Jorge Antonio Ruiz-Mozqueda v. THE STATE OF TEXAS

Affirm and Opinion Filed August 30, 2024

In The
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
No. 05-23-00356-CR

JORGE ANTONIO RUIZ-MOZQUEDA, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 416th Judicial District Court
Collin County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 416-83181-2022

MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Molberg, Nowell, and Kennedy
Opinion by Justice Molberg
A jury found appellant Jorge Antonio Ruiz-Mozqueda guilty of continuous

sexual abuse of a young child, and the trial court assessed punishment at thirty years’

confinement. In this appeal, he argues the trial court erred in (1) denying his motion

to suppress in which he argued his cell phone was seized in violation of the Fourth

Amendment, and (2) overruling his objection to the complainant’s testimony being

read to the jury in response to a jury note. For the reasons explained below, we reject

appellant’s arguments and affirm the trial court’s judgment in this memorandum

opinion. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4.
Background

Because appellant raises issues implicating only parts of the record, we will

accordingly limit our discussion of the procedural history of the case and evidence

presented at trial. L.U. made an outcry of sexual abuse against her friend’s father,

appellant, alleging he touched her genitals on multiple occasions and, once, took a

picture of her genitals using his cell phone. Detective Olga Chavez testified that,

after reviewing L.U.’s forensic interview at the Children’s Advocacy Center, she

determined L.U. had articulated an offense committed by appellant. Based on what

L.U. reported, Detective Chavez also had reason to believe appellant’s cell phone

would corroborate the reported offense. She secured an arrest warrant for appellant

and was notified when he was arrested; she responded to the scene of the arrest and

was made aware two cell phones were seized from appellant’s truck during the

arrest.

Detective Wade Hornsby testified, among other things, he is certified to do

cell phone extractions and digital forensics. With respect to this case, Detective

Hornsby said he was present at appellant’s house when a search warrant was

executed and collected devices from the house, including a laptop, iPad, and

appellant’s son’s cell phone. After Detective Hornsby testified that he conducted

three cell phone extractions in this case, defense counsel requested to approach the

bench. The parties had an off-record bench conference. Back on the record, the trial

court stated, “Let the record reflect during the sidebar the defense attorney realized

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he had not reviewed to determine whether or not there were search warrants granted

for each of the cell phones that the State is going to introduce into evidence.”

Defense counsel then objected as follows:

We do have an objection to any evidence from the cell phone due to the
nature of the seizure. The phone was not -- there was no search warrant
for the vehicle. [Appellant] was in a vehicle that was stopped and an
arrest warrant was served on him. There was no way to determine
whether these phones were his or not. At the time of arrest, they got a -
- they had a search warrant for the . . . . I mean, an arrest warrant for
him. They did not get a search warrant for him. Because it wasn’t in his
possession, there were multiple phones in the car, multiple passengers,
we would object to any evidence coming in due to the unreasonable
seizure of the devices themselves.

Defense counsel also stated:

We’re objecting to the seizure of the phones as unlawful. There was a
warrant to search the phones, but only due to the unlawful seizure is the
only reason that the law enforcement had the phone. So we would
object to any introduction of testimony in violation of -- about an
extraction of these phones violating the Fourth Amendment of the
United States Constitution; Articles 1, Section 9 of the Texas
Constitution; and 38.23 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.

The State responded that there was cause to seize the phone given that Detective

Chavez had information the phone was used in the offense, and generally argued the

seizure was appropriate under either the search-incident-to-arrest or attenuation-of-

the-taint doctrine.

The trial court noted there was “no evidence on the record for me to make a

decision yet.” However, in arguing to the court, the parties agreed on certain facts

relating to the warrants: appellant was arrested pursuant to an arrest warrant, which

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was supported by a probable-cause affidavit stating appellant used a cell phone

during the commission of the offense; a search warrant for appellant’s home

authorizing seizure of electronic devices was issued before appellant was arrested;

and a search warrant issued after the seizure of the cell phones authorizing their

search and they were not searched until the warrant issued.

Additionally, for purposes of the suppression issue, the trial court reviewed

video of the arrest taken from the arresting officer’s body camera. In the video,

appellant’s truck can be seen pulled over on the side of a residential street. The

arresting officer approaches appellant’s truck, reviews appellant’s identification, and

then asks appellant to step out of the vehicle. The officer informs appellant he is

under arrest and places him in handcuffs. Standing just outside the open driver side

door of the truck, the officer sees two phones on the center console and asks

appellant whether they are his. Appellant responds that the “little one” was his. The

officer states that they are both being seized and removes them from the truck. The

officer tells appellant the warrant is for aggravated sexual assault of a child 1 and,

later, when appellant is being placed in the patrol car, he tells appellant, “The phones

and stuff are being seized for evidence.” The officer also tells another officer present

at the scene to call Detective Chavez.

1
The record reflects appellant was later indicted for continuous sexual abuse of a young child, the
offense on which he was tried and found guilty.
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The trial court denied appellant’s motion to suppress, and appellant asked for

a running objection to “any evidence from those two devices that we believe were

seized unlawfully from his vehicle.” The trial court later admitted photographs of

L.U. found on one of the phones taken from appellant’s truck, and L.U.’s mother

testified she believed the photographs depicted L.U.’s genitals, while appellant

recalled the sexual assault examiner, Dr. Kristen Reeder, who testified she did not

believe the genitals depicted were L.U.’s.

Discussion

Cell phone seizure

In his first issue, appellant argues the trial court abused its discretion in

denying his motion to suppress evidence obtained from his cell phone, which he

argues was seized2 in violation of the Fourth Amendment and article I, § 9 of the

Texas Constitution.

We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress for abuse of

discretion, giving almost complete deference to the trial court’s determination of

historical facts, especially if based on an assessment of credibility and demeanor.

Crain v. State, 315 S.W.3d 43, 48 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). The same deference is

afforded the trial court’s rulings on application of law to fact questions and to mixed

2
The parties agree the contents of the cell phone were not searched until after the police procured a
warrant to search the phone’s contents. See Riley v. Cal., 573 U.S. 373, 401 (2014) (concluding that, when
a cell phone is seized incident to arrest, a warrant is generally required before a search of the phone’s
contents). Thus, the only question before us relates to the initial seizure of the phone.
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questions of law and fact, if resolution of those questions depends on an evaluation

of credibility and demeanor. Id. For mixed questions of law and fact that do not fall

within that category, a reviewing court conducts a de novo review. Id.

The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures

conducted by governmental officials.3 U.S. CONST. amend. IV; Wiede v. State, 214

S.W.3d 17, 24 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); State v. Gonzales, 676 S.W.3d 261, 265

(Tex. App.—Dallas 2023, no pet.). Generally, a warrantless search or seizure is per

se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment unless it falls within a recognized

exception to the warrant requirement. Igboji v. State, 666 S.W.3d 607, 613 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2023); McGee v. State, 105 S.W.3d 609, 615 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).

One such exception is a search incident to a lawful arrest. See Arizona v.

Gant, 556 U.S. 332, 338 (2009). Under this exception, once the occupant of a

vehicle is lawfully arrested, the Fourth Amendment may permit a warrantless search

of the vehicle’s passenger compartment. State v. Sanchez, 538 S.W.3d 545, 548

(Tex. Crim. App. 2017). Such a search is allowed (1) when the arrestee is unsecured

and the area of the vehicle is within his immediate control, or (2) when it is

reasonable to believe that evidence of the offense of arrest might be found in the

3
The Texas Constitution similarly protects against unreasonable searches and seizures by government
officials. TEX. CONST. art. I, § 9; Quaschnick v. State, No. 05-21-00443-CR, 2024 WL 549045, at *7 (Tex.
App.—Dallas Feb. 12, 2024, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication). Because article I, § 9
provides the same protection against unreasonable seizures as the Fourth Amendment, we will not address
the provisions separately. See Moss v. State, No. 05-22-00949-CR, 2023 WL 4247367, at *2 n.1 (Tex.
App.—Dallas June 29, 2023, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication).
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vehicle. Id.; see also Gant, 556 U.S. at 351 (“Police may search a vehicle incident

to a recent occupant’s arrest only if the arrestee is within reaching distance of the

passenger compartment at the time of the search or it is reasonable to believe the

vehicle contains evidence of the offense of arrest.”); Moss, 2023 WL 4247367, at

*3.

Our determination of reasonableness is measured “in objective terms by

examining the totality of the circumstances” and is based “upon commonsense

judgments and inferences about human behavior.” State v. Ogeda, 315 S.W.3d 664,

667 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, pet. ref’d) (quoting Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119

(2000)). An officer’s subjective intentions play no role in our analysis and “[t]he

fact that the officer does not have the state of mind providing the legal justification

for her action does not invalidate the action taken, so long as the circumstances,

viewed objectively, justify it.” Id.

Evaluation of an alleged Fourth Amendment violation generally requires us

to make “an objective assessment of an officer’s actions in light of the facts and

circumstances then known to him.” Id. (citing Scott v. United States, 436 U.S. 128,

137 (1978)). However, under the “collective knowledge” doctrine, the cumulative

information known to multiple, cooperating officers may be considered in assessing

reasonableness. State v. Duran, 396 S.W.3d 563, 569 n.12 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013);

Hoag v. State, 728 S.W.2d 375, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987).

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Here, the evidence before the trial court showed that Detective Chavez

procured a warrant for appellant’s arrest for the offense of aggravated sexual assault

of a child, and she had reason to believe appellant’s cell phone contained evidence

of the offense after reviewing the complainant’s interview; several officers executed

the warrant, which was supported by an affidavit describing, among other things, the

use of appellant’s cell phone during the commission of the offense; shortly after

handcuffing appellant, the arresting officer seized appellant’s cell phones, which

were taken from the top of the truck’s center console, where they were visible to the

officer standing just outside the truck; the arresting officer seized the phones “for

evidence”; and multiple officers—including Detective Chavez, who was called and

responded to the scene of the arrest—cooperated in the arrest.

Given the totality of the circumstances, and the cumulative information

known to the police involved in the arrest, we conclude it was reasonable for the

police to believe the seized phones constituted evidence of the offense. Accordingly,

we conclude the cell phones were lawfully seized in accordance with the search-

incident-to-arrest exception to the warrant requirement. Cf. Jackson v. State, No.

04-18-00406-CR, 2019 WL 3431763, at *3 (Tex. App.—San Antonio July 31, 2019,

no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (concluding cell phones were

lawfully seized pursuant to search-incident-to-arrest exception to warrant

requirement when police executed arrest warrant for aggravated sexual assault of

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child when police and had “specific information that [the appellant’s] cell phones

contained text messages related to the aggravated sexual assault of a child”).

Although here, unlike in Jackson, for example, there is no direct evidence that

Detective Chavez communicated her reasons to believe the cell phones could

constitute evidence of the offense to the arresting officer who seized the phones,

“evidence of communication between officers is not always a necessary requirement

to apply the collective knowledge doctrine.” State v. Martinez, 569 S.W.3d 621, 627

(Tex. Crim. App. 2019). Instead, there is here evidence of cooperation between

Detective Chavez and the officers, including the detective’s procurement of the

arrest warrant, the officers’ execution of that warrant, and the detective ultimately

being called by the officers and responding to the scene of the arrest to assist. Cf.

id. (concluding “the sum of the information known to the cooperating officers—their

cumulative information—should be considered” when the officers cooperated in the

arrest although there was no evidence the officers communicated). Appellant’s first

issue is overruled.

Article 36.28

In his second issue, appellant contends the trial court abused its discretion in

having the court reporter read portions of the testimony of the complainant to the

jury during its deliberations. In the trial of a criminal case if the jury disagree as to

the statement of any witness, they may, upon applying to the court, have read to

them from the court reporter’s notes that part of such witness testimony or the

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particular point in dispute, and no other. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 36.28. This

statute seeks to balance concerns that the trial court not comment on the evidence

with the need to provide the jury the means to resolve any factual disputes it may

have. Howell v. State, 175 S.W.3d 786, 790 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). The court of

criminal appeals has summarized the law pertinent to article 36.28 as follows:

When the jury asks that certain testimony be re-read, the judge must
first determine if the request is proper under Article 36.28. A simple
request for testimony is not, by itself, a proper request under Article
36.28. Instead, the jury’s “request must reflect that the jurors disagree
about a specified part of the testimony.” Article 36.28 does not require
that the jury use any particular words to express its disagreement.
Whether a disagreement exists will depend upon the particular facts of
each case, and the judge’s inference of a dispute need only have some
basis other than mere speculation. After determining that the jury’s
request is proper under Article 36.38, the trial court must then interpret
the communication; decide, in its discretion what sections of the
testimony will best answer the query; and limit the testimony
accordingly. . . . On appeal, we review the trial judge’s conclusion as
to whether there is a factual dispute between the jurors for an abuse of
discretion. We apply this same standard in reviewing the trial court’s
selection of testimony responsive to the jury’s request.

Balderas v. State, 517 S.W.3d 756, 797–98 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016) (citations and

footnotes omitted).

Sometime after retiring to deliberate, the jury sent a note, seeking, among

other things, a transcript of the complainant’s testimony. The trial court responded

by informing the jury it could have testimony read only if jurors disagreed as to the

statement of a witness. The jury then sent a second note stating jurors disagreed

about the complainant’s testimony as to “when the abuse began, to confirm the type

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of abuse, and the timing of it.” An off the record discussion occurred to determine

which portions of the record should be read to the jury. Back on the record, the trial

court asked whether the parties objected to the portions of the record discussed off

the record being read. The State did not object, but defense counsel objected, stating

that because the note referred to “abuse,” the court would be “making a fact-finding

decision” that particular testimony selected to be read by the court described sexual

abuse. The trial court overruled appellant’s objections.

The jury entered the courtroom and the court reporter read two portions of the

direct examination of L.U. The first portion reads as follows:

QUESTION: “I know you talked about how [J.R.’s] dad, [appellant],
seemed nice. He would take you and [J.R.] places. Was there a time
that that kind of changed or shifted for you?”
ANSWER: “Yes.”
QUESTION: “Okay. When was the first time that you noticed
something shifted or changed?”
ANSWER: “Like the exact day or like –”
QUESTION: “Was there an exact date that you remember or was there
around an age that you remember something changing?”
ANSWER: “The age would have been around, like, seven or eight.”

The second portion of testimony read to the jury read as follows:

QUESTION: “Okay. So that was kind of the first thing that you
remember something -- him doing something that made you
uncomfortable. When was the next time something that he did that was
-- that you thought was weird or made you uncomfortable?"
ANSWER: “He, like, started coming into [J.R.’s] bedroom and started
touching me.”
QUESTION: “Okay. And was that still when you were seven or eight
or was that another time?”
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ANSWER: “I think it was still when I was around seven or eight.”

Appellant argues the second note “merely generalizes they have a

disagreement on L.U.’s testimony when the abuse began. The note does not indicate

any specific or particular statement on what the jury disagrees that L.U. testified

about regarding when the abuse began. The note does not specify whether they

disagree about the age of when the abuse occurred, a date when it occurred, or time

of day when it occurred.” We disagree.

The jury’s note stated the jurors disagreed about L.U.’s testimony as to “when

the abuse began.” The testimony the trial court instructed the court reporter to read

back to the jury related directly to that disagreement, including L.U.’s testimony that

things changed with appellant when she was seven or eight and that appellant began

touching her when she “was around seven or eight.” Given this, we conclude the

trial court did not abuse its discretion by instructing the court reporter to read back

this testimony to the jury. See Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 797–98. Appellant’s second

issue is overruled.

Conclusion

Having overruled appellant’s two issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

/Ken Molberg/
Do Not Publish KEN MOLBERG
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b) JUSTICE
230356F.U05

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Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
JUDGMENT

JORGE ANTONIO RUIZ- On Appeal from the 416th Judicial
MOZQUEDA, Appellant District Court, Collin County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 416-83181-
No. 05-23-00356-CR V. 2022.
Opinion delivered by Justice
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee Molberg. Justices Nowell and
Kennedy participating.

Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
AFFIRMED.

Judgment entered this 30th day of August, 2024.

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