* Rental Housing Assoc., Et Al., App/x-resps V. City Of Seattle, Resp/x-app

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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION ONE
RENTAL HOUSING ASSOCIATION;
ELENA BRUK; SCOTT DOLFAY; CJD
INVESTMENTS, LLC; ZELLA
APARTMENTS, LLC,
Appellants,
v.
CITY OF SEATTLE,
Respondents.
No. 82469-4-I
ORDER DENYING MOTION FOR
RECONSIDERATION,
WITHDRAWING OPINION, AND
SUBSTITUTING OPINION
The respondent, City of Seattle, has filed a motion for reconsideration of the
opinion filed in the above matter on March 21,2022. 	Appellant Rental Housing
Association has filed a response to respondent’s motion. The court has determined
that respondent’s motion for reconsideration should be denied, the opinion should be
withdrawn and a substitute opinion filed.
Now, therefore, it is hereby
ORDERED that respondent’s motion for reconsideration is denied. It is further
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No. 82469-4-I/2
ORDERED that the opinion filed on March 21,2022, is withdrawn and a
substitute opinion be filed.
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Citations and pin cites are based on the Westlaw online version of the cited material.
THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
RENTAL HOUSING ASSOCIATION;
ELENA BRUK; SCOTT DOLFAY; CJD
INVESTMENTS, LLC; ZELLA
APARTMENTS, LLC,
Appellants,
v.
CITY OF SEATTLE,
Respondents.
No. 82469-4-I
DIVISION ONE
PUBLISHED OPINION
A NDRUS , A.C.J. — In early 2020, the Seattle City Council passed three
ordinances: one limiting a landlord’s ability to evict a tenant for nonpayment of rent
during three winter months, one prohibiting a landlord from evicting a tenant for
nonpayment of rent for six months after the end of the COVID-19 civil emergency,
and one requiring the landlord to accept installment payments of unpaid rent for a
certain period of time after the end of the civil emergency. The Rental Housing
Association 	of 	Washington 	(RHAWA) 	and 	several 	landlords 	challenge 	the
constitutionality of these ordinances.
On summary judgment, the trial court concluded that a provision banning
the accrual of interest on unpaid rent during the civil emergency and for one year
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No. 82469-4-I/2
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thereafter was preempted by state law. 	It upheld the remaining provisions of the
three challenged ordinances.
We conclude that the ordinance prohibiting a landlord from evicting a tenant
for nonpayment of rent for six months after the end of the civil emergency, without
affording the landlord the opportunity to challenge a tenant’s self-certification of a
financial hardship, violates the landlord’s right to procedural due process. 	We
otherwise affirm.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
In February 2020, the Seattle City Council enacted Ordinance 126041, now
codified as SMC 22.205.080, precluding certain evictions during the winter months
(“winter eviction ban”). The winter eviction ban provides:
[I]t is a defense to eviction if:
A. The eviction would result in the tenant having to vacate the
housing unit at any time between December 1 and March 1; and
B. The 	tenant 	household 	is 	a 	moderate-income 	household 	as
defined in Section 23.84A.016;1 and
C. The housing unit that the tenant would have to vacate is owned
by a person who owns more than four rental housing units in The
City of Seattle. For purposes of this subsection 22.205.080.C,
"owns" includes having an ownership interest in the housing
units.
SMC 22.205.080(A)-(C). The stated goal of the ordinance is to “protect the public
health, safety, and welfare by reducing the number of individuals and families
1 SMC 23.84A.016 defines “[h]ousehold, moderate-income” as “a household whose income does
not exceed median income.” SMC 23.84A.025 defines “median income” as median family income
for the area as determined by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).
The Landlords presented evidence that under HUD regulations, the median family income in
Seattle, Washington, in 2019 was $108,600.00 for a four-person household.
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No. 82469-4-I/3
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entering into homelessness during the wintertime” and to lower “the number of
people at higher risk of developing exposure-related conditions.”
In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic began. 	On March 14, 2020,
Seattle’s then Mayor Jenny Durkan issued an emergency order establishing a
residential eviction moratorium, which the City Council amended by Resolution
31938 two days later. 	This moratorium remained uncodified and stated: “It shall
be a defense to any eviction action that the eviction of the tenant will occur during
the moratorium, unless the eviction action is due to actions by the tenant
constituting an imminent threat to the health or safety of [others].” Mayor Durkan
extended the emergency order and eviction moratorium to January 15, 2022.2
After taking office in January 2022, the newly elected mayor, Bruce Harrell,
extended the moratorium to February 14, 2022,3 then again to February 28, 2022.4
On May 4, 2020, the City Council, recognizing that the “economic impacts
from the COVID-19 emergency are likely to last much longer than the civil
emergency itself,” enacted Ordinance 126075, extending the eviction ban for an
additional six months after the mayor lifts the eviction moratorium (“six-month
eviction ban extension”). 	Ordinance 126075, codified as SMC 22.205.090,
provides:
2 City of Seattle, Office of the Mayor, Executive Order 2021-07, Executive-Order-2021-07-
Continued-Extension-of-COVID-19-Closures-and-Relief-Policies.pdf (seattle.gov)
3 	City 	of 	Seattle, 	Office 	of 	the 	City 	Clerk, 	Executive 	Order 	2022-01,
http://clerk.seattle.gov/search/results?s6=executive+adj+order&l=200&Sect1=IMAGE&Sect2=TH
ESON&Sect3=PLURON&Sect4=AND&Sect5=CFCF1&Sect6=HITOFF&d=CFCF&p=1&u=%2Fse
arch%2Fclerk-files&r=3&f=G.
4 	City 	of 	Seattle, 	Office 	of 	the 	City 	Clerk, 	Executive 	Order 	2022-03,
http://clerk.seattle.gov/search/results?s6=executive+adj+order&l=200&Sect1=IMAGE&Sect2=TH
ESON&Sect3=PLURON&Sect4=AND&Sect5=CFCF1&Sect6=HITOFF&d=CFCF&p=1&u=%2Fse
arch%2Fclerk-files&r=1&f=G.
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No. 82469-4-I/4
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A. Subject to the requirements of subsection 22.205.090.B, it is a
defense to eviction if the eviction would result in the tenant
having to vacate the housing unit within six months after the
termination of the Mayor's eviction moratorium, and if the reason
for terminating the tenancy is:
1. The tenant fails to comply with a 14-day notice to pay rent
or vacate pursuant to RCW 59.12.030(3) for rent due
during, or within six months after the termination of, the
Mayor's residential eviction moratorium; or
2. The tenant habitually fails to pay rent resulting in four or
more pay-or-vacate notices in a 12-month period . . . .
B. The tenant may invoke the defense provided in subsection
22.205.090.A only if the tenant has submitted a declaration or
self-certification asserting the tenant has suffered a financial
hardship and is therefore unable to pay rent.
This defense took effect when the eviction moratorium terminated.
Then, on May 11, 2020, the City Council enacted Ordinance 126081, the
“payment plan ordinance.”5 It provides:
A. A tenant who fails to pay rent when due during, or within six
months after the termination of, the civil emergency proclaimed by
Mayor Durkan on March 3, 2020, may elect to pay such overdue
rent in installments. The tenant shall pay one month or less of
overdue rent in three consecutive, equal monthly installments.
The tenant shall pay over one month and up to two months of
overdue rent in five consecutive, equal monthly payments. The
tenant 	shall 	pay 	over 	two 	months 	of 	overdue 	rent 	in 	six
consecutive, equal monthly payments. Any remainder from an
uneven division of payments will be part of the last payment. The
tenant may propose an alternative payment schedule, which, if the
landlord agrees to it, shall be described in writing and signed by
the tenant and landlord and deemed an amendment to any
existing rental agreement.
B. No late fee, interest, or other charge due to late payment of rent
shall accrue during, or within one year after the termination of, the
civil emergency proclaimed by Mayor Durkan on March 3, 2020.
5 Ordinance 126081 has yet to be codified into the Seattle Municipal Code. The full text of the
ordinance can be accessed here: http://clerk.seattle.gov/search/ordinances/126081.
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No. 82469-4-I/5
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. . . .
E. Failure of the owner to accept payment under the installment
schedule provided in subsection 2.A of this ordinance is a defense
to eviction.
Ord. 126081 sec. 2. The City Council stated that the purpose of both the six-month
eviction ban extension and this payment plan requirement is to reduce financial
instability and the risk of homelessness among tenants in Seattle as a result of
COVID-19.
In September 2020, RHAWA and several Seattle landlords brought suit
challenging the constitutionality of these ordinances. 	On cross-motions for
summary judgment, the trial court largely upheld the ordinances, but ruled that
state law preempts the payment plan ordinance’s ban on the accrual of interest on
unpaid rent during and for a year after the civil emergency. 	The Landlords
appealed and the City cross-appealed the invalidation of the interest accrual ban.
In 	June 	2021, 	the 	City 	Council 	enacted 	another 	eviction-protection
measure, Ordinance 126368–the civil-emergency defense–now codified as SMC
22.205.100. This ordinances provides:
SMC 22.205.100 provides:
A . Subject to the requirements of subsection 22.205.100.B, it is a
defense to eviction if the tenant fails to pay rent due during the
civil emergency proclaimed by Mayor Durkan on March 3, 2020,
[that] the tenant has suffered a financial hardship during the civil
emergency proclaimed by Mayor Durkan on March 3, 2020, and
the reason for terminating the tenancy is:
1. The tenant fails to comply with a 14-day notice to pay rent
or vacate pursuant to RCW 59.12.030(3) for rent due
during the civil emergency proclaimed by Mayor Durkan
on March 3, 2020; or
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No. 82469-4-I/6
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2. The tenant habitually fails to pay rent resulting in four or
more pay-or-vacate notices in a 12-month period . . . .
B. The tenant may invoke the defense provided in subsection
22.205.100.A only if the tenant submits a declaration or self-
certification asserting the tenant has suffered a financial hardship
and was therefore unable to pay rent during the civil emergency
proclaimed by Mayor Durkan on March 3, 2020.
This ordinance is similar to SMC 22.205.090, but not identical. While both
ordinances contain the requirement that tenants submit a declaration of financial
hardship, SMC 22.205.100 additionally requires that the tenant establish that they
actually suffered the alleged financial hardship, thus providing an opportunity for
the landlord to dispute the application of the defense. 	The Landlords do not
challenge this eviction restriction.
ANALYSIS
We review a summary judgment order de novo and perform the same
inquiry as the trial court. Borton & Sons, Inc. v. Burbank Props., LLC, 196 Wn.2d
199, 205, 471 P.3d 871 (2020). Constitutional questions are issues of law and are
also reviewed de novo. City of Redmond v. Moore, 151 Wn.2d 664, 668, 91 P.3d
875 (2004).
The Landlords present facial constitutional challenges to the ordinances. In
facial challenges, we consider only if the ordinances’ language violates the
constitution and not whether the ordinance would be constitutional “as applied” to
the facts of a particular case. 	JJR Inc. v. City of Seattle, 126 Wn.2d 1, 3-4, 891
P.2d 720 (1995). 	We reject a facial claim “if there are any circumstances where
the [challenged law] can constitutionally be applied.” 	Wash. State Republican
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No. 82469-4-I/7
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Party v. Wash. State Pub. Disclosure Comm’n, 141 Wn.2d 245, 282 n.14, 4 P.3d
808 (2000).
A. Preemption
The Landlords first argue that the ordinances conflict with and are therefore
preempted by state law. 	The trial court ruled that state law only preempts the
payment plan ordinance’s ban on interest accruing on unpaid rent due during and
within one year of the termination of the mayor’s civil emergency proclamation.
We agree with the trial court and conclude that the remaining provisions of the
ordinances can be harmonized with state law.
“Any county, city, town or township may make and enforce within its limits
all such local police, sanitary and other regulations as are not in conflict
with general laws.” Const. art. XI, sec. 11. “[A] state statute preempts an
ordinance on the same subject if the statute occupies the field, leaving no
room for concurrent jurisdiction, or if a conflict exists such that the statute
and the ordinance may not be harmonized.” Lawson v. City of Pasco, 168
Wn.2d 675, 679, 230 P.3d 1038 (2010). The Landlords here only argue
conflict preemption, which “arises when an ordinance permits what state
law forbids or forbids what state law permits.” Id. at 682. An ordinance is
constitutionally invalid if it “directly and irreconcilably conflicts with the
statute.” Brown v. City of Yakima, 116 Wn.2d 556, 561, 807 P.2d 353
(1991). “If the two may be harmonized, however, no conflict will be
found.” Lawson, 168 Wn.2d at 682. “[A] local ordinance may go further in
its prohibition than state law.” Rabon v. City of Seattle, 135 Wn.2d 278,
293, 957 P.2d 621 (1998).
1. 	Eviction Bans
The Landlords argue that the two eviction bans are preempted by provisions
of the unlawful detainer statute, RCW 59.12.030(3); the Residential Landlord
Tenant Act of 1973 (RLTA), RCW 59.18.130 and .650; and the ejectment statute,
RCW 7.28.250, by prohibiting evictions that state law allows. Because the winter
eviction ban and the six-month eviction ban extension do not prohibit any landlord
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No. 82469-4-I/8
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from evicting a tenant who has defaulted on rent, but merely regulates the timing
of the eviction, we reject this argument.
RCW 59.18.130 requires that tenants shall pay rent “at such times and in
such amounts as provided for in the rental agreement.” 	RCW 59.12.030(3)
provides that a tenant is liable for unlawful detainer if they continue in possession
of rental property after a default in rent and after receiving adequate notice from
the landlord. RCW 59.18.650(1)(a) and (2)(a) permits a landlord to evict a tenant
for remaining in possession of the leased premises after a default in rent and the
issuance of a written notice to pay or vacate under RCW 59.12.030(3). 	RCW
7.28.250 provides that where a tenant fails to pay rent, “the landlord has a
subsisting right to reenter for such failure; he or she may bring an action to recover
the possession of such property, and such action is equivalent to a demand of the
rent and a reentry upon the property.”6
The Landlords maintain that the winter eviction ban and the six-month
eviction ban extension conflict with these statutory provisions by precluding them
from obtaining a court order of eviction or ejectment after the nonpayment of rent.
But our Supreme Court has held that state landlord/tenant laws do not preempt
local ordinances that allow tenants to raise defenses to eviction in unlawful
detainer proceedings.
6 Both ejectment and unlawful detainer are legal methods of evicting tenants who do not pay their
rent. Bar K Land Co. v. Webb, 72 Wn. App. 380, 383, 864 P.2d 435 (1993). Unlawful detainer
actions under ch. 59.18 RCW are special statutory proceedings with the limited purpose of
hastening the recovery of possession of rental property. Id. The superior court’s jurisdiction is
limited to the primary issue of possession and incidental issues such as restitution, rent, or
damages. Id. Ejectment, however, is a remedy for someone who, having a claim of paramount
title, is out of possession. Id. Counterclaims may be asserted in an ejectment action. Id.
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No. 82469-4-I/9
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In Kennedy v. City of Seattle, 94 Wn.2d 376, 617 P.2d 713 (1980), owners
of two houseboat moorage sites challenged a Seattle ordinance limiting the right
to evict houseboat occupants to six specified reasons. 	Id. at 379-80.7 	The
landlords argued that the ordinance was preempted by the unlawful detainer
statute and the RLTA because it placed limitations on their ability to evict tenants.
Id. at 383-84. The court disagreed:
There is no preemption expressly or by implication, nor is there an
irreconcilable conflict between the statutes and the ordinance. 	A
defendant in an unlawful detainer action may assert any defenses
available. RCW 59.16.030; 59.18.380. The ordinance does not raise
further procedural barriers between landlord and tenant but simply
represents another defense for the tenant.
Id. at 384. Under Kennedy, a municipality may enact defenses to eviction without
coming into conflict with the unlawful detainer statute or RLTA.
The Supreme Court extended the holding in Kennedy in Margola Assoc. v.
City of Seattle, 121 Wn.2d 625, 652, 854 P.2d 23 (1993) (abrogated on other
grounds by Yim v. City of Seattle, 194 Wn.2d 682, 703, 451 P.3d 694 (2019)).
There, the court rejected a preemption challenge from landlords who argued that
the RLTA preempted a Seattle ordinance prohibiting the eviction of tenants if the
landlord failed to register the building as rental housing. Id. at 651. As in Kennedy,
the court held that “[t]he registration ordinance likewise creates an additional
7 These are: (1) failure to pay rent; (2) breach of covenant (excluding the obligation to surrender
the site); (3) failure to abate a nuisance or causing a substantial damage to the moorage or
substantially interfering with the comfort, safety or enjoyment of other floating home properties at
the moorage; (4) failure to execute a lease not in excess of 5 years at a reasonable rent; (5) a
change in use of the moorage (with several further restrictions) with 6 months' advance notice; and
(6) if the moorage owner, with 6 months' notice, wishes to occupy the moorage site and finds the
displaced houseboat owner another lawful moorage site within the City of Seattle. Id.
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No. 82469-4-I/10
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affirmative defense for a tenant” and is thus not preempted by state law. 	Id. at
652. This was the case despite the fact that the registration ordinance created a
defense to eviction for any reason, including nonpayment of rent. Id. at 632.
The Landlords distinguish Kennedy and Margola, arguing that in Kennedy,
the ordinance specifically allowed for eviction based on the tenant’s failure to pay
rent. 	94 Wn.2d at 379. 	And in Margola, the Landlords argue, the defense to
eviction 	was 	linked 	to 	the 	landlord’s 	failure 	to 	comply 	with 	registration
requirements, and not to the nonpayment of rent. 	They further argue that under
the RLTA, tenants may not exercise their rights to any remedies available under
the RLTA unless they are current in the payment of rent. 	RCW 59.18.080. 	But
RCW 59.18.080, by its language, applies only to a tenant’s remedies under the
RLTA, not to remedies or defenses arising from other laws or ordinances. And the
Landlord’s efforts to distinguish Kennedy and Margola are unpersuasive.
First, neither the unlawful detainer statute nor the RLTA limits the defenses
available to a tenant in an unlawful detainer action. As in Kennedy, the ordinances
here do not prevent landlords from filing unlawful detainer actions; each explicitly
provides that they offer a new defense to such an action. 	And the ordinance at
issue in Margola allowed a tenant to raise as a defense to eviction the landlord’s
noncompliance with the registration ordinance, even when the unlawful detainer
action was based on the nonpayment of rent.
Second, the ordinances do not remove a tenant’s obligation to pay rent,
prevent a landlord from bringing an unlawful detainer action, or eliminate a tenant’s
liability for their unlawful detainer under RCW 59.12.030(3). Instead, they provide
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No. 82469-4-I/11
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a temporary defense to evictions, even where the tenant is in arrears, in certain
limited circumstances. 	There is nothing in the unlawful detainer statute that
requires that an eviction occur within any specific period of time. Under the winter
ban, a landlord can file an unlawful detainer action, obtain an order finding the
tenant to be in unlawful detainer status, and ask the court to schedule the issuance
of a writ of restitution for execution after March 1. 	Under the COVID six-month
eviction ban extension, the landlord could similarly initiate an unlawful detainer
action at any time, obtain an order finding the tenant to be in arrears on rent and
request the court to schedule the issuance of a writ of restitution after the six-month
extension period expires.
Because the ordinances do not erect new procedural barriers to unlawful
detainer but merely determine the timing of the issuance of writs of restitution, we
conclude 	that 	the 	defenses 	to 	eviction 	provided 	in 	the 	ordinances 	do 	not
irreconcilably conflict with state law.
2. 	Payment Plan Ordinance
The Landlords next argue that the newly enacted state repayment plan
statute, codified in RCW 59.18.630, conflicts with and preempts the payment plan
requirement contained in Ordinance 126081. 	We conclude the Landlords’ facial
challenge fails because the city ordinance can be applied in a way to eliminate any
conflict with the state statute.
In 2021, the state legislature enacted a payment plan structure for renters
experiencing financial hardship due to COVID-19. RCW 59.18.630(2) provides:
If a tenant has remaining unpaid rent that accrued between March 1,
2020, 	and 	six 	months 	following 	the 	expiration 	of 	the 	eviction
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moratorium or the end of the public health emergency, whichever is
greater, the landlord must offer the tenant a reasonable schedule for
repayment 	of 	the 	unpaid 	rent 	that 	does 	not 	exceed 	monthly
payments equal to one-third of the monthly rental charges during the
period of accrued debt. (Emphasis added.)
RCW 59.18.630(3) lists the requirements of such plans.8 	RCW 59.18.630(4)
provides that “It is a defense to an eviction under RCW 59.12.030(3) that a landlord
did not offer a repayment plan in conformity with this section.”
The Landlords argue that the City’s ordinance conflicts with state law
because, while state law allows for a flexible payment schedule, the ordinance
creates a mandatory fixed payment schedule based on the number of monthly rent
payments the tenant has missed.
It is possible that a payment schedule under Ordinance 126081 could
conflict with RCW 59.18.630’s prohibition on payments exceeding one-third of
monthly rental charges. 	For instance, if a tenant misses two months of rent at
$2,000 per month, Seattle’s ordinance would require the tenant to pay the $4,000
debt in five equal monthly payments of $800, which would exceed the permissible
amount that a landlord could demand under state law. 	But the ordinance has a
savings clause—it provides that the tenant may elect either to repay past rent on
the schedule set out in the ordinance or to offer the landlord a different payment
schedule. 	Ordinance 126081, § 2(A). 	“The tenant may propose an alternative
payment schedule, which, if the landlord agrees to it, shall be described in writing
8 The repayment plan may not require payment until 30 days after it is offered to the tenant; may
not include any late fees, attorney fees or other charges; must allow for payment from any source
of income, including churches or government agencies; and may not be conditioned on compliance
with the rental agreement or a requirement that the tenant apply for government benefits. RCW
59.18.630(3)(a)-(d).
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No. 82469-4-I/13
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and signed by the tenant and landlord and deemed an amendment to any existing
rental agreement.” Id.
Because the tenant can choose between the state repayment law, capping
the amount of the payments to one-third of the monthly rent, and the city’s
repayment ordinance, with the state law requiring lower monthly payments than
the city ordinance, most tenants would foreseeably elect a payment plan consistent
with state law.9 	Although there could be a situation where the ordinance would
require the tenant to make payments in excess of one-third of that tenant’s monthly
rent, and thereby violate state law, the ordinance’s savings clause eliminates any
conflict between the two. 	Because there are circumstances where the payment
plan ordinance can constitutionally be applied, the Landlords’ facial challenge fails.
3. 	Ban on Accrual of Interest
The 	Landlords 	next 	argue 	that 	RCW 	19.52.010 	preempts 	Ordinance
126081’s ban on interest accruing on rent due during or within one year of the
termination of the civil emergency proclamation. 	We affirm the trial court’s
conclusion that the state statute preempts this ordinance provision.
Section 2(B) of Ordinance 126081 provides that “[n]o . . . interest . . . due to
late payment of rent shall accrue during, or within one year after the termination
of, the civil emergency.” But RCW 19.52.010(1) states “every loan or forbearance
of money, goods, or thing in action shall bear interest at the rate of twelve percent
per annum where no different rate is agreed to in writing between the parties.” A
9 If the landlord offers a repayment plan consistent with state law, and the tenant refuses to consent
to it, the landlord may evict that tenant. RCW 59.18.630(2). The tenant thus has a strong incentive
to accept the payment plan required by state law.
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No. 82469-4-I/14
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party is entitled under this statute to prejudgment interest on any liquidated claim
to compensate them for loss of use on money wrongfully withheld by another party.
TJ Landco, LLC v. Harley C. Douglass, Inc., 186 Wn. App. 249, 256, 346 P.3d 777
(2015). 	When a party breaches an obligation to pay a specified amount, a new
forbearance is created and that forbearance triggers the prejudgment interest
statute. Id. Unpaid rent accrues interest at a default rate of 12 percent per annum
when the parties’ agreement does not provide otherwise. 	In re Estate of
Wimberley, 186 Wn. App. 475, 511, 349 P.3d 11 (2015).
The ordinance prohibiting the accrual of prejudgment interest on unpaid
rents violates the rights conferred on any creditor under RCW 19.52.010. 	There
is no way of interpreting the provision banning the accrual of interest so that it does
not conflict with RW 19.52.010. We therefore affirm the trial court’s ruling that the
interest provision in Ordinance 126081 is preempted by state law.
B. Takings Clause
The Landlords next challenge the ordinances as an unconstitutional taking
without compensation in violation of article I, section 16 to the Washington
Constitution.10 	They contend that the ordinances are a per se physical taking
because 	they 	dispossess 	the 	Landlords of 	their 	right 	to 	occupy 	their 	own
property.11 	We disagree that regulating the landlord-tenant relationship in this
10 The takings clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides, “nor shall
private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.” Similarly, article I, section 16
of the state constitution provides, “No private property shall be taken or damaged for public or
private use without just compensation having been first made.”
11 The Landlords also argue that the ban on interest payments is also a taking. Because we affirm
the trial court’s conclusion that Ordinance 126081’s ban on interest is preempted by state law, we
need not reach this takings claim.
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No. 82469-4-I/15
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manner constitutes a per se physical taking of the leased premises.
Under the takings clause of the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution,
when the government physically acquires private property for a public use, there
is a clear and categorical obligation to provide the owner with just compensation.
Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid, __ U.S. __, 141 S. Ct. 2063, 2071, 210 L. Ed. 2d
369 (2021) (citing Tahoe-Sierra Pres. Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Reg’l Planning
Agency, 535 U.S. 302, 321, 122 S. Ct. 1465, 152 L. Ed. 2d 517 (2002)).
Government action that physically appropriates property is no less a physical
taking because it arises from a regulation. Id. at 2072. “The essential question is
. . . whether the government has physically taken property for itself or someone
else—by whatever means—or has instead restricted a property owner's ability to
use 	his 	own 	property.” 	Id. 	Whenever 	a 	regulation 	results 	in 	a 	physical
appropriation of property, a per se taking has occurred.12 Id.
The Landlords argue that the Ordinances are per se takings because they
eliminate the owner’s right to exclude tenants from their property or to sue to collect
past due rents. 	They rely heavily on the recent U.S. Supreme Court decision
Cedar Point Nursery. 	There, plaintiffs challenged a California regulation that
granted labor organizations the right to access an agricultural employer’s property
12 In Manufactured Housing Communities of Washington v. State, 142 Wn.2d 347, 361, 13 P.3d
183 (2000), abrogated by Chong Yim v. City of Seattle, 194 Wn.2d 651, 451 P.3d 675 (2019), the
Supreme Court held that the Washington State Constitution is more protective than the federal
constitution on the basis “that ‘private use’ under amended article I, section 16 is defined more
literally than under the Fifth Amendment, and that Washington's interpretation of ‘public use’ has
been more restrictive.” In Yim, the Supreme Court held that it would nevertheless follow federal
case law for evaluating whether a law constitutes a regulatory taking. 194 Wn.2d at 667. Now that
the U.S. Supreme Court appears to apply the same test for both per se physical and regulatory
takings, we assume our Supreme Court will continue to apply the federal test. We do so here.
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No. 82469-4-I/16
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to solicit support from workers for unionization. 	Id. at 2069-70. 	The court
concluded that “[t]he access regulation appropriates a right to invade the growers’
property and therefore constitutes a per se physical taking. The regulation grants
union organizers a right to physically enter and occupy the growers’ land for three
hours per day, 120 days per year” and thus “the regulation appropriates for the
enjoyment of third parties the owners’ right to exclude.” Id. at 2072.
The court deemed the California regulation analogous to an involuntary
servitude or an easement, both of which rise to the level of takings requiring just
compensation. Id. at 2073.
The upshot of this line of precedent is that government-authorized
invasions 	of 	property—whether 	by 	plane, 	boat, 	cable, 	or
beachcomber—are physical takings requiring just compensation. As
in those cases, the government here has appropriated a right of
access 	to 	the 	growers’ 	property, 	allowing 	union 	organizers 	to
traverse it at will for three hours a day, 120 days a year.
Id. at 2074. The Landlords maintain that the ordinances, like the invalid California
regulation, are analogous to an involuntary occupation of their property by tenants
whose right to remain was contingent on the payment of rent.
But there is a critical difference between tenants invited to live on a
landlord’s property in exchange for rent and union organizers with whom the
landowners had no contractual relationship and who never had permission to enter
the land in the first place. 	A tenant’s right to occupy leased property may have
originated in the contractual relationship between the landlord and the tenant, but
the 	tenants’ 	rights, 	including 	the 	right 	to 	occupy, 	are 	heavily 	regulated 	in
Washington and protected by state statutes. 	This is not a situation in which a
government has unilaterally authorized someone with no connection to the
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No. 82469-4-I/17
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property to gain access, but one in which the landlord has voluntarily given a
temporary right of occupancy through contract and the government has altered its
regulation of that contractual relationship in favor of the tenants. 	The U.S.
Supreme Court has previously held that “statutes regulating the economic relations
of landlords and tenants are not per se takings.” 	F.C.C. v. Florida Power Corp.,
480 U.S. 245, 252, 107 S. Ct. 1107, 94 L. Ed. 2d 282 (1987) (citing Loretto v.
Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp., 458 U.S. 419, 440, 102 S. Ct. 3164, 73 L.
Ed. 2d 868 (1982)).
More applicable to the present case is the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision
in Yee v. City of Escondido, 503 U.S. 519, 112 S. Ct. 1522, 118 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1992).
There, mobile home park owners challenged a California law limiting the reasons
that a park owner could terminate a mobile home owner's tenancy and a municipal
ordinance prohibiting an increase in rent without city council approval. Id. at 524-
25. 	The park owners argued that the rent control provision constituted a per se
physical taking. Id. at 523-24. The Court rejected this argument, reasoning that a
physical taking occurs “only where [the government] requires the landowner to
submit to the physical occupation of his land” and because the laws merely
regulated petitioners’ use of their land by regulating the relationship between
landlord and tenant, they could not be squared with the Court's physical takings
cases. 	Id. at 527-28. 	This case is more analogous to Yee than to Cedar Point
Nursery. 	The Landlords voluntarily invited the tenants to live in their homes and
the ordinances regulate a landlord-tenant relationship that has already been
established by the parties.
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No. 82469-4-I/18
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The Landlords argue that the reasoning in Yee should not be extended to
this case because the regulation at issue in that case simply prohibited rent
increases, whereas here, Seattle’s winter and COVID-19 eviction bans preclude
them from terminating a tenancy for nonpayment of rent.
We understand that the reasoning in Yee was premised on the fact that the
applicable rent control laws did not affect the landlords’ right to exclude anyone
from their property:
At least on the face of the regulatory scheme, neither the city nor the
State compels petitioners, once they have rented their property to
tenants, to continue doing so. . . . 	While the “right to exclude” is
doubtless, as petitioners assert, “one of the most essential sticks in
the bundle of rights that are commonly characterized as property,”
we do not find that right to have been taken from petitioners on the
mere face of the Escondido ordinance.
Id. at 528-29 (quoting Kaiser Aetna v. United States, 444 U.S. 164, 176, 100 S. Ct.
383, 62 L. Ed. 2d 332 (1979)). Similarly, in Margola, our Supreme Court held that
restricting a landlord’s ability to evict a tenant based on the landlord’s nonpayment
of a registration fee was not a taking because, as in Yee, the law did not destroy
the landlord’s right to exclude others from their property. 	121 Wn.2d at 648. 	It
specifically quoted the following passage from Yee:
A different case would be presented were the statute, on its face or
as applied, to compel a landowner over objection to rent his property
or to refrain in perpetuity from terminating a tenancy.
121 Wn.2d at 648 (emphasis in original) (quoting Yee, 503 U.S. at 528). 	This
language in Yee, adopted in Margola, appears to create an exception—if the
ordinance compelled a landlord to rent to someone over the landlord’s objection,
or prohibited the landlord from ever terminating the tenancy, a takings claim would
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No. 82469-4-I/19
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arise.
We nevertheless conclude that the ordinances do not fit into the exception
carved out by Yee and Margola. First, the ordinances do not require a landlord to
rent property to anyone with whom the landlord has not already voluntarily entered
into a lease agreement. 	Second, the ordinances do not prevent a landlord from
ever terminating a tenancy. The ordinances place timing restrictions on eviction,
but otherwise do not change a pre-existing landlord-tenant relationship.13
Several federal district courts have considered and rejected a takings claim
in the context of various COVID-related eviction moratoria. 	In El Papel LLC v.
Durkan, 2021 WL 4272323 (W.D. Wash. September 15, 2021), a magistrate judge
addressed a challenge to two of the same ordinances at issue here—the six-month
eviction ban extension and the payment plan requirement—and concluded the
ordinances do not amount to a physical taking under Yee. Id. at *15-16. Magistrate
Judge Creatura reasoned:
Here, too, the government has not required a physical invasion of
plaintiffs’ property. Instead, plaintiffs have voluntarily rented their
land to residential tenants and temporarily lost the ability to evict
tenants in certain situations during the COVID-19 crisis and for six
months after September 30, 2021. Contrary to plaintiffs’ arguments,
none of the restrictions are permanent. Plaintiffs retained the ability
to sue their tenants for unpaid rent due to COVID-19 under the State
moratorium, except where the resident had not been offered or was
complying with a repayment plan. 	The City allows tenants to take
advantage of a repayment plan, but neither the City nor the State has
forgiven or cancelled unpaid rent.
Id. at *16.
13 Employing the same analysis, Division Two of this court recently held that the state COVID-19
eviction moratorium did not constitute a per se physical taking under Yee. Gonzales v. Inslee,
No. 55915-3-II, slip op. at *23 (Wash. Ct. App. Feb. 23, 2022)
https://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/D2%2055915-3-II%20Published%20Opinion.pdf.
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No. 82469-4-I/20
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In Elmsford Apt. Assocs., LLC v. Cuomo, residential landlords challenged
Governor Cuomo’s executive order that temporarily allowed tenants to apply
security deposits toward rent and temporarily prohibited landlords from initiating
evictions of tenants facing pandemic-caused financial hardships. 469 F. Supp. 3d
148, 160 (S.D. N.Y. 2020). The federal district court held that a “temporary halt on
evictions” does not take on the character of a physical taking. 	Id. at 163. 	The
landlords continued to control their property, continued to rent to tenants and to
collect rents from them; the order did not reduce the amount the tenants had to
pay, or forgive any rental obligations. 	The landlords retained the right to evict
tenants when the order expired. 	Thus, it held that a temporary ability to expel
tenants facing COVID-related financial setbacks did not rise to the level of a
physical taking. Id. at 164.
Similarly, in Auracle Homes, LLC v. Lamont, residential landlords sued the
Governor of Connecticut, alleging that his executive orders limiting evictions and
rent payments during the pandemic violated the takings clause. 478 F. Supp. 3d
199, 218 (D. Conn. 2020). A federal district court there followed the reasoning of
Elmsford and concluded that no physical taking had occurred because the
landlords had voluntarily rented their premises to the tenants and regulations
affecting the economic relationships between landlords and tenants are not a
physical invasion. Id. at 220-21. Other federal courts addressing COVID-related
restrictions on eviction have held the same. See Heights Apartments, LLC v. Walz,
510 F. Supp. 3d 789, 812 (D. Minn. 2020); Baptiste v. Kennealy, 490 F. Supp. 3d
353, 388 (D. Mass. 2020).
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No. 82469-4-I/21
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Finally, in Jevons v. Inslee, 2021 WL 4443084 (E.D. Wash. 2021), the court
rejected a taking challenge to Governor Inslee’s COVID-19 eviction moratorium.
The court held that the moratorium “did not require Plaintiffs to submit to a physical
occupation or invasion of their land and did not appropriate Plaintiffs’ right to
exclude.” Id. at *13. “No physical invasion has occurred beyond that agreed to by
Plaintiffs in renting their properties as residential homes, which is naturally subject
to regulation by the state.” Id.
The reasoning contained in these federal cases is persuasive. Neither the
winter eviction ban nor the COVID-eviction ban extension takes away any control
over the property from landlords. They may continue to rent their properties and
to collect rents. 	The ordinances do not forgive any rent obligations owed by
tenants or reduce the amount the tenants must pay in arrearages. 	And the
landlords retain the right to evict tenants at the end of the winter or six months after
the expiration of the COVID civil emergency. 	We conclude that neither eviction
ban constitutes a per se physical taking in violation of article 1, section 16 of the
Washington Constitution.
C. Procedural Due Process
The Landlords argue that each ordinance violates their procedural due
process right to a meaningful opportunity to be heard before they are deprived of
their property rights. We agree as to the six-month eviction ban extension’s self-
certification provision, but otherwise affirm the trial court.
Article I, section 3 of the Washington Constitution states: “No person shall
be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” Our state due
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No. 82469-4-I/22
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process protection against the arbitrary exercise of the powers of government has
both procedural and substantive components. 	Yim, 194 Wn.2d at 688. 	“The
procedural component provides that ‘[w]hen a state seeks to deprive a person of
a protected interest’, the person must ‘receive notice of the deprivation and an
opportunity to be heard to guard against erroneous deprivation.’ ” Id. (quoting
Amunrud v. Bd. of Appeals, 158 Wn.2d 208, 216, 143 P.3d 571 (2006). 	A
procedural due process claim has two distinct elements: (1) the deprivation of a
constitutionally protected liberty or property interest; and (2) a denial of adequate
procedural protections. 	Webb v. Washington State University, 15 Wn. App. 2d
505, 516, 475 P.3d 1051 (2020).14
1. 	Deprivation of Constitutionally-Protected Property Interests
To meet their burden, the Landlords must first demonstrate that the
ordinances constitute a deprivation of a constitutionally-protected property interest.
Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 332, 96 S. Ct. 893, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18 (1976);
Bang Nguyen v. Dep't of Health Med. Quality Assur. Comm'n, 144 Wn.2d 516,
522-23, 29 P.3d 689 (2001).
The Landlords identify the property interests at issue here as:
(1) timely paid rent money, which right is protected by State law . . .,
(2) deprivation of the eviction mechanism established by law to assist
in either enforcing timely paid rent or enforcing a timely return of the
rental premises to the owner . . . , (3) forcing landlords to suffer
involuntary physical occupation of an owned real property space,
and (4) deprivation of State law required interest on a current owed
debt.
14 Article I, section three provides protections coextensive to those contained in the U.S.
Constitution’s 14th Amendment. State v. Jordan, 180 Wn.2d 456, 462, 325 P.3d 181 (2014). As
such, federal cases must be given great weight in construing the state due process provision.
Petstel, Inc. v. King County, 77 Wn.2d 144, 153, 459 P.2d 937 (1969).
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No. 82469-4-I/23
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The U.S. Supreme Court has recognized that property owners have a
constitutionally protected right to exclude others from their property. 	Coll. Sav.
Bank v. Fla. Prepaid Postsecondary Educ. Expense Bd., 527 U.S. 666, 673, 119
S. Ct. 2219, 144 L. Ed. 2d 605 (1999) (“The hallmark of a protected property
interest is the right to exclude others. That is one of the most essential sticks in the
bundle of rights that are commonly characterized as property.”) (quoting Kaiser
Aetna, 44 U.S. 164 at 176). Our court has similarly recognized that the right to
exclude 	others 	from 	one’s 	property 	is 	a 	fundamental 	attribute 	of 	property
ownership. 	See Holmquist v. King County, 192 Wn. App. 551, 561-62, 388 P.3d
234 (2016) (“Respecting the paramount right to exclude others, Washington courts
compensate the loss of exclusive possession under a variety of legal theories.”).
The U.S. Supreme Court also considers rental income to be a significant
property interest in the due process context. See U.S. v. James Daniel Good Real
Prop., 510 U.S. 43, 54-55, 114 S. Ct. 492, 126 L. Ed. 2d 490 (1993) (federal
government required to give landowner notice and hearing before seizing home
and ordering tenants to remit rent to the U.S. Marshal).
In the landlord-tenant relationship, both rights are recognized in RCW
59.12.030(3) and RCW 7.28.250. 	These statutes provide that Washington
landlords are entitled to the timely payment of rent and confer on them the right to
file an action for unlawful detainer and to reenter the property upon a default in
payment. 	We thus conclude the Landlords have established that they have
constitutionally protected property rights impacted by the ordinances.
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No. 82469-4-I/24
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The City contends that even if the Landlords have constitutionally protected
property rights, the eviction defenses do not “deprive” the Landlords of this
property because the eviction bans are temporary in nature. 	But the Landlords’
property interests 	are protected 	under 	procedural 	due 	process even 	if 	the
challenged deprivation is temporary. In Sniadach v. Family Finance Corp. of Bay
View, 395 U.S. 337, 338-39, 89 S. Ct. 1820, 23 L. Ed. 2d. 349 (1969), the Court
held that a Wisconsin garnishment statute, allowing for prejudgment garnishment
of wages, violated due process principles even if the deprivation of income was
temporary because “in the interim the wage earner is deprived of his enjoyment of
earned wages without any opportunity to be heard and to tender any defense he
may have.” In a concurring opinion, Justice Harlan clarified that “[t]he ‘property’ of
which petitioner has been deprived is the use of the garnished portion of her wages
during the interim period between the garnishment and the culmination of the main
suit.” Id. at 342 (J. Harlan, concurring). See also, Fuentes v. Shevin, 407 U.S. 67,
84-85, 92 S. Ct. 1983, 32 L. Ed. 2d. 556 (1972) (“it is now well settled that a
temporary, nonfinal deprivation of property is nonetheless a ‘deprivation’ in the
terms of the Fourteenth Amendment); Olympic Forest Prods., Inc. v. Chaussee
Corp., 82 Wn.2d 418, 419, 511 P.2d 1002 (1973) (prejudgment garnishment of
$30,000 was deprivation of significant property interest).
The winter eviction ban temporarily deprives the Landlords of their right to
exclude nonpaying tenants and to receive rental income by barring the Landlords
from removing these tenants and from renting the property to someone who can
pay. 	The six-month eviction ban extension similarly deprives the Landlords of
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No. 82469-4-I/25
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these 	same 	property 	rights 	for 	six months 	after 	the expiration of 	the 	civil
emergency. 	Although the Landlords are only temporarily barred from evicting
nonpaying tenants, the winter eviction ban and six-month eviction ban extension
nevertheless effectuate a deprivation of significant property rights. 	Even if a
landlord is eventually able to evict the nonpaying tenant and obtain a judgment for
unpaid rent, the landlord lost the use of the rental income during the interim
period.15
The City argues that the holdings in Sniadach, Fuentes, and Olympic
Forest, should be limited to the prejudgment seizure of a defendant’s assets. But,
in Olympic Forest, the Supreme Court explicitly rejected the argument that the due
process clause applies to certain types of property and not others:
[T]he basic due process requirements of notice and a prior hearing
are not limited to the protection of only certain types of property, for
if the root principle of procedural due process is to be applied with
objectivity, it cannot rest on such distinctions. . . . Where any
‘significant property interest’ is at stake, the safeguards of procedural
due process are applicable.
82 Wn.2d at 428 (quoting Fuentes at 90).
Moreover, the temporary deprivation of access to one’s real estate in the
landlord-tenant context is a significant one. 	The purpose of an unlawful detainer
action is to provide “an expedited method of resolving the right to possession of
property.” Christensen v. Ellsworth, 162 Wn.2d 365, 370-71, 173 P.3d 228 (2007).
This statute recognizes that a tenant who cannot pay rent may be judgment proof
15 The Landlords also argue that Ordinance 126081 deprives them of their property interest in
interest accruing on owed rent. We need not reach the issue because we conclude the ban on the
accrual of interest is preempted by state law.
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No. 82469-4-I/26
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and expediting the tenant’s departure allows the landlord to recover possession of
the property before incurring extensive damages. 	Without the ability to exercise
their rights under the RLTA and unlawful detainer statutes, the Landlords face the
risk of never being able to recover the unpaid rent, even after they are eventually
able to evict the defaulting tenant.16
2. 	Adequacy of Procedural Protections
The 	Landlords 	argue 	that 	none 	of 	the 	ordinances 	contain 	adequate
safeguards to protect against the wrongful deprivation of their property interests.
We conclude that the winter eviction ban and the payment plan ordinance provide
the Landlords with adequate procedural protections to safeguard their identified
property interests, but the COVID six-month eviction ban extension does not.
When determining procedural due process rights, we use the balancing test
of Mathews v. Eldridge:
[C]ourts must balance three factors to determine the process due in
a particular situation: (1) the private interest that will be affected by
the governmental action, (2) the risk of erroneous deprivation and
the probable value of requiring additional procedural safeguards, and
(3) the government's interest, including the fiscal and administrative
burdens that additional procedural safeguards would entail.
City of Redmond v. Moore, 151 Wn.2d 664, 681, 91 P.3d 875 (2004) (citing
Mathews, 424 U.S. at 335).
The private interests implicated by each ordinance are the deprivation of
16 In Auracle Homes, the federal district court rejected the landlords’ procedural due process
challenge to the Connecticut eviction moratorium because of Second Circuit precedent precluding
a party from pursuing a due process claim if the property interest at issue is arguably protected by
the takings clause. 478 F. Supp. 3d at 227. In Washington, however, courts recognize no such
rule and permit the simultaneous prosecution of due process and takings claims. See Guimont v.
City of Seattle, 77 Wn. App. 74, 80, 896 P.2d 70 (1995).
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No. 82469-4-I/27
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rental income. 	In James Daniel Good Real Property, the Supreme Court
concluded that a loss of $900 in rent per month due to government seizure of
claimant Good’s residential property “represents a significant portion of the
exploitable economic value of Good’s home” and therefore “the private interests at
stake in the seizure of real property weigh heavily in the Mathews balance.” 510
U.S. 	43, 	54-55. 	The 	government 	interest 	is 	allowing 	tenants 	to 	avoid
homelessness during the winter or during an unprecedented event, when the
health 	risks 	of 	being 	unsheltered 	are 	extremely 	high. 	Both 	interests 	are
compelling.
The question here is whether the procedures set out in the ordinances are
adequate to minimize the risk that landlords will lose rental income unnecessarily
and whether providing additional safeguards to avoid such risks would impair the
government’s interest in reducing homelessness.
“The fundamental requirement of due process is the opportunity to be heard
‘at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.’ ” 	Mathews, 424 U.S. at 333
(quoting Armstrong v. Manzo, 380 U.S. 545, 552 85 S. Ct. 1187, 14 L. Ed. 2d 62
(1965)). 	Absent “extraordinary circumstances,” “[t]he right to prior notice and a
hearing is central to the Constitution's command of due process.” 	James Daniel
Good Real Property, 510 U.S. at 53. Procedural due process “[a]t its core is a right
to be meaningfully heard, but its minimum requirements depend on what is fair in
a particular context.” In re Det. of Stout, 159 Wn.2d 357, 370, 150 P.3d 86 (2007).
The ordinances create defenses to an action for unlawful detainer. 	A
landlord may not evict anyone without a court order. RCW 59.18.290(1). To obtain
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No. 82469-4-I/28
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a court order, the landlord must file a complaint for unlawful detainer and request
a hearing. 	RCW 59.18.370. 	At the hearing, the tenant may assert any defense
arising out of the tenancy. RCW 59.18.380. The two eviction ban ordinances set
out different conditions that the tenant must meet before a court can delay the
eviction. Because the fairness of any set of procedures is contextual in nature, we
evaluate each of the ordinances separately.
a. 	Winter Eviction Ban
To prevail on a winter eviction ban defense, a tenant must prove that (1) the
eviction would require the tenant to vacate between December 1 and March 1, (2)
the tenant household is “a moderate-income household as defined in [SMC]
23.84A.016,” and (3) the tenants live in housing units “owned by a person who
owns more than four rental housing units” within Seattle. SMC 22.205.080(A)-(C).
Any tenant seeking to avoid eviction between December 1 and March 1 must make
this factual showing at or before the show cause hearing.
The Landlords contend that the winter eviction ban creates an unreasonable
risk of an erroneous deprivation of their property rights because it does not require
the tenant to prove the existence of a financial hardship or a risk of homelessness.
But the tenant must establish their household income fails to meet a designated
threshold, a proxy for financial hardship. 	SMC 23.84A.016 defines “Household,
moderate-income” as “a household whose income does not exceed median
income.” SMC 84A.025 defines "median income" as
annual median family income for the Seattle area, as published
from time to time by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD), with adjustments according to household size
in a manner determined by the Director, which adjustments shall be
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No. 82469-4-I/29
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based upon a method used by the United States Department of
Housing 	and 	Urban 	Development 	to 	adjust 	income 	limits 	for
subsidized 	housing, 	and 	which 	adjustments 	for 	purposes 	of
determining affordability of rents or sale prices shall be based on
the average size of household considered to correspond to the size
of the housing unit (one (1) person for studio units and one and a
half (1.5) persons per bedroom for other units).
HUD sets income limits that determine eligibility for assisted housing programs and
develops income limits for each metropolitan area, parts of some metropolitan
areas, and each non-metropolitan county.17 	The Landlords presented evidence
below that the annual median family income for Seattle in 2019 was $108,600.
According to its website, HUD has set the 2021 income level at $115,700.18
The Landlords argue that it is unfair to permit someone earning $115,700
to remain rent free in their apartments or homes for three months if these
individuals cannot prove that they in fact face homelessness. But the City offered
evidence of a connection between eviction and the risk of homelessness, citing the
“Losing Home” report, published by the Seattle Women’s Commission and King
County Bar Association’s Housing Justice Project in 2018.19 The report found that
37.5 percent of people evicted in King County became unsheltered, another 25
percent live in a shelter or transitional housing, and another 25 percent ended up
staying with family or friends. 	Only 12.5 percent of evicted respondents found
17 	Income 	Limits, 	U.S. 	D EPARTMENT 	OF 	H OUSING 	AND 	U RBAN 	D EVELOPMENT,
https://www.huduser.gov/portal/datasets/il.html#2021_query.
18 Fiscal Year 2022 Income Limits Documentation System, U.S. D EPARTMENT OF H OUSING AND
U RBAN D EVELOPMENT, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/datasets/il/il2021/2021MedCalc.odn (medial
income calculation), https://www.huduser.gov/portal/datasets/il/il12/HUD_sec8_12.pdf (family size
uses four as a base).
19 Seattle Women’s Comm’n & King Cty. Bar Ass’n Housing Justice Project, LOSING H OME : T HE
H UMAN C OST OF EVICTION IN SEATTLE , at 3 (2018)
http://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/SeattleWomensCommission/LosingHome_9-18-
18.pdf (hereafter “LOSING HOME ”).
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No. 82469-4-I/30
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another apartment or home. The City Council cited these statistics as a part of its
legislative findings supporting the winter eviction ban. Given these statistics, it is
highly unlikely that a significant number of individuals facing eviction in the winter
months actually earn a six-figure income.
The Landlords argue that requiring tenants to demonstrate a financial
hardship or an increased risk of homelessness as a precondition to invoking the
winter eviction ban defense would protect the Landlords’ right to evict a defaulting
tenant who is not at risk of becoming homeless. 	But this policy argument would
require us to make a substantive change in the law, rather than to add more
procedural protections.
In Fields v. Department of Early Learning, 193 Wn.2d 36, 43-45, 434 P.3d
999 (2019), four justices of the Supreme Court held that an employee of a licensed
daycare facility had a procedural due process right to challenge a permanent
administrative disqualification from providing licensed child care based on a 30-
year-old robbery conviction. 	But five justices disagreed that the Department of
Early 	Learning 	disqualification 	rule 	violated 	the 	employee’s 	procedural 	due
process rights, with Justice Gordon McCloud concurring in the lead opinion’s result
but doing so on substantive due process grounds. See Id. at 52-53 (McCloud, J.,
concurring); 	Id. 	at 	58 	(Fairhurst, 	J., 	dissenting) 	(procedural 	due 	process
guarantees only that individuals have notice and the opportunity to contest whether
the rule applies to them, not whether it should do so). 	The Landlords’ argument
here is more akin to a substantive, rather than procedural, due process claim. Yet,
the Landlords raise only procedural due process in their briefs.
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No. 82469-4-I/31
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The minimum procedural due process requirements are:
(1) timely and adequate notice of hearing on the probable validity of
the . . . claim which states the basis for the claim and allows the
[responding party] adequate time to prepare for the hearing; (2) an
independent and impartial decision maker; (3) the right to appear
personally at the hearing, with or without retained counsel; (4) the
right at the hearing to confront and cross-examine any adverse
witness and to present evidence and oral argument in support of his
claim or defense; (5) the right to a decision based on applicable legal
rules and evidence adduced at the hearing.
Rogowski v. Hammond, 9 Wn. App. 500, 506, 513 P.2d 285 (1973).
Under 	SMC 	22.205.080(E)(2) 	and 	the 	unlawful 	detainer 	statute, 	the
Landlords have the right to a hearing to challenge the factual veracity of the
tenant’s claimed income level. Nothing prevents the landlord from claiming that a
tenant has the ability to pay rent and has simply chosen not to do so. The winter
eviction ban ordinance satisfies the requirements of procedural due process.
Moreover, the risk of erroneous deprivation is low given that, even where
the court deems the defense applicable, the deprivation of rental income and the
landlord’s ability to evict defaulting tenants is temporary, lasting no more than three
months, after which the landlord may proceed with eviction and seek recovery of
unpaid rent. The winter eviction ban does not violate procedural due process.
b. 	Six-Month COVID Eviction Ban Extension
The Landlords argue that even if the winter eviction defense includes
sufficient procedural safeguards to satisfy due process, the six-month eviction ban
extension does not. We agree.
SMC 22.205.090(B) allows any tenant, regardless of employment status or
income level, to invoke the six-month eviction ban extension by simply submitting
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No. 82469-4-I/32
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a “self-certification” asserting that the tenant has suffered a financial hardship and
is unable to pay rent. 	While SMC 22.205.100, the civil emergency defense,
requires the tenant to actually prove the existence of a financial hardship, SMC
22.205.090 contains no such proof requirement. 	The self-certification provision
does not allow a landlord to challenge the veracity of the tenant’s certification.
Once a tenant submits a declaration of financial hardship, there appears to be no
basis on which the landlord may challenge it.20
The U.S. Supreme Court recently ruled that a similar New York law violates
due process. Chrysafis v. Marks, No. 21A8, 594 U.S. __, 2021 WL 3560766 (Aug.
12, 2021). 	The New York law at issue in Chrysafis offered more procedural
protections than the six month eviction extension does in that it required a tenant
to submit a “self-certification” of financial hardship under penalty of perjury. Id. at
*1. 	The court held that “[t]his scheme violates the Court's longstanding teaching
that ordinarily ‘no man can be a judge in his own case’ consistent with the Due
Process Clause” and indicated that due process would not be satisfied without a
hearing to allow the landlord to challenge the claim of financial hardship. 	Id.
(quoting In re Murchson, 349 U.S. 133, 136, 75 S. Ct. 623, 99 L. Ed. 942 (1955)).
We reach the same conclusion here; under basic due process law, the Landlords
must have an opportunity to challenge the veracity of the tenant’s self-certification
or declaration of financial hardship.
20 Counsel for the City stated at oral argument that a landlord may not challenge the veracity of a
tenant’s self-certification. See Court of Appeals Division 1 Oral Argument recording at 14:40-
15:18 (January 25, 2022).
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No. 82469-4-I/33
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The City has advanced no argument for why such an additional procedural
protection would be unduly burdensome. 	SMC 22.205.100, which provided a
defense to evictions during the civil emergency, applies only where “the tenant has
suffered a financial hardship during the civil emergency” and thus requires the
tenant to prove a financial hardship, presumably with evidence the landlord has
the opportunity to challenge. By neglecting to include this evidentiary requirement
from SMC 22.205.090, the City Council has eliminated the Landlords’ ability to
meaningfully contest the tenant’s assertion of financial hardship.
The 	inability 	to 	challenge 	the 	tenant’s 	self-certification 	creates 	the
unnecessary risk that a court will grant a reprieve from eviction to a tenant who
does not financially need it. The City has failed to demonstrate how the addition
of 	procedural 	protections 	that 	would 	safeguard 	against 	such 	an 	erroneous
deprivation 	would 	cause 	an undue burden 	and outweighs 	the benefits the
protections 	offer. 	The 	six 	month 	eviction 	ban 	extension 	thus 	violates 	the
Landlords’ right to procedural due process.
c. 	Payment Plan Ordinance
The Landlords argue that the payment plan requirement is defective
because it requires no showing of a heightened risk of homelessness on the part
of the tenant. But again, the Landlords are confusing procedural protections with
substantive ones. 	The payment plan defense is not based on a self-certification
by the tenant. 	The ordinance requires a court to determine whether, in fact, the
tenant proffered and the landlord refused to accept a tenant’s installment payment
under the ordinance’s mandated schedule. 	The landlord is free to appear at the
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No. 82469-4-I/34
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show cause hearing and argue that they did in fact accept the payment, or show
that the tenant failed to tender the required installment payment. The law does not
deprive the Landlords of the minimum procedural protections afforded under
Rogowski. This procedure satisfies due process requirements.
D. Privileges and Immunities
Finally, the Landlords argue that the ordinances violate Washington’s
privileges and immunities clause by favoring the rights of Seattle tenants over
those of Seattle landlords. 	We reject this argument because the ordinances do
not implicate fundamental rights under the privileges and immunities clause.
Article I, section 12 of the Washington Constitution provides that “[n]o law
shall be passed granting to any citizen, class of citizens, or corporation other than
municipal, privileges or immunities which upon the same terms shall not equally
belong to all citizens, or corporations.”
Washington courts employ a two-part test to decide if legislation violates
article I, section 12, asking first whether the challenged law grants a “privilege” or
“immunity” for purposes of the state constitution, and, if it does, then asking if there
is a reasonable ground for granting the privilege or immunity. 	Schroeder v.
Weighall, 179 Wn.2d 566, 572-73, 316 P.3d 482 (2014) (citations omitted).
“Not every benefit constitutes a ‘privilege’ or ‘immunity’ for purposes of the
independent article I, section 12 analysis. 	Rather, the benefits triggering that
analysis are only those implicating “ ‘fundamental rights . . . of . . . state . . .
citizenship.’ ” 	Id. at 573 (quoting State v. Vance, 29 Wash. 435, 458, 70 P. 34
(1902)). 	In Schroeder, the Supreme Court recognized that “where a cause of
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action derives from the common law, the ability to pursue it is a privilege of state
citizenship triggering article I, section 12's reasonable ground analysis. 	A law
limiting the pursuit of common law claims against certain defendants therefore
grants those defendants an article I, section 12 ‘immunity.’ ” 	Id. However, rights
left to the discretion of the legislature are not generally considered fundamental.
Martinez-Cuevas v. DeRuyter Bros. Dairy, Inc., 196 Wn.2d 506, 519, 475 P.3d 164
(2020).
The Landlords reference a few rights they claim to be fundamental in the
privileges and immunities context: the right to pursue a claim in court, the right to
conduct rental business, the right to hold and enjoy one’s own property, and the
right to collect debts. 	But the process for eviction, and the respective rights of
tenants and landlords, have been left to the discretion of the legislature. 	Under
these circumstances, we doubt that the ordinances implicate privileges and
immunities concerns.
“An unlawful detainer action is a statutorily created proceeding that provides
an 	expedited 	method 	of 	resolving 	the 	right 	to 	possession 	of 	property.”
Christensen, 162 Wn.2d at 370-71. 	The definition of unlawful detainer, the
procedural requirements to initiate such an action, and even the petitioner’s burden
at trial are specifically set out in chapter 59.12 RCW. The RLTA goes even further
and lays out the respective duties and rights of tenants and landlords, and their
available remedies. 	The ordinances do not prevent the Landlords from pursuing
an unlawful detainer or common law action against a defaulting tenant, nor do they
prevent the Landlords from acquiring or holding property; they regulate the use of
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No. 82469-4-I/36
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property which the Landlords voluntarily chose to subject to residential leases
under the above acts. 	What the Landlords actually seek is the ability to quickly
evict 	a 	tenant 	following 	the 	tenant’s 	default, 	notwithstanding 	seasonal 	or
pandemic-related considerations. 	They cite no authority for the proposition that
they have a fundamental right under article I, section 12.
But even if the ordinances did implicate a fundamental right, the City has
adequately shown there is a reasonable ground for granting the privilege or
immunity. Under the reasonable grounds test, a court will not hypothesize facts to
justify a legislative distinction. Schroeder, 179 Wn.2d at 574 (citing City of Seattle
v. Rogers, 6 Wn.2d 31, 37-38, 106 P.2d 598 (1940)). 	Rather, the court will
scrutinize the legislative distinction to determine whether it in fact serves the
legislature's stated goal. Id. The ordinances must be justified in fact and theory.
Martinez-Cuevas, 196 Wn.2d at 523.
We conclude that the ordinances serve their stated goals and thus meet the
reasonable ground standard. 	The purpose of the winter ban is to “reduc[e] the
number 	of 	individuals 	and 	families 	entering 	into 	homelessness 	during 	the
wintertime.” 	Ordinance 126041 at 2. 	The “Losing Home” report indicates that a
substantial proportion of evicted tenants become homeless. 	L OSING HOME at 3.
The City Council noted that in 2018, the King County Medical Examiner’s Office
investigated the deaths of 194 individuals presumed to be homeless. It also noted
that people experiencing homelessness have a much higher risk than the general
population of developing exposure-related conditions. 	By prohibiting evictions
during winter months, the City Council seeks to lower the number of people who
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No. 82469-4-I/37
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die of or sustain physical injuries associated with being exposed to winter weather.
The winter eviction ban reasonably meets the ordinance’s goal of preventing
homelessness at a time when living unsheltered would cause the most physical
harm.
The purpose of the six-month eviction ban extension is to reduce the
economic impacts and risk of homelessness among tenants in the immediate
aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Ordinance 126075 at 1-2. The repayment
plan requirement shares the same goals. Ordinance 126081 at 1-2. These goals
are also met by providing a defense to eviction and reducing the burden of rental
payments on Seattle tenants.
The Landlords argue that the ordinances lack reasonable grounds because
they are over-inclusive and are not limited to low-income renters at most risk of
homelessness. But the reasonable grounds test includes no such narrow-tailoring
requirement. They merely need to further the legislative body’s stated goals. Each
ordinance meets this requirement and thus survives the reasonable grounds test.
CONCLUSION
We hold that Ordinance 126081’s prohibition on the accrual of interest on
unpaid rent is preempted under state law and is therefore invalid. The trial court’s
preliminary injunction shall remain in effect until such time as the trial court
resolves any outstanding factual or legal issues or rules otherwise. 	We further
hold that the defense to eviction contained in SMC 22.205.090 (Ordinance 126075)
deprives the landlords of their property interest without due process by not
affording them the opportunity to test the veracity of a tenant’s self-certification of
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No. 82469-4-I/38
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financial hardship. We invalidate it on that ground only. We otherwise uphold the
ordinances and affirm the judgment for the City.
WE CONCUR:
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