State v. Dorin F. Ferguson

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
May 13, 2025
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Samuel A. Christensen petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10
and RULE 809.62.

Appeal No. 2022AP762-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2017CF3367

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT I

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

V.

DORIN F. FERGUSON,

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL from a judgment and an order of the circuit court for
Milwaukee County: JOSEPH R. WALL and GLENN H. YAMAHIRO, Judges.
Affirmed.

Before White, C.J., Donald, P.J., and Geenen, J.

Per curiam opinions may not be cited in any court of this state as precedent

or authority, except for the limited purposes specified in WIS. STAT. RULE 809.23(3).
No. 2022AP762-CR

¶1 PER CURIAM. Dorin F. Ferguson appeals a judgment convicting
him of first-degree intentional homicide with the use of a dangerous weapon as a
party to a crime and possession of a firearm as an adjudicated delinquent. He also
appeals from the order denying his postconviction motion for relief. Upon review,
we affirm.

BACKGROUND

¶2 On July 23, 2017, the State charged Ferguson with one count of
first-degree intentional homicide with the use of a dangerous weapon as a party to
a crime and one count of possession of a firearm as an adjudicated delinquent.
The charges stemmed from the shooting death of Shaquille Troutman on July 15,
2017. According to the complaint, Milwaukee police arrived at a local hospital
after hospital security alerted officers to the presence of a shooting victim,
identified as Troutman. The officers interviewed D.F., who stated that he brought
Troutman to the hospital after Troutman was robbed and shot by a “heavyset”
male wearing a hoodie. D.F. told police that Troutman was a marijuana dealer and
had received several calls and text messages asking Troutman to go to the location
of North 14th Street and West Nash Streets in Milwaukee. D.F. drove Troutman
to the location, where they were approached by the individual. The individual
pulled out a gun, stated “[g]ive me everything,” and then the individual and
Troutman exchanged gunfire. The individual ran away on foot while D.F. drove
Troutman to the hospital where Troutman was declared dead. Shortly after the
shooting, Ferguson also went to a local hospital with a bullet wound in his arm.
He gave police a fake name and stated that he was injured in a shooting at a
different location, however a subsequent police investigation revealed that no
shooting took place at that location. The complaint further states that a witness
told police he saw a “heavyset” individual approach a car, heard gunshots, and

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then saw the individual run away. The complaint also states that blood recovered
from the shooter’s flight path matched Ferguson’s DNA.

¶3 The matter proceeded to trial where multiple witnesses testified.
D.F. testified that on the night of the shooting, he drove Troutman to the
intersection of 14th and Nash Streets in Milwaukee, where they stopped and
parked. Troutman was in the front passenger seat and the windows were all down.
While they were in the car, a tall and thin individual walked past the car, followed
shortly thereafter by a “fat” man with his hood up. The heavier individual
approached the passenger window and demanded that Troutman and D.F. “give up
everything.” D.F. said that the heavyset individual lifted his shirt, exposing a
large stomach, and then pulled out a gun and pointed it towards the window. D.F.
saw Troutman reach for his own gun and then heard numerous gunshots. As D.F.
drove away he heard the gunman yell that he had been hit.

¶4 A.R. testified that he lived in the area where the shooting occurred.
He stated that on the night of the shooting he heard multiple gunshots and a car
“squealing.” He looked out his window and saw a heavyset African-American
man slowly running through an alley holding what appeared to be a gun.

¶5 S.T. testified that on the night of the shooting he was on his porch,
located at the intersection of 14th and Nash Streets. He saw an individual come
around the corner on foot, approach a car, and stick his head into the car. S.T.
stated that he turned away and then heard shots. S.T. stated that the car drove
away and the individual ran through an alley, but S.T. could not recall providing
officers with a physical description of the shooter. However, Milwaukee Police
Officer Steven Jegen testified that he interviewed S.T. on the night of the shooting

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No. 2022AP762-CR

and S.T. described the shooter as a young, heavyset African-American man
wearing a black hoodie.

¶6 Detective Craig Thimm testified that on the night of the shooting he
interviewed Ferguson at the hospital where Ferguson was seeking treatment.
Thimm stated that Ferguson gave false names and relayed he had been injured in a
shooting near North 10th Street and West Capitol Drive. Thimm stated that a
subsequent investigation found no evidence of a shooting at that location.

¶7 Michael Winker, a forensic investigator with the Milwaukee Police
Department, testified that he tested swabs of blood found in the alleyway
described by A.R. and S.T. Winker stated that testing showed “the DNA profiles
from the three swabs of blood came from Mr. Dorin Ferguson.”

¶8 In addition to witness testimony, the jury heard evidence of cell
phone records showing contact between Troutman and a particular phone number.
Troutman’s phone contained a text from that number stating, “3701 North 14
corner house”—the location of the shooting. A phone recovered from Ferguson’s
home showed prior contact with the number that sent the texts to Troutman.

¶9 During closing arguments, the State acknowledged that its case was
based on circumstantial evidence and reminded the jury that Ferguson was
charged as a party to the crime, meaning that it was not required to find that
Ferguson was actually the shooter. The jury found Ferguson guilty as charged.
The trial court sentenced Ferguson to life in prison.

¶10 Following sentencing, Ferguson moved for postconviction relief
arguing that he was entitled to a new trial on the grounds of ineffective assistance
of counsel. Specifically, Ferguson argued that trial counsel was ineffective for

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No. 2022AP762-CR

failing to call L.S., a bystander listed as a witness on the police report. L.S. told
police that she hid behind a car when she heard the shooting and then saw “a tall
thin male” who appeared to be “armed with a gun” because he was “holding his
waist as he was running.” Ferguson argued that because the State’s case was
based on circumstantial evidence, L.S.’s testimony could have raised doubt about
the identity of the shooter. Ferguson also argued that trial counsel was ineffective
for failing to make a hearsay objection to Officer Jegen’s testimony regarding
S.T.’s physical description of the shooter.

¶11 The trial court held a Machner1 hearing where trial counsel testified.
Trial counsel stated that he did not call L.S. as a witness because her statements
were not “probative of anything.” Counsel stated that L.S.’s observation was
“weak at best” because she did not get a good identification of the shooter.
Counsel also stated that L.S.’s statement did not indicate that she actually saw the
“tall thin” individual with a gun. L.S. suspected he had a gun based solely on the
fact that he had his hand on “his hip or waist.”

¶12 As to the failure to make a hearsay objection to Officer Jegen’s
testimony, trial counsel stated that he did not think the trial court would sustain a
hearsay objection because the testimony would likely fall under an exception to
the hearsay rule. The postconviction court denied Ferguson’s motion, finding that
Ferguson had not established that he was prejudiced by counsel’s performance. 2
This appeal follows.

1
See State v. Machner, 92 Wis. 2d 797, 285 N.W.2d 905 (Ct. App. 1979).
2
The Honorable Joseph R. Wall presided over Ferguson’s trial and sentencing hearing.
The Honorable Glenn H. Yamahiro presided over Ferguson’s postconviction hearing and entered
the order denying his postconviction motion.

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No. 2022AP762-CR

DISCUSSION

¶13 On appeal, Ferguson again contends that trial counsel rendered
ineffective assistance for failing to call L.S. as a witness and for failing to object to
Officer Jegen’s testimony.3 Ferguson also challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence to support the jury’s verdicts.

¶14 Taking Ferguson’s arguments out of order, we first address the
sufficiency of the evidence. Whether evidence was sufficient to sustain the verdict
is a question of law that we review de novo. State v. Smith, 2012 WI 91, ¶24, 342
Wis. 2d 710, 817 N.W.2d 410. Our review is “highly deferential.” State v.
Rowan, 2012 WI 60, ¶26, 341 Wis. 2d 281, 814 N.W.2d 854. We may not reverse
a criminal conviction for allegedly insufficient evidence “unless the evidence,
viewed most favorably to the [S]tate and the conviction, is so lacking in probative
value and force that no trier of fact, acting reasonably, could have found guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Poellinger, 153 Wis. 2d 493, 507, 451
N.W.2d 752 (1990). The jury, not this court, has the duty “to resolve any conflicts
or inconsistencies in the evidence and to judge the credibility of the evidence[.]”
State v. Perkins, 2004 WI App 213, ¶15, 277 Wis. 2d 243, 689 N.W.2d 684. We
will not disturb the jury’s findings unless “the evidence is inherently or patently
incredible[.]” State v. Saunders, 196 Wis. 2d 45, 54, 538 N.W.2d 546 (Ct. App.

3
Ferguson has added a third claim of ineffective assistance of counsel in his brief to this
court: a claim that trial counsel failed to perform an “adequate cross-examination” of S.T. or to
make “effective objections” during S.T.’s testimony. He forfeited this ineffective assistance
claim by failing to raise it at the circuit court. See State ex rel. Rothering v. McCaughtry, 205
Wis. 2d 675, 681-82, 556 N.W.2d 136 (Ct. App. 1996) (explaining that a defendant must preserve
an ineffective assistance of counsel claim in a postconviction motion.).

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No. 2022AP762-CR

1995). Notably, this standard applies regardless of whether a verdict rests on
direct or circumstantial evidence. Poellinger, 153 Wis. 2d at 507.

¶15 A person commits first-degree intentional homicide when he or she
“causes the death of another human being with intent to kill that person or
another.” WIS. STAT. § 940.01(1) (2023-24).4 Because Ferguson was charged as a
party to the crime of first-degree intentional homicide, the State was required to
prove either that Ferguson intended to kill Troutman or that Ferguson intentionally
aided and abetted someone else who intended to kill Troutman. See WIS. STAT.
§ 939.05. The State was also required to prove that the crime was committed with
the use of a dangerous weapon.

¶16 Based upon the evidence adduced at trial, a reasonable jury could
find that Ferguson either intentionally killed Troutman or that he aided and abetted
someone who intended to kill Troutman. As to whether Ferguson intentionally
killed Troutman, the evidence established that: two witnesses provided physical
descriptions of the shooter that matched Ferguson’s physique; testimony
established that the shooter approached Troutman’s car and pointed the gun at
Troutman; the medical examiner determined that multiple gunshot wounds caused
Troutman’s death; Ferguson was also shot that night and blood found near the
scene of the shooting matched Ferguson’s DNA; Ferguson lied about the location
where he was shot; and cell phone records tied Ferguson’s phone to the phone
number that directed Troutman to the address where Troutman was shot a few
minutes later. A reasonable jury could also infer that Ferguson aided and abetted

4
All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2023-24 version unless otherwise
noted.

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No. 2022AP762-CR

the shooter based upon the following: D.F.’s testimony that a tall and thin
individual walked by the car seconds before Ferguson; testimony that nobody else
was on the street at the time; testimony that Ferguson called out, possibly to
another individual, that he was hit; and testimony that Ferguson fled the scene and
lied to officers about where he was shot. Either of these inferences supports
Ferguson’s conviction for first-degree intentional homicide as a party to a crime
with the use of a dangerous weapon.

¶17 Based upon the evidence adduced at trial, a reasonable jury could
also find that Ferguson possessed a firearm as an adjudicated delinquent. The jury
was required to find that: (1) Ferguson possessed a firearm; and (2) Ferguson was
adjudicated delinquent on or after April 21, 1994, and before the date of the
possession, for an act that, if committed by an adult, would constitute a felony.
See WIS. STAT. § 941.29(2)(b). Based on the parties’ stipulation that Ferguson had
been adjudicated delinquent of a felony before July 15, 2017, a reasonable jury
could have inferred that this element was satisfied. Based on D.F.’s testimony that
an individual matching Ferguson’s description was holding a gun during the
shooting, and A.R.’s testimony that he saw an individual matching Ferguson’s
description “slowly running” while “looking as if he’s holding a gun on his side,”
a reasonable jury could have inferred that Ferguson possessed a firearm.

¶18 Because the evidence overwhelmingly supports Ferguson’s
convictions, Ferguson cannot demonstrate that counsel’s alleged errors altered the
outcome of his trial. To prove ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must
show that trial counsel’s performance was deficient and that the deficiency
prejudiced the defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). The
defendant “must prevail on both parts of the test to be afforded relief.” State v.
Allen, 2004 WI 106, ¶26, 274 Wis. 2d 568, 682 N.W.2d 433. We review de novo

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No. 2022AP762-CR

“the legal questions of whether deficient performance has been established and
whether it led to prejudice rising to a level undermining the reliability of the
proceeding.” State v. Roberson, 2006 WI 80, ¶24, 292 Wis. 2d 280, 717 N.W.2d
111 (citation omitted). However, “[a] court need not address both components of
this inquiry if the defendant does not make a sufficient showing on one.” State v.
Smith, 2003 WI App 234, ¶15, 268 Wis. 2d 138, 671 N.W.2d 854.

¶19 Here, Ferguson contends that trial counsel was ineffective for failing
to investigate and subsequently call L.S. as a witness and for failing to object to
Officer Jegen’s testimony in which Officer Jegen relayed S.T.’s physical
description of the shooter to the jury. L.S.’s observation that a “tall thin”
individual was also at the scene would not have undermined the evidence
suggesting that the shooter was a heavyset individual. The jury knew that another
individual was present at the scene based on D.F.’s testimony that a thinner
individual walked past his car just before the heavier individual. Because
Ferguson was charged as a party to the crime, even if the jury determined that the
other individual was the shooter, the jury was still free to determine that Ferguson
aided and abetted the shooter. Such a determination was also supported by the
evidence, as previously discussed.

¶20 Ferguson also contends that trial counsel erred in failing to object to
Officer Jegen’s testimony regarding S.T.’s description of the shooter. Counsel
stated at the Machner hearing that he did not think the trial court would have
sustained his objection; however, assuming without deciding that counsel should
have objected, the alleged error did not prejudice Ferguson. The supposed hearsay
was simply that S.T. saw a young black man with a “heavy build” wearing a
hoodie. That same information was given by two other witnesses in unchallenged
testimony. Accordingly, Ferguson cannot show that but for counsel’s hearsay

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No. 2022AP762-CR

objection, the result of his trial would have been different. We conclude that
Ferguson’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim fails.

¶21 For the forgoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of conviction and
the order denying Ferguson’s postconviction motion.

By the Court.—Judgment and order affirmed.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT.
RULE 809.23(1)(b)5.

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