voluntary relinquishment as provided for in Section

161.001(b)(1)(K) of the Family Code and that termination of their parental rights was in

R.C.’s best interest. See id. at §§ 161.001(b)(1)(K), (b)(2). Father timely filed a motion for

new trial alleging that he was threatened, coerced, and bribed at mediation to sign the

2Father was one of two alleged fathers named in the original petition. Once Father’s paternity of R.C. was
confirmed, the petition was amended to correctly identify the parties.

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MSA and the affidavit of voluntary relinquishment of his parental rights. After a hearing,

the trial court denied the motion for new trial. This appeal followed.

Sufficiency of the Evidence

In his first issue, Father urges that the evidence is insufficient to support the trial

court’s predicate finding that he executed an affidavit of voluntary relinquishment under

Section 161.001(b)(1)(K) of the Family Code because his affidavit was obtained through

coercion, duress, or fraud.3 In his third issue, he argues that no evidence was presented

to support the trial court’s best-interest finding. We disagree.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

The standards of review for legal and factual sufficiency in cases involving the

termination of parental rights are well established and will not be repeated here. See In

re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 344-45 (Tex. 2009); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 264-68 (Tex. 2002);

see also In re J.F.-G., 612 S.W.3d 373, 381-82 (Tex. App.—Waco 2020), aff’d, 627 S.W.3d 304

(Tex. 2021). We give due deference to the factfinder’s findings and must not substitute

our judgment for that of the factfinder. In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006). The

factfinder is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to give their

testimony. Jordan v. Dossey, 325 S.W.3d 700, 713 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010,

pet. denied).

3 Father also states that the affidavit of relinquishment was obtained by “misrepresentation, undue
influence or overreaching.” However, Section 161.211(c) limits the grounds of attack on an affidavit of
relinquishment to fraud, duress, and coercion. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.211(c).

In the Interest of R.C., a Baby Boy Page 3
DISCUSSION

When the trial court called this case for the final hearing, the Department’s

attorney informed the court that Father was having second thoughts about his MSA and

affidavit of voluntary relinquishment signed at mediation. The trial court asked Father’s

attorney whether she had a position on the MSA. Father’s attorney replied, “I have

discussed this with my client. We discussed it the day of mediation. He has something

he wanted to say to the Court.”

Father then began speaking to the trial court and explained that he signed the

documents because he was “bribed into this deal,” “coerced,” and “threatened” at

mediation. The Department offered Father’s MSA and affidavit of voluntary

relinquishment into evidence. Counsel representing each party, including Father’s

attorney, voiced no objection to the documents, and both documents were admitted into

evidence. None of the parties called any witnesses or offered any additional evidence at

the hearing.

Affidavit of Voluntary Relinquishment

Parental rights may be terminated only if the trial court finds by clear and

convincing evidence that (1) the parent has committed an act prohibited by Section

161.001(b)(1) of the Family Code and (2) termination is in the child’s best interest. See

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b). To terminate parental rights based on a parent’s

execution of an affidavit of voluntary relinquishment, the parent’s affidavit must comply

In the Interest of R.C., a Baby Boy Page 4
with the requirements of Section 161.103 of the Family Code. Id. at §§ 161.001(b)(1)(K),

161.103. The proponent of the affidavit of voluntary relinquishment has the burden to

establish by clear and convincing evidence that the affidavit meets the requirements of

Section 161.103. Id. at § 161.103. An affidavit of voluntary relinquishment in proper form

is prima facie evidence of its validity. In re D.R.L.M., 84 S.W.3d 281, 296 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth 2002, pet. denied). The affidavit may then be set aside only upon proof, by a

preponderance of the evidence, that the affidavit was executed as a result of fraud,

duress, or coercion. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.211(c); In re D.R.L.M., 84 S.W.3d at

296.

Father does not challenge the form of the affidavit on appeal, and our review of

the affidavit confirms that it satisfies the statutory requirements of Section 161.103. 4 See

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.103. Consequently, the burden shifted to Father to prove by

a preponderance of the evidence that the affidavit of voluntary relinquishment was

procured by fraud, coercion, or duress. Id. at §§ 161.103, 161.211(c). Father argues that

4Father briefly argues, without citing to any authority, that the MSA and affidavit of relinquishment should
be read together as one document. He notes that the MSA includes provisions for limited post-termination
contact between Father and R.C. and claims that, if the documents are read together, his affidavit of
relinquishment includes improper terms for limited post-termination contact prohibited by Section
161.103(h). See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.103(h). First, Father did not present this complaint to the trial
court and has therefore waived this complaint on appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1. Secondly, even if Father’s
complaint was preserved, Section 161.211(c) of the Family Code limits the attack of an unrevoked affidavit
of relinquishment to issues relating to fraud, duress, or coercion in the affidavit’s execution; therefore, we
are precluded from reviewing this challenge to an alleged deficiency in the affidavit under Section 161.103.
See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §§ 161.103, 161.211(c); See In re M.B.T., No. 10-16-00067-CV, 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS
7429, at *5-6 (Tex. App.—Waco July 13, 2016, pet. denied) (mem. op.).

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he met this burden through his statements at the final hearing.5 Father informed the trial

court that during mediation, R.C. was removed from the room after Father could not stop

looking at him. He briefly described hearing R.C. talking and screaming in the hallway

and feeling pressured to sign the documents based on representations that he could

interact with the child if he signed the documents. He also claimed to feel threatened by

representations that he would not see the child again if he did not sign the documents.6

“Fraud,” “duress,” and “coercion” are not statutorily defined in the Family Code.

The Fort Worth Court of Appeals, in reviewing a challenge to a parent’s affidavit of

voluntary relinquishment, defined the terms as follows:

Coercion occurs if someone is compelled to perform an act by force or
threat. In re D.E.H., 301 S.W.3d 825, 828 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, pet.
denied) (op. on reh'g). Duress occurs when, due to some kind of threat, a
person is incapable of exercising free agency and unable to withhold
consent. Id. at 829. Fraud may be committed through active
misrepresentation or passive silence and is an act, omission, or concealment
in breach of a legal duty, trust, or confidence justly imposed, when the
breach causes injury to another, or the taking of an undue and
unconscientious advantage. Id.

In re M.M., No. 02-21-00153-CV, 2021 Tex. App. LEXIS 8557, 2021 WL 4898665, at *14 (Tex.

5 The State notes that Father was not under oath when he made these statements. See TEX. R. EVID. 603
(“Before testifying, a witness must give an oath or affirmation to testify truthfully”); see also Ex parte
Holliday, 619 S.W.3d 859, 862 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2021, no pet.). However, no one objected to
Father’s unsworn testimony at the hearing. Failure to timely object serves to waive any argument that the
testimony was not properly admitted. See In re S.R.S., No. 08-24-00038-CV, 2024 Tex. App. LEXIS 5132, at
*21 n. 9 (Tex. App.—El Paso July 19, 2024) (mem. op.) (considering the unsworn statements of a witness in
its analysis where no objection was made).

6 At the final hearing, Father did not specify who may have made these representations to him.

In the Interest of R.C., a Baby Boy Page 6
App.—Fort Worth Oct. 21, 2021, pet. denied) (mem. op.). Courts have consistently held

that a parent’s feeling pressured, emotionally upset, or under stress while signing the

affidavit of relinquishment, as Father described here, does not render the affidavit

involuntary. See, e.g., In re D.E.H., 301 S.W.3d at 830-32; In re M.B.T., 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS

7429, at *8; Lumbis v. Tex. Dep't of Protective & Regul. Servs., 65 S.W.3d 844, 851 (Tex. App.—

Austin 2002, pet. denied).

Further, the language of the affidavit of voluntary relinquishment and the MSA

include evidence supporting a determination that Father voluntarily executed his

affidavit. Father’s MSA expressly states that he agreed to sign an affidavit of voluntary

relinquishment “solely out of love and affection for the child.” Immediately above the

signature lines, the MSA states, “This Contractual Agreement was signed on the 30th day

of July, 2024 and was made voluntarily.” Father’s affidavit of voluntary relinquishment

states that he was informed of his parental rights and duties and that he “freely,

voluntarily, and permanently” relinquishes his parental rights and duties to the

Department.

Considering the evidence under the appropriate standards, we conclude that the

trial court could rationally form a firm belief or conviction that Father’s affidavit was

voluntary and not procured by fraud, coercion, or duress. Therefore, we hold that the

evidence is legally and factually sufficient to affirm the trial court’s judgment terminating

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Father’s parental rights on the basis of his affidavit of relinquishment. See TEX. FAM. CODE

ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(k). Accordingly, we overrule Father’s first issue on appeal.

Best-Interest Finding

Absent extraordinary circumstances, a parent’s affidavit of voluntary

relinquishment in which the parent expressly attests that termination is in the child’s best

interest can constitute ample evidence on its own to support a trial court’s best-interest

determination. In re K.S.L., 538 S.W.3d 107, 111-12 (Tex. 2017). Father attests in his

affidavit that relinquishment of his parental rights is in R.C.’s best interest. No other

evidence regarding the best-interest of the child was presented. Father’s statements to

the court at the final hearing were limited to his personal feelings about the circumstances

surrounding his signing the documents; he did not mention R.C.’s best interest in his

statements to the court or claim that the documents should be invalidated because

termination was not in R.C.’s best interest. Accordingly, we find that there was sufficient

evidence presented to support the trial court’s best-interest finding and we overrule

Father’s third issue on appeal.

Motion for New Trial

In his second issue, Father argues that the trial court abused its discretion in

denying his motion for new trial. We disagree.

STANDARD OF REVIEW AND RELEVANT LAW

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We review a trial court’s denial of a motion for new trial for an abuse of discretion.

In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 114 (Tex. 2006). A trial court abuses its discretion if it acts in

an arbitrary or unreasonable manner and without reference to any guiding rules or

principles. Walker v. Gutierrez, 111 S.W.3d 56, 62 (Tex. 2003). We defer to the trial court’s

factual findings if they are supported by the evidence, but we review de novo the trial

court’s legal determinations. Stockton v. Offenbach, 336 S.W.3d 610, 615 (Tex. 2011).

DISCUSSION

Father testified at the hearing on the motion for new trial and elaborated on the

circumstances surrounding his execution of the MSA and affidavit of voluntary

relinquishment. He claimed that during mediation, “the District Attorney” told him he

was not allowed to look at R.C.. After the child was removed from the room, Father

described hearing R.C. screaming and crying nearby and attributed this environment to

his claims of threat, coercion, and bribery in executing the affidavit and MSA. Father

explained that he believed he was bribed because he was told he could hold R.C. if he

relinquished his rights. He also described feeling threatened because he was told that if

he refused to relinquish his rights, he would never see R.C. again. Finally, regarding

coercion, Father said that he “felt coerced by [R.C.’s] surprise, by the fact that he was there

and then I was told that I wasn’t allowed to look at him.” Father admitted on cross-

examination that he could not identify or describe the person who allegedly made these

statements to him. He stated that he had informed his attorney and the Department that

In the Interest of R.C., a Baby Boy Page 9
he did not want to relinquish his rights, and claimed that if R.C. had not been present at

the mediation, he never would have agreed to relinquish his rights. In sum, Father

expressed his position as, “You can’t bring something like that in a courtroom and expect

someone to make a logical decision of something of that impact that will sever a

relationship with their child forever.”

The Department called two witnesses who were present at the mediation and who

were personally unaware of any person threatening, coercing, or bribing Father or telling

him that he was prohibited from looking at R.C.

At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court acknowledged the inherent

difficulty in deciding to relinquish parental rights to a child, whether or not the child

could be heard in the background. However, the court ultimately concluded that while

R.C.’s unexpected presence at the mediation may have influenced Father’s decision to

sign the documents, the child’s presence did not rise to the level of fraud, duress, or

coercion. In denying the motion for new trial, the trial court also considered the language

in the affidavit itself that stated Father fully understood that the affidavit, once signed,

was irrevocable.

Considering the above-stated definitions of fraud, duress, and coercion in

conjunction with the evidence presented at Father’s hearing on the motion for new trial,

we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion for new

trial. Accordingly, we overrule Father’s second issue.

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Conclusion

Having overruled all of Father’s issues on appeal, we affirm the judgment of the

trial court.

STEVE SMITH
Justice

Before Chief Justice Johnson,
Justice Smith, and
Justice Harris
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed January 30, 2025
[CV06]

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