Christopher M. Perricone v. Katie Beth Perricone

Opinion filed June 4, 2026

In The

Eleventh Court of Appeals
__________

No. 11-25-00213-CV
__________

CHRISTOPHER M. PERRICONE, Appellant
V.
KATIE BETH PERRICONE, ET AL., Appellees

On Appeal from the 29th District Court
Palo Pinto County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. C51852

MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant, Christopher M. Perricone, filed suit against twenty-four
individuals for “Interference with Possessory Interest in Children and Related
Claims” and with it a “Statement of Inability to Afford Payment of Court Costs”
(Statement). See TEX. R. CIV. P. 145(b). Appellant subsequently amended his
petition to join approximately thirty additional defendants. Rhett Warren, a licensed
attorney and one of the defendants named in Appellant’s amended petition, filed a
motion contesting Appellant’s Statement. Id. R. 145(e). After an evidentiary
hearing, the trial court sustained Warren’s contest, denied Appellant’s Statement and
request, and signed an order that included detailed findings. Id. R. 145(f)(1), (2).
Appellant appeals from that order.1 Id. R. 145(g). For the reasons expressed below,
we affirm.2
I. Factual and Procedural Background
This appeal, like other related appeals filed by Appellant, and there have been
many, 3 originates from Appellant’s and Appellee Katie Beth Perricone’s underlying
divorce action and subsequent child custody filings.

1
As he did in the trial court, Appellant is also proceeding pro se on appeal; he has in nearly every
related trial and appellate proceeding. Although we liberally construe briefs and other filings that are
submitted by pro se parties, we hold pro se litigants to the same standards as licensed attorneys and require
them to comply with all applicable laws and rules of procedure and evidence. Mansfield State Bank v.
Cohn, 573 S.W.2d 181, 184–85 (Tex. 1978); Barrientos v. Barrientos, 675 S.W.3d 399, 404 n.2 (Tex.
App.—Eastland 2023, pet. denied); Aaron v. Fisher, 645 S.W.3d 299, 312 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2022, no
pet.).
2
Three days after Appellant filed his notice of appeal in this cause, he filed a notice of nonsuit in
the trial court whereby all named defendants, except Katie Beth Perricone and Vicki Scarborough, were
dismissed from the underlying suit. Because he was a party to this appeal when Appellant’s notice of appeal
was filed, Warren filed a brief; Katie and Vicki did not.
3
Without question, Appellant has routinely availed himself of the judicial process. By our count,
Appellant has thus far submitted fourteen appellate filings, including this one, to this court, whereby he has
challenged various trial court rulings and other matters in the underlying and related proceedings. See In
re Perricone, No. 11-25-00379-CV (Tex. App.—Eastland Dec. 31, 2025, org. proceeding) (judgment); In
re Perricone, No. 11-25-00368-CV, 2025 WL 3767948 (Tex. App.—Eastland Dec. 31, 2025, org.
proceeding) (mem. op.); In re Perricone, No. 11-25-00371-CV (Tex. App.—Eastland Dec. 17, 2025, org.
proceeding) (judgment); In re Perricone, No. 11-25-00288-CV, 2025 WL 2980655 (Tex. App.—Eastland
Oct. 23, 2025, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.); In re S.P., No. 11-25-00252-CV, 2025 WL 2797283 (Tex.
App.—Eastland Oct. 2, 2025, no pet.) (mem. op.); Perricone v. Perricone, No. 11-25-00239-CV, 2025
WL 2617722 (Tex. App.—Eastland Sept. 11, 2025, no pet.) (mem. op.); In re Perricone, No. 11-25-00078-
CV, 2025 WL 1184127 (Tex. App.—Eastland Apr. 24, 2025, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.); In re Perricone,
No. 11-24-00220-CV (Tex. App.—Eastland Aug. 15, 2024, orig. proceeding) (judgment); In re S.P.,
No. 11-24-00193-CV, 2024 WL 3607909 (Tex. App.—Eastland Aug. 1, 2024, no pet.) (mem. op.);
Perricone v. Perricone, No. 11-21-00022-CV, 2021 WL 1033911 (Tex. App.—Eastland Mar. 18, 2021, no
pet.) (mem. op.). Most recently, on April 27, 2026, Appellant filed his pro se notice of appeal from the trial
court’s final order that was signed in another related proceeding, our Cause No. 11-26-00129-CV. He has
four pending appeals in this court, including this one.

2
Appellant and Katie were divorced in 2020, and the trial court, among other
things, designated them as joint managing conservators of their four children. See
Perricone, 2025 WL 1184127, at *1. In June 2024, Katie filed a motion to modify
a SAPCR order signed by the trial court in which she sought to be designated the
sole managing conservator of their children. Id. Since that time, there has been an
onslaught of filings (mostly by Appellant) and related hearings before the trial court,
with subsequent requests for appellate relief filed by Appellant (as noted in footnote
no. 3) that we have addressed.
The dilemma here stems from Appellant’s request to prosecute his suit against
dozens of individuals free of charge. Initially, the district clerk filed a challenge to
Appellant’s Statement, which the trial denied “for non-compliance” with
Rule 145(e)(1). Warren thereafter filed a contest to Appellant’s Statement and, in
his motion, asserted that Appellant’s Statement was fraught with material falsities
and misrepresentations. With his motion, Warren submitted an unsworn declaration
that the contents of his motion were true and correct, which included his full name,
date of birth, address, and a statement that he “declare[d] under the penalty of perjury
that the foregoing [was] true and correct.” See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.
§ 132.001(a), (c) (West 2019). Warren attached the following documents to his
motion, the majority of which also included an unsworn declaration made by the
declarant, including Appellant, in the respective documents, that, under penalty of
perjury, the information provided therein was true and correct: (1) Appellant’s
Statement (unsworn declaration made “TO THE BEST OF [HIS] KNOWLEDGE);
(2) a report of transactions from the Child Support Division of the Office of the
Attorney General; (3) Appellant’s bankruptcy petition filed in May 2021 (unsworn
declaration by Appellant); (4) an unsworn declaration from Appellant’s wife’s ex-
spouse that the ex-spouse had paid Appellant’s wife child support until June 2025,

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which included “a true and correct copy” of the divorce decree and a screenshot from
his bank account that showed the most recent payments; and (5) a printout showing
that Appellant owned a mobile home that was not listed on his Statement. See CIV.
PRAC. & REM. § 132.001.
In addition, Warren asserted in his motion that: (1) Appellant was providing
no child support for the benefit of his children, having made only a partial payment
in September 2021; (2) Appellant did not attach proof of the public benefits he
received, as the form requires, after checking the boxes in the form for the receipt of
food stamps, Medicaid, and WIC; (3) Appellant’s “disability” payments were from
“VA disability,” as shown by his bankruptcy petition, and were approximately $90
more than Appellant listed in his Statement; and (4) Appellant owned a 2014 Tesla
Model S that Appellant stated was “worth $0” in his Statement, although the Kelley
Blue Book value for the vehicle was approximately $4,000–$7,000. Appellant
responded to Warren’s motion, and the trial court scheduled an evidentiary hearing
to consider Warren’s contest.
The hearing proceeded on July 23, 2025; Appellant appeared, participated,
and had the opportunity to challenge Warren’s evidence and offer his own. At the
conclusion of the hearing, and after it considered the evidence presented, the trial
court sustained Warren’s contest and denied Appellant’s request to proceed in the
case without the payment of costs. The trial court signed an order on July 25 and
found that: (1) Appellant was “well-groomed, articulate, intelligent, educated,
healthy and physically fit”; (2) Appellant presented no relevant or credible evidence
to support his claim of indigence; (3) Appellant’s arguments and evidence were
uncorroborated, conclusory, and lacking in credibility; (4) Appellant’s Statement
contained numerous material misrepresentations; (5) Appellant received sufficient
monthly income and additional revenue, income, and gifts from “an unidentified

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source” to meet his lifestyle and necessary monthly expenses; (6) Appellant’s
monthly expenses are significantly less and his household income is more than he
claimed in his Statement; (7) to the extent Appellant presented prima facie evidence
of his inability to pay the costs, the presumption was rebutted; and (8) Appellant
failed to meet his burden to show indigency and was required to pay all costs
associated with the case.
II. Applicable Law and Standard of Review
A party who claims that he is unable to afford the payment of court costs,
including the cost of preparing the clerk’s record and reporter’s record, must file a
“Statement of Inability to Afford Payment of Court Costs.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 145(a),
(b). The declarant—the party who files the Statement—must submit with his
Statement evidence of his inability to afford to pay these costs. Id. R. 145(d).
A rebuttable presumption that a declarant has the inability to pay costs exists
if the declarant receives benefits from a means-tested entitlement program.
Id. R. 145(d)(1). The trial court may order the declarant to pay these costs if a proper
motion that challenges the Statement is filed and the declarant fails, at an evidentiary
hearing, to establish his inability to afford to pay these costs. Id. R. 145(e), (f). At
the hearing, the burden is on the declarant to prove his inability to afford the payment
of these costs by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. R. 145(f)(1); Higgins v.
Randall Cnty. Sheriff’s Office, 257 S.W.3d 684, 686 (Tex. 2008).
The standard for determining indigency is whether the record shows that the
declarant would be unable to pay all or any portion of the costs, or provide adequate
security, if he truly desired and made a good-faith effort to do so. Higgins, 257
S.W.3d at 686 (citing Pinchback v. Hockless, 164 S.W.2d 19, 20 (Tex. Comm’n
App. 1942)); Rangel v. Rangel, No. 04-23-00931-CV, 2024 WL 2165372, at *2
(Tex. App.—San Antonio May 15, 2024, no pet.). When evaluating a contested

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claim of indigency, the trial court may consider certain types of financial and other
information, including the nature, source(s), and amount of the declarant’s:
(1) current income; (2) real and personal property holdings; (3) other assets;
(4) debts; and (5) monthly expenses. Higgins, 257 S.W.3d at 686–87. In this regard,
as the factfinder, the trial court is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses
and other evidence presented and the weight to be afforded such testimony and
evidence, and it may, in its discretion, accept or reject all or any part of such
testimony and evidence and in turn resolve any inconsistencies in the evidence. City
of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 819–20 (Tex. 2005); In re Estate of Turner,
265 S.W.3d 709, 714–15 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2008, no pet.).
We review a trial court’s decision to sustain a contest to a declarant’s alleged
inability to afford the payment of court costs for an abuse of discretion. Strickland v.
iHeartmedia, Inc., 668 S.W.3d 34, 37 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2022, no pet.);
Emerson v. Holly Lake Ranch Ass’n, 603 S.W.3d 172, 174 (Tex. App.—Texarkana
2020, no pet.). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court acts and reaches
a decision arbitrarily, unreasonably, or without reference to any guiding rules or
principles. Bocquet v. Herring, 972 S.W.2d 19, 21 (Tex. 1998); Downer v.
Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241–42 (Tex. 1985). There is no
abuse of discretion if some evidence reasonably supports the trial court’s decision
or its decision is based on conflicting evidence. Butnaru v. Ford Motor Co., 84
S.W.3d 198, 211 (Tex. 2002).
III. Analysis
Appellant raises several issues, some of which mirror others, in which he
argues that the trial court’s July 25 order is void. For purposes of simplicity and
clarity, we construe Appellant’s arguments to be that: (1) Warren does not have
standing to contest Appellant’s Statement; (2) the trial court violated Rule 145(e)(1)

6
because Warren’s filings were “procedurally defective and . . . unsworn”; (3) the
trial court’s findings (a) are not supported by sufficient evidence, and (b) are
unconstitutional and violate Appellant’s rights to due process, fundamental fairness,
and access to the courts; and (4) Rule 145 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure is
unconstitutional.
A. Standing
Appellant contends that Warren does not have standing to contest his
Statement. However, any party to the declarant’s underlying suit may file a motion
contesting the declarant’s indigency request; the motion must be supported by sworn
evidence, not merely allegations, and assert “that the [declarant’s] Statement was
materially false when made or that because of changed circumstances, it is no longer
true.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 145(e)(1); Strickland, 668 S.W.3d at 38; Miles v. Miles,
No. 05-24-00018-CV, 2025 WL 3241330, at *15 (Tex. App.—Dallas Nov. 19, 2025,
pet. denied) (mem. op. on reh’g).
In his amended petition, Appellant joined Warren as a defendant to the
underlying suit. Although he was not formally served, Warren made an appearance
in this case when he filed his motion, and he acknowledged and conceded at the
hearing that doing so subjected him to the trial court’s jurisdiction. Because he is a
party to Appellant’s suit, Warren would therefore have standing to contest
Appellant’s Statement, provided he filed a motion that substantially complied with
the requirements of Rule 145(e)(1). Warren’s motion does just that.
B. Warren’s Motion and Exhibits
After the trial court denied the district clerk’s challenge to Appellant’s
Statement for failure to comply with Rule 145(e), Warren filed a separate contest.
In his motion, Warren, a licensed attorney who is presumably well familiar with the
consequences of perjury and the filing of frivolous pleadings and motions, provided

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an unsworn declaration as to his motion. Warren’s motion also included specific
allegations that were supported by relevant exhibits—which also contained unsworn
declarations as to the veracity of certain statements made within these documents—
that Appellant’s Statement was materially false when made. See CIV. PRAC. & REM.
§ 132.001(a); TEX. R. CIV. P. 145(e)(1).
Pursuant to Rule 145(e)(1), a “motion to require the declarant to pay costs
must . . . contain sworn evidence—not merely allegations—either that the Statement
was materially false when made or that because of changed circumstances, it is no
longer true.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 145(e)(1). Rule 145 was revised in 2016, in part to
include a requirement that a motion must be supported by sworn evidence when a
clerk or party challenges a litigant’s claim of his inability to afford the payment of
costs. Id. R. 145 cmt. The comments to the rule’s revision recognized that “evidence
may come to light that the claim was false when made,” and “[t]he trial court always
retains [the] discretion to require evidence of an inability to afford costs.” Id. The
rule was amended again in 2021, “to reduce frivolous challenges to a Statement [and]
streamline proceedings.”
We conclude that Warren’s contest was not a “frivolous challenge” to
Appellant’s Statement that the amendments to Rule 145 were designed to prevent.
After the district clerk’s challenge was filed, Appellant amended his petition to name
fifty-one defendants, including Warren. Warren later filed his motion after
Appellant joined him as a defendant in the underlying suit and following the trial
court’s denial of the district clerk’s challenge to Appellant’s Statement, informing
the trial court that Appellant’s Statement included numerous material misstatements
and omissions. Warren’s motion and the attached exhibits—submitted by an officer
of the court—were sufficient to notify the trial court that an evidentiary hearing was
warranted to determine (1) the alleged falsity of Appellant’s Statement and (2) his

8
ability to pay the required costs in the underlying suit. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 145(e)(1),
(f)(1); see also CIV. PRAC. & REM. § 132.001(a), (c) (an unsworn declaration may be
used in lieu of a sworn declaration, verification, or oath, provided it is made under
penalty of perjury); Gillis v. Harris Cnty., 554 S.W.3d 188, 192–93 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, no pet.) (collecting cases holding that the phrase “upon
penalty of perjury” and a signature are “the key to an unsworn declaration”); cf.
Rangel, 2024 WL 2165372, at *5–6 (court reporter’s written motion included
unsworn declaration, but the appellant waived the issue).
Unlike the appellees’ motion in Strickland, which “contain[ed] no evidence
whatsoever” and “attachments [in a supplement that] were not verified or otherwise
sworn to,” Warren’s motion in this case provided specific, relevant evidence to alert
the trial court that Appellant’s Statement may be false. Strickland, 668 S.W.3d at
38. Moreover, given the trial court’s previous denial of the clerk’s challenge based
on the noncompliance with Rule 145(e)(1), the trial court clearly understood that
mere allegations alone will not suffice to challenge a litigant’s Statement. In this
instance, we conclude that the trial court had appropriate evidence before it to
proceed and ultimately grant Warren’s motion, as discussed below.
Nevertheless, we do not make this decision lightly. We endeavor to construe
a litigant’s Statement in favor of the litigant, as we do in every appeal where a
Statement is filed. See TEX. R. APP. P. 20.1; Higgins, 257 S.W.3d at 686–88 (access
to the courts and ensuring fairness are paramount considerations). Although the trial
court could have reasonably found that Warren’s unsworn declaration was
tantamount to a sworn declaration, verification, or oath, because it was made “under
penalty of perjury,” see CIV. PRAC. & REM. § 132.001(a), (c), an unsworn declaration
may not always be sufficient. In this regard, we do not hold that an attorney’s
unsworn declaration will always carry more weight than any other litigant’s

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declaration; rather, we emphasize an attorney’s duties to the court and his awareness
of the consequences of filing frivolous challenges and false documents. Despite this,
when, as here, a party presents sufficient evidence to the trial court to support his
contest, the trial court may, as it did in this case, proceed to determine whether the
declarant can afford to pay costs. TEX. R. CIV. P. 145(e)(1), (f).
C. The Sufficiency of the Evidence
The standards that we employ for legal and factual sufficiency arguments
depend on whether the party challenging the adverse finding bears the burden of
proof on the contested issue. Shields Ltd. P’ship v. Bradberry, 526 S.W.3d 471, 480
(Tex. 2017); Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 241–42 (Tex. 2001). In
this case, Appellant bore the burden to prove that he was unable to afford the
payment of the clerk’s record, the reporter’s record, and other costs related to the
prosecution of his suit. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 145(f)(1); Strickland, 668 S.W.3d at 36.
Thus, we may not reverse the trial court’s order unless we conclude that (1) the
evidence conclusively establishes that Appellant is unable to afford the payment of
these costs, see Shields, 526 S.W.3d at 480, or (2) the trial court’s finding that
Appellant is able to afford to pay these costs is against the great weight and
preponderance of the evidence, see Dow Chem., 46 S.W.3d at 242; Rangel, 2024
WL 2165372, at *6.
The record shows, and the trial court found, numerous factual inconsistencies
in Appellant’s Statement and his testimony at the hearing. For example, in his
Statement, Appellant claimed that he was unemployed, did not own any property or
other assets, and was receiving financial assistance from others to meet his monthly
expenses and other obligations. He also stated, and he testified at the hearing, that
he earned $650 each month as a self-employed contractor. However, Appellant
testified at the hearing, and the trial court found based on his testimony, that his

10
monthly income was more than what is indicated in his Statement and is sufficient
to make certain monthly payments.
Further, although Appellant’s Statement indicated that his monthly expenses
were $6,620 per month, the testimony presented at the hearing established that his
monthly expenses were inflated and substantially less. For instance, he listed in his
Statement an expense of $1,550 per month in child support; however, as the trial
court found, he was not paying it, and Warren averred in his motion that Appellant
had not made a child support payment since September 2021. Appellant also failed
to list certain assets in his Statement—a car and other properties—but acknowledged
and conceded at the hearing that he owned or had previously owned them.
The trial court, having observed Appellant during the hearing, noted that
Appellant was physically fit, healthy, intelligent, educated, and therefore
presumably capable of securing gainful employment in addition to his self-
employment projects. See Rodgers v. Mitchell, 83 S.W.3d 815, 819 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana 2002, no pet.) (noting that voluntary unemployment may be considered
by the trial court in its indigency determination); Wallgren v. Martin, 700 S.W.2d
28, 30 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1985, orig. proceeding) (“A litigant who voluntarily
remains unemployed and lives by the generosity of relatives is not entitled to require
the officers of the court to render services free [of charge] while other citizens are
required to pay for similar services.”); In re J.P.N., No. 04-17-00633-CV, 2018
WL 626526, at *1 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Jan. 31, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“A
trial court does not abuse its discretion in sustaining a contest to an affidavit of
inability to pay when the record shows a party has the ability to earn money through
future employment.”); cf. Illif v. Iliff, 339 S.W.3d 74, 83 (Tex. 2011) (if an obligor
is intentionally underemployed, a trial court may set child support based on the
obligor’s earning potential). Given the time that Appellant—as a pro se litigant—

11
has dedicated since 2020 to litigating, challenging, and appealing every dispute that
has arisen during his ongoing feud with Katie and others, one could reasonably
conclude that, had he exhausted the same or similar amount of time in searching for
and securing gainful employment, of which is he is certainly qualified, the indigency
argument that he advances in this case would not exist. Thus, considering the
circumstances before us, we cannot say that Appellant has desired or made a good-
faith effort, which he must, to do so or avoid purported indigency status. See
Higgins, 257 S.W.3d at 686; Rangel, 2024 WL 2165372, at *6–7.
As the factfinder, the trial court assessed the credibility of the witnesses and
the evidence presented and was within its discretion to resolve any inconsistencies
in the evidence, and we defer to its credibility determinations. Strickland, 668
S.W.3d at 37; Turner, 265 S.W.3d at 714–15. Based on the record before us, the
trial court could have reasonably determined, and it indeed found, that
representations in Appellant’s Statement concerning his available income, monthly
expenses, employment opportunities, and ability to afford the payment of costs were
false, inaccurate, misleading, and lacking in credibility.
We have reviewed the evidence under the applicable standards and conclude,
as the trial court did, that (1) Appellant failed to conclusively establish that he was
unable to afford to pay for the required court costs, see Shields, 526 S.W.3d at 480,
and (2) the trial court’s finding on that point is not against the great weight and
preponderance of the evidence, see Dow Chem., 46 S.W.3d at 242. Therefore, the
trial court did not abuse its discretion when it sustained Warren’s contest.
D. Constitutional Arguments
Appellant also asserts a variety of constitutional challenges. However,
Appellant did not preserve any of his constitutional complaints for our review.

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To preserve a complaint for appellate review, the record must show that the
complaint was first presented to the trial court by a timely request, objection, or
motion that “stated the grounds for the ruling that the complaining party sought from
the trial court with sufficient specificity to make the trial court aware of the
complaint,” and that the trial court either ruled on or refused to rule on the request,
objection, or motion. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a). Here, although Appellant broadly
raised some of his constitutional complaints to the trial court in response to Warren’s
motion and at the hearing when the trial court ruled on Warren’s contest—for
instance, his prospective due process and open courts arguments—he did not request
that the trial court rule on them. As such, the trial court never ruled on, or refused
to rule on, these complaints.
In this context, we note that even constitutional challenges are waived if not
first presented to and addressed by the trial court. In re L.M.I., 119 S.W.3d 707, 711
(Tex. 2003). Thus, because Appellant failed to (1) address these complaints to the
trial court, and (2) secure a ruling on them, he presents nothing for our review.
TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a).
IV. This Court’s Ruling
We overrule Appellant’s issues on appeal. Accordingly, we affirm the order
of the trial court.

W. STACY TROTTER
JUSTICE

June 4, 2026
Panel consists of: Bailey, C.J.,
Trotter, J., and Williams, J.

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