* Leo Gleason, Appellant V. Brian And Liza Cohen, Respondents

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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
LEO TIMOTHY GLEASON No. 46398-9-II
Appellant,
v.
BRIAN COHEN and LIZA COHEN, husband
and wife, and the marital community composed
thereof,
PUBLISHED OPINION
Respondent.
MAXA, J. —Leo Timothy Gleason was injured by a falling tree while helping Brian
Cohen cut down trees on Cohen’s property. The trial court granted Cohen’s motion for summary
judgment, ruling that Gleason’s claim was barred by the doctrine of “implied primary”
assumption of risk because he was aware of the risk that the particular tree he was cutting down
could fall on him. Gleason appeals, arguing that the trial court improperly applied implied
primary assumption of risk to bar his claim. Gleason argues that “implied unreasonable”
assumption of risk, which does not operate as a complete bar to recovery, applies because the
negligence of Cohen and workers he hired increased the risk of Gleason being injured by a
falling tree.
We hold that the doctrine of implied primary assumption of risk may not be applicable
under the facts of this case because there is a question of fact whether Gleason was injured by the
negligence of Cohen and his workers rather than by a risk inherent in cutting down trees. If
Gleason establishes such negligence, implied unreasonable assumption of risk applies, which
Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
February 24, 2016
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

No. 46398-9-II
2
would reduce Gleason’s recovery but not bar his claim. Therefore, we reverse the trial court’s
grant of summary judgment in favor of Cohen and remand for proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
FACTS
Gleason was injured while cutting down a tree on property owned by Brian and Liza
Cohen. Gleason was not a professional logger, but he had extensive experience cutting down
trees and had been exposed to tree-cutting his whole life. He previously had worked cutting
down dangerous trees and trees over houses using chokers and chainsaws. Gleason testified that
being around logging as much as he was, he knew cutting down trees was dangerous and that he
was always hearing about people getting hurt.
Gleason posted an ad selling firewood. Cohen saw the ad and offered to trade trees that
were on Cohen’s property for Gleason’s firewood. Gleason agreed.1
Cohen had two men working on the property cutting down trees when Gleason and three
friends he had recruited arrived. Gleason expected their job would be only to load downed trees
onto Gleason’s trailer and transport them to a mill. Gleason, his friends, and Cohen’s workers
began stacking the already cut trees onto Gleason’s trailer. After the wood was stacked on the
trailer, Cohen asked if Gleason could help cut down a few more trees. Cohen and Gleason came
to an understanding that Cohen would pay Gleason $100 for each tree that he cut down as
1 Gleason and Cohen provide different accounts of the events and circumstances that transpired
on the day Gleason was hurt. Because this is an appeal from a summary judgment order against
Gleason, we view the facts in the light most favorable to Gleason. Wirtz v. Gillogly, 152 Wn.
App. 1, 7, 216 P.2d 416 (2009). Therefore, the facts recited in this opinion primarily come from
Gleason’s testimony and the testimony of his witness.
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

No. 46398-9-II
3
payment for gas money to get home or to the mill. Cohen walked Gleason around the property,
pointing out which trees he wanted removed.
Gleason did not want to cut down the tree that ended up falling on him. He did not feel
safe cutting down that tree because of its proximity to Cohen’s house, Cohen’s car, and other
obstacles. Gleason also believed that Cohen’s workers had placed the choker improperly on the
tree, and asked them to adjust the choker. Cohen’s workers told him the choker was hooked up
correctly and that he would be safe. Gleason told Cohen that he did not want to cut this tree
down because he was tired, he knew the tree was unsafe, and it was raining. But Gleason
testified that he agreed to cut the tree down because Cohen refused to pay him for any of the
work that day unless the tree was cut down.
Gleason testified that he face cut the tree that eventually struck him, as is the normal
practice when cutting down trees. Cohen’s workers applied pressure on the tree using the choker
and winch. Gleason positioned himself at the base on the other side of the tree, away from where
Cohen’s workers were pulling and away from where the tree was going to fall. As Gleason cut
the tree from the back side, the tree slid off the stump and hung up in the branches of some
nearby trees. Cohen’s workers pushed on the tree, trying to dislodge it from the other branches.
During this time, Gleason remained on the backside of the tree near the base.
At this point, something went wrong and Gleason yelled for everyone to run. Gleason
left his position at the base of the tree as well, but cannot remember where or why he ran. The
falling tree struck and seriously injured Gleason. Gleason believes Cohen’s workers placed the
choker improperly on the tree, which caused it to fall the way it did.
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

No. 46398-9-II
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Gleason filed a lawsuit against Cohen. Cohen filed a summary judgment motion
regarding liability. The superior court granted summary judgment in favor of Cohen, ruling that
Gleason was barred from recovery because Gleason assumed the risk of injury. Gleason appeals.
ANALYSIS
This case involves the distinction between implied primary assumption of risk, which
operates as a complete bar to recovery, and implied unreasonable assumption of risk, which is
subsumed into contributory negligence and merely reduces the plaintiff’s recoverable damages
based on comparative fault.
Here, implied primary assumption of risk applies to Gleason’s knowing encounter of the
risks inherent in the activity of cutting down large trees. However, implied primary assumption
of risk does not apply to Gleason’s knowing encounter of risks not inherent in that activity and
created by Cohen – Cohen’s alleged negligence in selecting the trees to be cut down and the
alleged negligence of Cohen’s workers in placing choker chains on the tree that injured Gleason.
That conduct involves implied unreasonable assumption of risk, which may reduce but does not
bar Gleason’s recovery.
A. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a trial court’s order granting summary judgment de novo. Keck v. Collins,
184 Wn.2d 358, 370, 357 P.3d 1080 (2015). We view the evidence and all reasonable inferences
from the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Id. Summary judgment is
appropriate where there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law. CR 56(c); Keck, 184 Wn.2d at 370.
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

No. 46398-9-II
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B. ASSUMPTION OF THE RISK
At common law, both assumption of risk and contributory negligence operated as total
bars to recovery. Scott v. Pac. W. Mountain Resort, 119 Wn.2d 484, 496, 834 P.2d 6 (1992). In
1973, the legislature first adopted comparative negligence for tort claims. Former RCW
4.22.010. In 1981, the legislature replaced the comparative negligence statute with the current
contributory fault scheme to apportion damages between a negligent plaintiff and a negligent
defendant. See RCW 4.22.005. Under RCW 4.22.005, a plaintiff’s contributory negligence
reduces recoverable damages but does not bar recovery. RCW 4.22.015 defines “fault” to
include “unreasonable assumption of risk.”
Washington law recognizes four categories of the assumption of risk doctrine: (1)
express, (2) implied primary, (3) implied unreasonable, and (4) implied reasonable. Gregoire v.
City of Oak Harbor, 170 Wn.2d 628, 636, 244 P.3d 924 (2010). The first two categories of
assumption of risk – express and implied primary – continue to operate as a complete bar to a
plaintiff’s recovery. See id.; Kirk v. Wash. State Univ., 109 Wn.2d 448, 453-54, 746 P.2d 285
(1987). On the other hand, implied unreasonable and implied reasonable assumption of risk are
subsumed into contributory negligence and merely reduce the plaintiff’s recoverable damages
based on comparative fault. See Scott, 119 Wn.2d at 497.2
Courts have struggled to properly distinguish between implied primary assumption of
risk, which bars the plaintiff’s claim, and implied unreasonable assumption of risk, which simply
2 Because contributory fault subsumes both implied unreasonable and implied reasonable
assumption of risk, there is no meaningful difference between these two types of assumption of
risk. Tincani v. Inland Empire Zoological Soc’y, 124 Wn.2d 121, 143-44 n.8, 875 P.2d 621
(1994).
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

No. 46398-9-II
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reduces the plaintiff’s damages. See Barrett v. Lowe’s Home Centers, Inc., 179 Wn. App 1, 6,
324 P.3d 688 (2013) (acknowledging the difficulty of determining when to apply the two types).
Division One of this court warned long ago that courts must carefully draw the line between
these two types of assumption of risk.
Trial courts are rightfully wary of requests to instruct the jury on implied primary
assumption of the risk. That doctrine, if not boxed in and carefully watched, has
an expansive tendency to reintroduce the complete bar to recovery into territory
now staked out by statute as the domain of comparative negligence.
Dorr v. Big Creek Wood Prods., Inc., 84 Wn. App. 420, 425-26, 927 P.2d 1148 (1996);
see also Kirk, 109 Wn.2d at 455-56 (noting that a rigorous application of implied primary
assumption of risk could undermine the purpose of comparative negligence).
C. DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN TYPES OF ASSUMPTION OF RISK
1. Implied Primary vs. Implied Unreasonable
Implied primary assumption of risk is based on the plaintiff’s implied agreement that the
defendant owes no duty to the plaintiff regarding certain risks. Kirk, 109 Wn.2d at 453.
Specifically, implied primary assumption of risk “arises where a plaintiff has impliedly
consented (often in advance of any negligence by defendant) to relieve defendant of a duty to
plaintiff regarding specific known and appreciated risks.” Scott, 119 Wn.2d at 497. The
plaintiff’s consent to relieve the defendant of any duty is implied based on the plaintiff’s decision
to engage in an activity that involves those known risks.3 See Egan v. Cauble, 92 Wn. App. 372,
377, 966 P.2d 362 (1998).
3 Express assumption of risk occurs when the plaintiff and the defendant expressly have agreed in
advance of the plaintiff’s participation in an activity that the defendant owes no duty to the plaintiff
and therefore that the defendant will not be liable for what otherwise would be negligence. Scott,
119 Wn.2d at 496. The basis of both express and implied primary assumption of risk is “the
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

No. 46398-9-II
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Implied unreasonable assumption of risk does not involve a plaintiff’s consent to relieve
the defendant of a duty. In this type of assumption of risk, the defendant has breached a duty
that creates a risk of harm, and the plaintiff chooses to take that risk. Specifically, implied
unreasonable assumption of risk “involve[s] the plaintiff’s voluntary choice to encounter a risk
created by the defendant’s negligence.” Scott, 119 Wn.2d at 497. The Supreme Court in Scott
quoted with approval the following explanation:
[I]mplied reasonable and unreasonable assumption of risk arise where the plaintiff is
aware of a risk that already has been created by the negligence of the defendant, yet
chooses voluntarily to encounter it. In such a case, plaintiff’s conduct is not truly
consensual, but is a form of contributory negligence, in which the negligence consists of
making the wrong choice and voluntarily encountering a known unreasonable risk.
Id. at 499 (quoting Leyendecker v. Cousins, 53 Wn. App. 769, 774, 770 P.2d 675 (1989)).
Significantly, implied primary assumption of risk is the exception rather than the rule in
assumption of risk situations. Implied primary assumption of risk occupies a very “narrow
niche.” Dorr, 84 Wn. App. at 426. “In most situations, a plaintiff who has voluntarily
encountered a known specific risk has, at worst, merely failed to use ordinary care for his or her
own safety, and an instruction on contributory negligence is all that is necessary and
appropriate.” Id.
2. Voluntarily Encountering a Known Risk Inherent in the Activity
Cohen argues that implied primary assumption of risk applies any time a plaintiff
voluntarily encounters a known risk. This argument reflects a misunderstanding of the different
types of assumption of risk.
plaintiff’s consent to the negation of a duty by the defendant with regard to those risks assumed
by the plaintiff.” Kirk, 109 Wn.2d at 453-54.
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

No. 46398-9-II
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Cohen is correct that voluntarily choosing to encounter a specific risk is an element of
implied primary assumption of risk. Gregoire, 170 Wn.2d at 636. However, as noted above,
voluntarily choosing to encounter a known risk also is an element of implied unreasonable
assumption of risk. Scott, 119 Wn.2d at 497. By definition, voluntarily assuming a risk of harm
is an essential characteristic of all types of assumption of risk. See RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF
TORTS § 496A (1965). Therefore, the mere fact that a plaintiff has voluntarily encountered a
known risk does not determine whether implied primary assumption of risk applies.
3. Inherent Risks of an Activity
Whether implied primary assumption of risk applies depends upon whether the plaintiff
has been injured by an inherent risk of an activity. The Supreme Court in Scott made it clear that
implied primary assumption of risk means that “the plaintiff assumes the dangers that are
inherent in and necessary to” a particular activity. 119 Wn.2d at 500-01. Since Scott,
Washington courts repeatedly have identified implied primary assumption of risk with the
inherent risks of an activity. See Tincani v. Inland Empire Zoological Soc’y, 124 Wn.2d 121,
144, 875 P.2d 621 (1994); Barrett, 179 Wn. App. at 6, 8-9; Lascheid v. City of Kennewick, 137
Wn. App. 633, 641-42, 154 P.3d 307 (2007); Taylor v. Baseball Club of Seattle, LP, 132 Wn.
App. 32, 37-39, 130 P.3d 835 (2006); Dorr, 84 Wn. App. at 427.
The classic example of implied primary assumption of risk involves participation in
sports, where a person knows that the risk of injury is a natural part of such participation.
One who participates in sports “assumes the risks” which are inherent in the sport.
To the extent a plaintiff is injured as a result of a risk inherent in the sport, the
defendant has no duty and there is no negligence. . . . A defendant simply does not
have a duty to protect a sports participant from dangers which are an inherent and
normal part of a sport.
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

No. 46398-9-II
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Scott, 119 Wn.2d at 498.
On the other hand, implied primary assumption of risk does not apply if the defendant
engages in negligent acts that increase the inherent risks of an activity.
While participants in sports are generally held to have impliedly assumed the risks
inherent in the sport, such assumption of risk does not preclude a recovery for
negligent acts which unduly enhance such risks.
Scott, 119 Wn.2d at 501 (emphasis added). See also Barrett, 179 Wn. App. at 6 (stating that
“[w]hen the defendant’s negligent acts increase the risks, then the plaintiff is not assumed to
have consented to those additional risks.”). This rule is consistent with the definition of implied
unreasonable assumption of risk: the plaintiff’s voluntary choice to encounter a risk created by
the defendant’s negligence. Scott, 119 Wn.2d at 497.
Several cases are instructive. In Kirk, the plaintiff was injured while practicing as a
member of the Washington State University cheerleading squad. 109 Wn.2d at 449-50. The
Supreme Court held that although implied primary assumption of risk may apply to the specific
risks involved in cheerleading, it did not apply to other risks created by the defendant that were
not inherent in that sport. Id. at 454-57. As the court later explained in Scott:
Although the plaintiff in Kirk did assume the risks inherent in the sport of
cheerleading, she did not assume the risks caused by the university’s negligent
provision of dangerous facilities or improper instruction or supervision. Those
were not risks “inherent” in the sport.
119 Wn.2d at 498-99.
In Scott, the plaintiff was injured while skiing at a commercial ski resort when he hit an
abandoned shed adjacent to a slalom race course. 119 Wn.2d at 487-88. The Supreme Court
held that although the implied primary assumption of risk applied to the risks inherent in the
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

No. 46398-9-II
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sport of skiing, it did not apply to the defendant’s negligence in placing a race course
dangerously close to the shed. Id. at 500-03.
In Tincani, the plaintiff was injured at a zoological and botanical preserve when he
attempted to climb down a rocky cliff. 124 Wn.2d at 126. The Supreme Court held that implied
primary assumption of risk did not apply because the risk of serious injury was not inherent in,
and necessary to, visiting a zoo. Id. at 144-45. The court stated:
The jury’s verdict indicates that it concluded Tincani voluntarily chose to encounter
a risk created by the Zoo’s negligence. This type of assumption of risk is called
‘unreasonable assumption of risk’ [which] . . . retains no independent significance
from contributory negligence.
Id. at 145 (citations omitted).
In Dorr, the plaintiff was injured by a falling tree limb when visiting a friend at a remote
logging site. 84 Wn. App at 423. The plaintiff was aware of the danger of large limbs that get
caught up in standing trees that later fall with little warning, but he continued onto the site after
his friend waved him forward. Id. Division One of this court held that although implied primary
assumption of risk applied to the risks inherent in visiting an active logging site, it did not apply
to the defendant’s alleged negligence in directing the plaintiff into the hazard. Id. at 428-30.
These cases reveal that whether implied primary assumption of risk applies does not
depend of whether the plaintiff has voluntarily encountered a known risk. It depends on whether
the risk the plaintiff encountered was inherent in the activity in which the plaintiff was engaged.
And implied primary assumption of risk does not apply when the plaintiff has knowingly
encountered an additional risk that the defendant has created.
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

No. 46398-9-II
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D. ASSUMING RISK OF CUTTING TREES
Here, Gleason agreed to cut certain trees for Cohen. There is no question that implied
primary assumption of risk applies to the dangers inherent in cutting down trees. If the fact
finder determines that a tree simply fell on Gleason in the regular course of his tree cutting
activities, any claims against Cohen as the owner of the trees or the owner of the property will be
barred. This court held in Wirtz v. Gillogly that cutting down trees is inherently dangerous and
subject to implied primary assumption of risk. 152 Wn. App. 1, 8-9, 216 P.3d 416 (2009).
However, Gleason claims that Cohen and his workers engaged in additional conduct that
increased the risk of being injured while cutting down trees. Gleason alleges that Cohen was
negligent in requesting that he cut down the particular tree that injured him because of its
location. Gleason also alleges that Cohen’s workers were negligent in placing the choker chains
on the tree that injured him. Washington law is clear that implied primary assumption of risk
does not apply to this additional negligence. Instead, these facts fall squarely within the
definition of implied unreasonable assumption of risk – Gleason made a “voluntary choice to
encounter a risk created by the defendant’s negligence.” Scott, 119 Wn.2d at 497.
Cohen relies on two Division Three cases, Jessee v. City Council of Dayton, 173 Wn.
App. 410, 293 P.3d 1290 (2013) and Hvolboll v. Wolff Co., 187 Wn. App. 37, 347 P.3d 476
(2015). In Jessee, the court applied implied primary assumption of risk when the plaintiff used
an old staircase that she could see was unsafe. 173 Wn. App. at 414-16. In Hvolboll, the court
applied implied primary assumption of risk when the plaintiff walked on an icy roadway that had
not been cleared by his landlord, knowing that it was dangerous. 187 Wn. App. at 47-49.
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

No. 46398-9-II
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We respectfully disagree with these cases. As in Tincani, falling and getting injured is
not an inherent risk of walking on stairs or on a roadway. Getting injured was a risk of walking
on those stairs and that roadway, but as in Scott the risks were created by the defendants. As a
result, the facts of these cases represent classic examples of implied unreasonable assumption of
risk – the plaintiffs made a “voluntary choice to encounter a risk created by the defendant’s
negligence.” Scott, 119 Wn.2d at 497.
The trial court improperly implied primary assumption of risk as a matter of law under
the facts of this case. Gleason’s poor choice in continuing to cut down the tree that Cohen
selected knowing that it was too dangerous and knowing that the choker chains were set
incorrectly potentially involved implied unreasonable assumption of risk, which only reduces but
does not bar his claims. The trier of fact must be allowed to determine which type of assumption
of risk applies under the evidence presented at trial.
We reverse the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Cohen and remand for
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
MAXA, P.J.
We concur:
LEE, J.
SUTTON, J.