In Re A.T., Juvenile

VERMONT SUPREME COURT Case No. 23-AP-043
109 State Street
Montpelier VT 05609-0801
802-828-4774
www.vermontjudiciary.org

Note: In the case title, an asterisk (*) indicates an appellant and a double asterisk (**) indicates a cross-
appellant. Decisions of a three-justice panel are not to be considered as precedent before any tribunal.

ENTRY ORDER

JULY TERM, 2023

In re A.T., Juvenile } APPEALED FROM:
(J.T., Father* & A.H., Mother*) }
} Superior Court, Franklin Unit,
} Family Division
} CASE NO. 113-7-20 Frjv
Trial Judge: Mary L. Morrissey

In the above-entitled cause, the Clerk will enter:

Mother and father appeal termination of their parental rights to A.T., born in July 2020.
On appeal, mother argues that she was deprived of her due process because she was not able to
confidentially communicate with her lawyer during the first day of the termination hearing.
Father contends that the evidence does not support the family division’s conclusions that his
progress stagnated, and that termination was in A.T.’s best interests. We affirm.

The Department for Children and Families (DCF) began working with mother in 2011
due to concerns regarding homelessness, substance abuse, mental health, and struggles to meet
the needs of A.T.’s older half-sister. In 2020, when A.T. was born, mother continued to have
unresolved issues and father was incarcerated. A day after A.T.’s birth, the State filed a petition
alleging that A.T. was a child in need of care or supervision (CHINS). The court granted
custody to DCF, and, when A.T. was discharged from the hospital, DCF placed her with
mother’s paternal aunt, who had adopted her older half-sister. In October 2021, mother
stipulated to the merits of the CHINS petition.

The case plan had a goal of reunification by June 2022. Some of mother’s goals included
obtaining safe and stable housing, completing Family Time coordination, completing a
substance-abuse assessment and following recommendations, working with mental-health
counselors, participating in a parenting class, and signing releases for DCF to monitor her
progress. Father has an extensive criminal history and was incarcerated at the time of A.T.’s
birth. He was released in April 2022 and remained under the supervision of the Department of
Corrections. The case plan contained goals for father, including abiding by conditions of
probation and parole, obtaining safe and stable housing, engaging with a domestic-violence
specialist, completing a substance-abuse assessment and following recommendations, engaging
in Family Time coordination, signing releases, engaging in programming while incarcerated, and
maintaining contact with the DCF caseworker.
In June 2022, the State filed petitions to terminate parents’ rights to A.T. The family
division held a hearing over two days. Based on the evidence, the family division found that
there was a change in circumstances due to parents’ stagnation. The court found that mother had
not made significant improvement on critical aspects of the case plan. Mother did not provide
necessary releases and did not demonstrate she engaged in services related to her mental health
or substance abuse. Mother did not prioritize improving her parenting skills and missed multiple
contacts with A.T. After more than two years, mother did not progress to having unsupervised
time. Father was incarcerated at the time of A.T.’s birth and was not released until A.T. was
twenty-one months old. Although he engaged in some programming, father remained without
stable housing and missed contacts with A.T., resulting in a lack of a relationship. The court
concluded that termination was in A.T.’s best interests. A.T. had strong bonds with her foster
parents, foster siblings, and half-sister. A.T. was well adjusted in her foster home, daycare, and
community. A.T. had been in custody since she was one day old and had a strong need for
stability and permanency. Parents were not able to assume parenting A.T. within a reasonable
period of time given the substantial work they still needed to effectively care for A.T. Therefore,
the court granted the termination petition. Both parents appeal.

When the termination of parental rights is sought after the initial disposition, the trial
court must conduct a two-step analysis. In re B.W., 162 Vt. 287, 291 (1994). The court must
find first that there has been a change in circumstances, and second that termination of parental
rights is in the child’s best interests. Id.; see 33 V.S.A. § 5113(b) (requiring “change in
circumstances” to modify existing disposition order); id. § 5114(a) (listing factors to consider in
determining child’s bests interests). On appeal, we will uphold the family court’s conclusions if
supported by the findings and affirm the findings unless clearly erroneous. In re A.F., 160 Vt.
175, 178 (1993).

On appeal, mother does not challenge any of the court’s findings related to the
termination decision. Mother’s arguments focus on the first day of the termination hearing in
September 2022. At the start of the hearing, mother, father, and father’s attorney were in person
and all other parties appeared remotely. Mother expressed discomfort having her attorney be
remote while she was in person. In response, prior to the presentation of evidence, the court
recessed for an hour to allow her attorney to travel to the courthouse and attend in person. Once
the hearing resumed, throughout the day mother made spontaneous comments on numerous
occasions during witness testimony and attorney-court discussions. These comments were
audible to the other parties. The court admonished mother to keep her comments to herself. The
court stated that mother’s statements were mostly reactions to witnesses’ testimony and not
attempts to confer with her attorney. To the extent that mother wanted to speak privately with
her attorney, the court indicated that it would provide breaks for mother to do so. During foster
mother’s testimony, mother requested a break and the court recessed shortly thereafter. Just after
the hearing again proceeded, mother requested another break. The court declined to immediately
stop and recessed thirty minutes later. In the afternoon, mother requested a break and shortly
thereafter the court recessed. At the second day of hearings, all parties appeared in person.

On appeal, mother argues that the hybrid format of the first day of hearings prevented
mother from confidentially communicating with her attorney, resulting in a termination hearing
without due process. Mother contends that she was not able to confidentially consult with her
attorney because her communications were picked up by the microphone and broadcast to the
other parties. She further asserts that she was not able to write her comments to her lawyer
effectively and was denied the accommodation of frequent breaks. The State responds that
mother failed to properly preserve this argument for appeal because her attorney failed to object
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to the hybrid process or the microphone set up. As to the merits, the State contends that mother’s
comments during the hearing were not attempts to communicate with her attorney and receive
legal advice but were her reactions to the testimony.

It is up to the “sound discretion” of the trial court to control “the orderly progress of the
trial.” In re H.A., 153 Vt. 504, 510 (1990). The record indicates that the family division acted
well within its discretion here in conducting the hearing. At the start of the hearing, at mother’s
request, the court took a recess so that mother’s counsel could be present with her in the
courtroom. The court acknowledged at the hearing that parents were entitled to confidentially
speak to their attorneys and observed that many of mother’s comments were not directed at
mother’s attorney. The court accommodated mother’s requests for breaks by providing those at
regular intervals and within a reasonable time. The record reveals that mother had a meaningful
opportunity to confer with her attorney, and on appeal, she has identified no prejudice that she
suffered due to the hearing structure.

To the extent mother now claims that the hybrid nature of the hearing or the courtroom
microphone setup violated her due process rights, mother failed to preserve this argument for
appeal. See In re G.F., 2007 VT 11, ¶ 23, 181 Vt. 593 (mem.) (explaining that constitutional
claim not raised below is not preserved for appeal). At no time did mother object to the hybrid
participation by other parties or to the courtroom setup on the ground that it violated her due
process rights by precluding her from confidentially communicating with counsel. Therefore, we
do not reach this argument on appeal.

Father argues that the record does not support the family division’s finding that father’s
progress stagnated. A change of circumstances may be shown when a parent’s ability to care for
the child has stagnated. In re J.G., 2010 VT 61, ¶ 10, 188 Vt. 562 (mem.). “A finding that a
parent has made some progress does not, however, preclude a finding of changed
circumstances.” In re B.M., 165 Vt. 331, 336 (1996).

Here, the family division found that father’s progress had stagnated in that he had made
only minimal progress towards his ability to parent A.T. Father missed the first twenty-one
months of A.T.’s life due to his incarceration, and although he had been compliant with several
case-plan goals, he missed many opportunities for contact with A.T. once released and had not
built a relationship with A.T. Father argues that he successfully completed many of the action
steps in the case plan and this progress indicated that he would continue to improve if provided
with more time.

The evidence supports the court’s determination that father’s progress stagnated. The
court acknowledged that father engaged in counseling, a parenting assessment, and a parenting
course. The court found, however, that he lacked a relationship with A.T. due to his long
absence from her early life due to incarceration and failure to consistently engage in contacts
with her. On appeal, “[o]ur role is not to second-guess the family court or to reweigh the
evidence.” In re S.B., 174 Vt. 427, 429 (2002) (mem.). The evidence supports the court’s
determination that his progress in improving his capacity to care for A.T. had stagnated.

Father also argues that the family division erred in evaluating A.T.’s best interests
because the court did not consider those interests in a manner to preserve the family, citing one
of the purposes of the Juvenile Proceedings Act in 33 V.S.A. § 5101(a)(3). Contrary to father’s
assertion, the statutory goal of preserving the family is not the test for termination of parental
rights. The statute provides several goals including providing for children’s “care, protection,
education, and healthy mental, physical, and social development” and providing timely
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permanency for children. Id. § 5101(a)(1), (4). To meet these goals, the statute requires the
court to consider factors related to the children’s best interests prior to termination. Id. § 5114.
The most important factor is whether the parent will be able to resume parenting duties within a
reasonable period of time. In re J.B., 167 Vt. 637, 639 (1998) (mem.). Here, the trial court
properly considered the factors and found that father had only just begun establishing a
relationship with A.T., that he had not moved beyond unsupervised contact, that A.T. was well
adjusted to her foster family and community, and that father would not be able to assume
parenting A.T. within a reasonable period given A.T.’s young age and need for permanency.
The family division acted within its discretion in weighing all the factors, and we will not disturb
its judgment on appeal.

Affirmed.

BY THE COURT:

Harold E. Eaton, Jr., Associate Justice

Karen R. Carroll, Associate Justice

William D. Cohen, Associate Justice

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