Personal Restraint Petition Of Paramjit Singh Basra

2m OCT hi i Q; C',
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
In the Matter of the Personal Restraint of
PARAMJIT SINGH BASRA,
Petitioner.
No. 73785-6-
DIVISION ONE
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
FILED: October 31, 2016
Appelwick, J. — Basra was convicted of first degree murder for killing his
wife. This court affirmed the conviction. 	In a personal restraint petition, he alleges
that his rights to be present, to have a public trial, to testify in his own defense, and
to receive effective assistance of counsel were violated. We deny the petition.
FACTS
Paramjit Basra was charged with first degree murder and second degree
felony murder for killing his wife, Harjinder Basra. 	State v. Basra, noted at 178
Wn. App. 1003, 2013 WL 6199251, at*1-2. review denied, 180Wn.2d 1002,321
P.2d 1206(2014).
At trial, Basra argued that his mental illness prevented him from being able
to premeditate and form intent. 	The jury found Basra guilty as charged. ]d_, at *2.

No. 73785-6-1/2
The 	court 	imposed 	a 	standard 	range 	sentence 	on 	the 	first degree 	murder
conviction and vacated the charge of felony murder. 	Id.
Basra appealed, 	and 	this court 	affirmed the conviction. 	Id. 	at *2, *4.
Represented by counsel, Basra filed a personal restraint petition.
DISCUSSION
Basra contends that several errors require this court to reverse and remand
for dismissal or a new trial. Alternatively, he argues that we should remand for a
reference hearing.
A personal restraint petitioner must prove either a constitutional error that
results 	in actual 	and 	substantial 	prejudice 	or 	a 	nonconstitutional 	error 	that
constitutes 	a 	fundamental 	defect 	which 	inherently 	results 	in 	a 	complete
miscarriage of justice. In re Pers. Restraint of Monschke, 160 Wn. App. 479, 488,
251 	P.3d 884 (2010). 	The burden is on the petitioner to prove the error by a
preponderance of the evidence. ]d.
The 	petitioner must support the 	petition 	with 	facts 	and 	the 	evidence
available to support the factual allegations. 	In re Pers. Restraint of Rice, 118
Wn.2d 	876, 	885-86, 828 	P.2d 	1086 	(1992). 	Bald assertions and 	conclusory
statements are not sufficient to entitle the petitioner to a reference hearing. 	Id. at
886. 	If allegations are based on matters outside the record, the petitioner must
demonstrate that competent, admissible evidence would establish the facts. 	Id.
And, if the allegations are based on the knowledge of others, the petitioner must
present their affidavits or other corroborative evidence. ]± 	If the petitioner makes
this threshold showing, the court examines the State's response, which should

No. 73785-6-1/3
identify any material disputed questions of fact. 	]g\ 	If there are material disputed
issues of fact, then the trial court will hold a reference hearing to resolve the factual
questions. 	Id at 886-87.
I. 	Right to be Present
Basra argues that he was not present when several jurorswere excused for
hardship. 	He argues that conducting this proceeding in his absence violated his
right to be present. 	And, he contends that he was denied his right to effective
assistance of appellate counsel when counsel did not raise this issue on direct
appeal.
Criminal defendants have the rightto personal presence at all critical stages
of the trial. Rushen v. Spain, 464 U.S.114, 117, 104 S. Ct. 453, 78 L. Ed. 2d 267
(1983). 	This constitutional right is rooted in the confrontation clause of the Sixth
Amendment to the United States Constitution, but it is also protected by the Due
Process Clause in situations where the defendant is not actually confronting the
witnesses or evidence against him. 	United States v. Gaqnon. 470 U.S. 522, 526,
105 S. Ct. 1482, 84 L. Ed. 2d 486 (1985). A defendant has a due process right to
be present where 	his 	presence has a reasonably substantial 	relation to his
opportunity to defend 	against the charge, 	id 	Article 	I, 	section 	22 	of the
Washington Constitution also explicitly guarantees the right to be present. Wash.
Const, art. I, § 22.
Basra contends that this case is controlled by State v. Irbv, 170 Wn.2d 874,
246 P .3d 796 (2011). 	In irby, prospective jurors filled out questionnaires. 	170
Wn.2d at 877. The trial judge sent an e-mail tothe prosecutor and defense counsel

No. 73785-6-1/4
suggesting that certain jurors be removed from the panel based on their answers
to the questionnaires, 	jd at 877-78. 	Via e-mail, Irby's counsel agreed to release
all of the jurors mentioned, and the prosecutor agreed to release seven of the ten.
Id at 878. The judge sent another e-mail indicating that those seven jurors would
be excused. 	Id The minutes demonstrated that Irby was in custody at the time of
these e-mails, and the record did not show that Irby was consulted about the
dismissal of the jurors, jd On appeal, the court held that conducting juryselection
in this manner, with Irby absent, violated Irby's right to be present. 	Id at 884.
Here, the court began jury selection on February 6, 2012. 	Potential jurors
filled out a questionnaire that included questions about their prior jury service,
connection with law enforcement and the legal system, prior testimony, and close
friends or relatives who have been victims of similar crimes. 	Afterward, the court
identified the 39 jurors who had indicated that it would be a hardship for them to
serve. 	The court suggested that these jurors be dismissed so the parties could
focus on the potential jurors who were likely candidates for this case. 	The State
responded that it had no objection, and Basra's counsel stated, "That's fine with
us." Those 39 jurors were excused.
The court then noted that a number of other potential jurors could serve, but
they had indicated on the questionnaires that they would like to speak outside the
presence of the other jurors. 	These jurors were brought into the courtroom
individually. 	The court gave the attorneys the opportunity to examine the jurors.
Several of these jurors were then dismissed.

No. 73785-6-1/5
Basra argues that he was not present based on a statement appearing at
the beginning of the transcript for that day: "(On February 6, 2012, with counsel for
the parties present. . .)." 	The transcript does not note Basra's presence. 	Basra
also offers his own declaration, in which he states that he reviewed a copy of the
transcript after trial. 	He says,
During that review, I discovered for the first time that my attorneys,
the prosecutor, and the judge met without me to excuse certain jurors
for 'hardship.' 	I did not waive my right to be present at that part of
my trial. 	Instead, if given a choice, I would have demanded to be
present. 	In addition, I would likely not have agreed to excuse all of
the jurors for cause.
Basra 	refers 	generally 	to 	the 	challenged 	proceeding 	as 	"Hardship
Excusals." 	But, the Irby court limited its holding to proceedings that test jurors'
fitness 	to 	serve 	on 	a 	particular 	case, 	rather 	than 	examine 	jurors' 	general
qualifications. 170 Wn.2d at 882. Thus, the right to be present did not attach when
the court in this case dismissed 39 jurors for hardship. 	To the extent Basra
challenges this portion of the proceeding, we conclude he was not denied the right
to be present.
Basra does not explicitly claim he was absent for voir dire of individual
jurors. Basra must do more than simply make conclusory allegations that he was
not present during jury selection. 	See Rice, 118 Wn.2d at 886. 	He states in his
declaration that he 	concluded 	he 	was 	not 	present solely after reviewing the
transcript. 	But, he must present evidence showing that his factual allegations are
not based solely on speculation, conjecture, or inadmissible hearsay. Id The type

No. 73785-6-1/6
of conjecture in Basra's declaration does not point to evidence that would support
his allegations.
Additionally, 	the 	State 	has 	offered evidence 	that 	contradicts 	Basra's
conclusory allegations. 	The State has provided the clerk's minute entry for the
February 6, 2012 hearing. 	Those minutes state, "Deft, respective counsel[,] and
interpreters^] Sarbjit Singh and Santosa Wahl[,] are present in [cjourt." 	The
abbreviation "Deft" and the listing of interpreters establish that Basra was in fact
present during this proceeding. A reference hearing is therefore not necessary on
this issue.
The burden is on Basra to prove an error by a preponderance of the
evidence. Monschke, 160 Wn. App. at 488. Basra has failed to meet his burden.
Basra also argues that he was denied his right to effective assistance of
appellate counsel due to counsel's failure to raise this issue on his direct appeal.
To succeed on a claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, Basra must
show the merit of the legal issue that counsel did not raise on appeal and also
show that he was prejudiced. 	In re Pers. Restraint of Netherton, 177 Wn.2d 798,
801, 306 P.3d 918 (2013). Since the evidence does not support Basra's claim that
he was absent during this proceeding, he fails to establish that it was error not to
raise this claim on direct appeal.
II. 	Right to a Public Trial
Basra also contends that he was denied his right to a public trial when the
trial court called three jurors into the courtroom individually for questioning about
their questionnaires.

No. 73785-6-1/7
Criminal defendants have the right to a public trial, which is guaranteed by
both the state and federal constitutions. 	U.S. Const, amend. VI; Wash. Const.
art. I, § 22. And, the Washington Constitution additionally guarantees the right of
a trial that is open to the public. 	Wash. Const, art. I, § 10. These provisions are
collectively referred to as the public trial right. 	State v. Love, 183 Wn.2d 598, 605,
354P.3d841 (2015).
Washington courts follow a three step inquiry in public trial cases. Id 	First,
the court determines whether a public trial right attaches to the proceeding, 	jd.
Then, if the right attaches, the court asks whether the courtroom was closed. 	Id
Lastly, the court asks if that closure was justified, 	jd 	The burden is on the
defendant for the first two steps, and on the proponent of the closure for the third.
id.
In Love, voir dire questioning occurred in open court, id at 602. For cause
challenges were done at the bench, but on the record, 	id 	Counsel exercised
peremptory challenges by passing a sheet of juror names between themselves,
jd at 602-03. 	On appeal, Love argued that this procedure violated his right to a
public trial, 	id at 604. 	The court disagreed, reasoning that while the public trial
right attaches to jury selection, Love had failed to show a courtroom closure, 	id
at 605-06. 	Because no portion of the process was concealed from the public, the
public could scrutinize the entire jury selection process. 	Jd at 606-07. 	Thus,
Love's right to a public trial was not violated. Jd. at 607.
Similarly, in this case the public trial right attached to the proceeding in
which individual jurors were questioned. But, Basra has not demonstrated that the
courtroom 	was closed during 	this proceeding. 	He alleges that the court's

No. 73785-6-1/8
statements to the individual jurors prior to examining them demonstrate that the
courtroom was closed. 	After the jurors 	indicated that they wished to speak
privately, the court called them in one at a time and permitted the attorneys to ask
questions. 	The court told each juror, "The attorneys have some questions for you
about your answers. 	What you tell us is just for the people in the room. 	And I'd
ask you not to talk about it to the other jurors." 	From this language, it is clear that
the court was informing the jurors that their conversations were closed to the other
jurors. The court did not indicate that the courtroom was closed to any member of
the general public. 	Like in Love, any member of the public could have observed
the questioning, because no part of it was conducted in private, 	jd at 607. 	The
fact that this proceeding was on the record further indicates that it was open to the
public. 	See id.
Nonetheless, 	Basra argues 	that a 	reference 	hearing is warranted to
determine whether the 	courtroom 	was 	actually 	closed. 	The 	record 	here 	is
insufficient to create a question of fact as to whether the courtroom was closed.
His conclusory allegation thatthe courtroom was closed does not merit a reference
hearing.
Basra has not met his burden to establish error by a preponderance of the
evidence. 	Accordingly, counsel's decision not to raise this issue on direct appeal
was not ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. See Netherton, 177 Wn.2d at
801.

No. 73785-6-1/9
III. 	Right to Testify
Basra argues that he was effectively denied the rightto testify when counsel
asked him a series of questions on a single topic. He argues that the rightto testify
must, at a minimum, include the right to testify to the basic, relevant facts of the
defense. 	In support of this argument, Basra provides his own declaration and the
declaration of an experienced defense attorney.
A defendant has a fundamental constitutional right to testify in his or her
own defense. 	Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44, 51-53, 107 S. Ct. 2704, 97 L. Ed.
2d 37 (1987). 	On a federal level, the right to testify is implicitly based in the Fifth,
Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, 	id 	The
Washington constitution explicitly protects the right to testify. Wash. Const, art. I,
§ 22. 	This fundamental right cannot be abrogated by counsel or the court. 	State
v. Robinson, 138 Wn.2d 753, 758, 982 P.2d 590 (1999). Only the defendant, not
counsel, has the authority to decide whether or not to testify. 	State v. Thomas,
128 Wn.2d 553, 558, 910 P.2d 475 (1996). Adefendant's right to testify is violated
if the final decision not to testify was made against the defendant's will. 	Robinson,
138Wn.2dat763.
This court reviews claims of denial 	of the right to testify as ineffective
assistance of counsel arguments, 	id at 765-66. 	To succeed on a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel, 	a defendant must 	show (1) that counsel's
representation 	was deficient 	in 	that 	it 	fell 	below 	an 	objective 	standard 	of
reasonableness, and (2) this deficient representation prejudiced the defendant,
meaning that there is a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding

No. 73785-6-1/10
would have been different absent counsel's errors. State v. McFarland. 127 Wn.2d
322, 334-35, 899 P.2d 1251 (1995); Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687,
104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984).
Basra testified in his own defense at trial. 	Defense counsel asked a series
of questions, all having to do with Basra's turban. 	Counsel asked when Basra
began wearing a turban, whether he wears one every day, and if the turban is an
important part of his religion. 	Counsel also asked whether Basra was wearing a
turban on the morning of July 27, 2009 and what color that turban was. 	Basra
replied that he was wearing a turban, but he did not remember its color. 	He said
that several police officers reported that the turban was orange, another officer
stated that it was red, and the photographs from the time he was arrested showed
that it was either maroon or brown. 	The State asked Basra one question: "You
killed your wife?" 	Defense counsel objected to this question as outside the scope
of direct, and the court sustained the objection.
Here, Basra cannot show deficient performance. 	Basra was not denied the
right to testify. 	He insistedthat he wished to testify, and his attorneys provided him
that opportunity. Counsel did not prevent Basra from testifying.
Additionally, while the questions about Basra's turban may seem irrelevant,
the record reveals that this issue was very important to Basra. 	He wrote a letter to
the 	court 	explaining that 	he 	had 	identified 	the 	police officers' 	inconsistent
statements and urged his attorney to investigate the color of his turban, but she
did not do so. 	He emphasized his belief that if the officers were lying about or
could not recognize the color of his turban, their testimony could not be admissible.
10

No. 73785-6-1/11
By examining Basra about his turban, counsel gave Basra an opportunity to speak
on an issue of great importance to him.
Further, counsel's performance is not deficient if it can be characterized as
legitimate trial strategy or tactics. State v. Grier, 171 Wn.2d 17, 33, 246 P.3d 1260
(2011). 	Dr. Vincent Gollogly testified as to Basra's report of depression and
Basra's memory of the day of the killing. 	Had Basra testified to recount what
happened on that day, 	he would have opened the door to cross-examination
regarding any inconsistencies in his statements. 	Considering this, 	it was not
objectively unreasonable for Basra's counsel to develop a strategy that relied on
Dr. Gollogly rather than Basra to tell his story.
Basra argues that a reference hearing is necessary for prejudice to be
assessed. 	But, he has failed to allege facts that show counsel's performance was
deficient. Therefore, we do not need to reach the question of prejudice. See In re
Pers. Restraint of Crace, 174 Wn.2d 835, 847, 280 P.3d 1102 (2012) ("We need
not consider both prongs of Strickland (deficient performance and prejudice) if a
petitioner fails on one."). We hold that Basra was not denied the right to testify.
IV. 	Failure to Investigate
Basra argues that he received ineffective assistance of trial counsel when
counsel did not investigate medical factors that contributed to Basra's mental
illness. Basra contends that he urged counsel to seek blood testing to corroborate
his mental illness, but counsel did not do so until months after the murder. 	And,
he alleges that counsel failed to provide these results to the expert witness. 	He
11

No. 73785-6-1/12
asserts that this error prejudiced him, because he had a thyroid disorder, which is
medically linked to depression.
Counsel's performance is given a strong presumption of effectiveness, in
re Pers. Restraint of Davis, 152Wn.2d647, 673, 101 P.3d 1 (2004). To determine
whether counsel's performance is deficient, the court must consider whether
counsel's assistance was reasonable considering all of the circumstances. 	In re
Pers. Restraint of Brett, 142 Wn.2d 868. 873, 16 P.3d 601 (2001). 	To provide
adeguate assistance, counsel must conduct a reasonable investigation that would
enable counsel to make informed decisions about the best method of representing
the client, id 	Ineffective assistance claims based on the duty to investigate must
be assessed in light of the strength of the State's case. Davis, 152 Wn.2d at 722.
Failing to investigate medical evidence that is relevant to developing an
informed theory of the case can fall below an objectively reasonable standard. See
Brett, 142 Wn.2d at 880; State v. Fedoruk, 184 Wn. App. 866, 883, 339 P.3d 233
(2014). 	For example, in Brett, defense counsel knew that Brett had a history of
physical and mental health problems. 	142 Wn.2d at 880. 	Medical evidence would
have been 	available at the time of trial 	preparation if defense counsel 	had
reasonably investigated, id 	But, defense counsel did not seek to retain a mental
health expert until just one month before the trial, 	id at 878. 	That expert did not
receive the defendant's medical records until two days before trial, id 	And, the
expert was not qualified to render an expert opinion on the subject for which he
was retained, jd In Fedoruk, the defendant had a history ofserious mental illness
and had previously been found not guilty by reason of insanity on several felony
12

No. 73785-6-1/13
charges. 184 Wn. App. at 885. Yet, defense counsel did not retain a mental health
expert or otherwise have Fedoruk's mental health condition evaluated until the day
before jury selection. 	Jd at 881-82. 	Given the State's strong circumstantial
evidence against the defendant, counsel's failure to obtain an expert evaluation
was unreasonable, 	id at 882.
The facts here are distinguishable. 	Here, Basra's trial counsel investigated
his mental health conditions. 	Counsel retained an expert, 	Dr. Gollogly. 	Dr.
Gollogly examined Basra and diagnosed him with depression. 	Medical evidence
showing that Basra's depression was caused by a thyroid disorder, while relevant,
would 	have merely corroborated Basra's self-report by showing 	that Basra's
symptoms were consistent with a thyroid disorder. 	It would not have necessarily
changed the diagnosis. 	Neither the diagnosis nor the cause was at issue at trial.
Rather, the issue was whether Basra'sdepression interfered with his ability to form
intent. Counsel conducted a reasonable investigation by retaining an expert who
examined Basra. We conclude that counsel's performance was not deficient.1
V. 	Closing Argument
Basra 	argues 	that 	his 	trial 	counsel 	provided 	ineffective 	assistance 	of
counsel 	by 	conceding 	that 	Basra 	was 	guilty 	of 	manslaughter 	without 	his
permission. 	Basra argues that this error entitles this court to automatically find
1 Because we conclude that counsel's performance was not deficient, we
need not reach the question of prejudice. See Crace, 174 Wn.2d at 847. However,
we note that the State's expert also concluded that Basra suffered from acute
depression. 	The cause of this depression was not at issue, only whether it
prevented Basra from forming the intent to commit the crime charged.
13

No. 73785-6-1/14
prejudice and overturn his conviction. 	Alternatively, he contends that this claim
should be remanded for a reference hearing.
Defense counsel began closing argument by stating, "Guilty. Guilty. That's
the finding that we think this jury is going to make." 	He continued, "The next
question, though, is: Guilty of what?" Counsel clarified,
Now, let me make it clear, our position as Defense is that Mr.
Basra is not guilty, not guilty of any of the crimes, not guilty as
charged, or of any of the lesser offenses, based on him having
mental illness at the time, on July 27th, based on the mental illness
interfering with his ability to form intent, and to form premeditated
intent to murder his wife.
But, counsel recognized that the jury might find that Basra is guilty ofmanslaughter
in the second degree. Counsel returned to this theme at the end of his argument,
telling the jury that while this seems like a complicated case, at the end it comes
down to the fact that a man suffered from mental illness and it resulted in his wife's
death. 	Counsel concluded,
You folks can just go ahead and just go back there and just
be, like, not guilty. 	Okay, that's fine. 	That's what our first position
would be. 	That's what we prefer. 	But you're going to give it some
thought. You can spend a whole bunch of time trying to grapple with
all of these different] theories the Prosecution's thrown out there.
Premeditated, intentional, reckless, you know, felony murder,
felony murder under reckless, felony murder strangulation: You can
just reject all ofthat if you want. You can just put 'not guilty' on there.
Go ahead and fill in 'guilty' on the Manslaughter in the Second
Degree, and you'll be done.
Counsel offered two alternatives for the jury: preferably, the jury would find Basra
not guilty, because his mental illness interfered with his ability to form intent, but
14

No. 73785-6-1/15
otherwise, the jury should stop at finding him guilty of manslaughter in the second
degree.
Counsel's performance is strongly presumed to be reasonable. 	Grier, 171
Wn.2d at 33. 	Where counsel's conduct can be characterized as legitimate trial
strategy or tactics, performance is not deficient, 	jd 	A defendant may rebut the
presumption that counsel's performance was not deficient by demonstrating that
there is no conceivable legitimate tactic explaining counsel's performance. 	State
v. Reichenbach, 153 Wn.2d 126, 130, 101 P.3d 80 (2004).
In certain circumstances where the evidence of guilt on a particular charge
is overwhelming, counsel may concede guilt of that charge to the jury. 	State v.
Silva, 106 Wn. App. 586, 596, 24 P.3d 477 (2001); State v. Hermann, 138 Wn.
App. 596, 605, 158 P.3d 96 (2007). 	Conceding guilt can be a sound trial strategy
when the evidence of guilt is overwhelming and the charge in question is a lesser
charge, so there is an advantage to be gained. 	Silva, 106 Wn. App. at 596. 	The
attorney does not need to consult with the client before pursuing this kind of
strategy, 	jd 	Where a concession is a sound trial strategy or tactic, it does not
constitute deficient performance. 	Hermann, 138 Wn. App. at 605.
Here, counsel did not concede guilt entirely on the manslaughter in the
second degree charge. 	Counsel emphasized multiple times that the defense's
primary position was that Basra was not guilty. 	However, even if we were to treat
counsel's statements as conceding guilt, Basra has shown no error. The evidence
that Basra killed his wife was overwhelming. 	His daughter, who witnessed the
killing, testified. 	Basra, 2013 WL 6199251, at *1. The State played a recording of
15

No. 73785-6-1/16
her calls to 911, in which she said that Basra was "beating" Harjinder, that he tried
to kill Harjinder by "pushing her neck," and that "he grabbed a rope and just put it
on my mom's neck." id 	The police officers who arrived at the scene testified as
to Basra's statements to them: "Ah, ah, the problem is I killed my wife. 	She's in
the room to the right;" "I have family problems;" and "She has problems with men,
so I killed her." 	The issue was whether he was capable of forming the intent to
commit a crime. Manslaughter in the second degree was the least serious charge
that Basra faced, and a conviction on this charge required only criminal negligence.
Conceding guilt on this charge would have been consistent with Basra's defense
that due to his mental illness, he could not form the requisite intent for premeditated
intentional murder, intentional murder, or intentional assault. We conclude that to
the extent counsel admitted guilt of manslaughter in the second degree, it was in
accordance 	with 	a 	sound 	trial 	strategy, 	and 	did 	not 	constitute 	deficient
performance. Therefore, we deny Basra's claim of ineffective assistance.
We deny the petition.
WE CONCUR:
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16