Fibers & Yarns Construction and Classification Under the HTSUS

Published CBP guidance; operative status and applicability must be assessed from the retained publisher edition.

What Every Member of the
Trade Community Should Know About:
Classification of
Fibers and Yarns
under the HTSUS

AN INFORMED COMPLIANCE PUBLICATION
SEPTEMBER 2011

Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
September 2011

NOTICE:

This publication is intended to provide guidance and information to the trade community.
It reflects the position on or interpretation of the applicable laws or regulations by U.S.
Customs and Border Protection (CBP) as of the date of publication, which is shown on
the front cover. It does not in any way replace or supersede those laws or regulations.
Only the latest official version of the laws or regulations is authoritative.

Publication History

First Published: August 1996
Revised September 2000
Revised January 2004
Reviewed with No Changes April 2005
Revised July 2006
Revised August 2008
Reviewed with No Changes September 2011

PRINTING NOTE:

This publication was designed for electronic distribution via the CBP website
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http://www.cbp.gov) and is being distributed in a variety of formats. It was originally set
up in Microsoft Word 2003
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. Pagination and margins in downloaded versions may vary
depending upon which word processor or printer you use. If you wish to maintain the
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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
September 2011

PREFACE

On December 8, 1993, Title VI of the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation
Act (Pub. L. 103-182, 107 Stat. 2057), also known as the Customs Modernization or “Mod” Act,
became effective. These provisions amended many sections of the Tariff Act of 1930 and
related laws.

Two new concepts that emerge from the Mod Act are “informed compliance” and “shared
responsibility,” which are premised on the idea that in order to maximize voluntary compliance
with laws and regulations of U.S. Customs and Border Protection, the trade community needs to
be clearly and completely informed of its legal obligations. Accordingly, the Mod Act imposes a
greater obligation on CBP to provide the public with improved information concerning the trade
community's rights and responsibilities under customs regulations and related laws. In addition,
both the trade and U.S. Customs and Border Protection share responsibility for carrying out
these requirements. For example, under Section 484 of the Tariff Act, as amended (19 U.S.C.
1484), the importer of record is responsible for using reasonable care to enter, classify and
determine the value of imported merchandise and to provide any other information necessary to
enable U.S. Customs and Border Protection to properly assess duties, collect accurate
statistics, and determine whether other applicable legal requirements, if any, have been met.
CBP is then responsible for fixing the final classification and value of the merchandise. An
importer of record’s failure to exercise reasonable care could delay release of the merchandise
and, in some cases, could result in the imposition of penalties.

Regulations and Rulings (RR) of the Office of International Trade has been given a major role in
meeting the informed compliance responsibilities of U.S. Customs and Border Protection. In
order to provide information to the public, CBP has issued a series of informed compliance
publications on new or revised requirements, regulations or procedures, and a variety of
classification and valuation issues.

This publication, prepared by the National Commodity Specialist Division of Regulations and
Rulings is entitled "Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS”. It provides guidance
regarding the classification of these items. We sincerely hope that this material, together with
seminars and increased access to rulings of U.S. Customs and Border Protection, will help the
trade community to improve voluntary compliance with customs laws and to understand the
relevant administrative processes.

The material in this publication is provided for general information purposes only. Because
many complicated factors can be involved in customs issues, an importer may wish to obtain a
ruling under Regulations of U.S. Customs and Border Protection, 19 C.F.R. Part 177, or to
obtain advice from an expert who specializes in customs matters, for example, a licensed
customs broker, attorney or consultant.

Comments and suggestions are welcomed and should be addressed to U.S. Customs and
Border Protection, Office of International Trade, Executive Director, Regulations and Rulings,
799 9
th
Street N.W. 7
th
floor, Washington, D.C. 20229-1177.

Sandra L. Bell
Executive Director, Regulations and Rulings
Office of International Trade

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FIBER AND YARN CONSTRUCTION, NOMENCLATURE &
TERMINOLOGY
.......................................................................................... 8
........................................................................................................... 8 Basic Definitions
..................................................................... 9 Yarn Configurations: Single Versus Plied
............................................................................................................................. 9 Twist
................................................................... 10 Measuring the “Linear Density” of a Yarn
................................................................................................. 10 Cotton Yarn Numbers
..................................................................................................... 10 Denier and Decitex
...................................................................................................................... 11 Tenacity
............................................ 11 Identifying High-Tenacity and Non-High-Tenacity Yarns
........................................................................................................... 12 Sewing Thread
...................................................................... 13 Table 1: Yarns Put Up for Retail Sale
SPECIALTY YARNS................................................................................. 16
.............................................................................................................. 16 Gimped Yarn
......................................................................................................... 16 Core-Spun Yarn
................................................................................................................ 16 Boucle Yarn
.............................................................................................................. 16 Chenille Yarn
......................................................................................................... 16 Loop Wale-Yarn
.......................................................................................................... 17 Texturized Yarn
.......................................................................................................... 17 Metalized Yarns
CORDAGE, BRAID, ETC., OF HEADINGS 5607 AND 5808.................... 18
............................................................ 18 Identifying Twine, Cordage, Rope, and Cable
................................................................ 19 Braid: Heading 5607 versus Heading 5808
...................................................................................... 19 “Of Wide Nonfibrillated Strip”
................... 20 Table 2: Classifying Textile Yarns, Twine, Cordage, Rope, and Cable
SILK FILAMENTS, FIBERS, & YARNS OF CHAPTER 50....................... 21
WOOL & HAIR FIBERS & YARNS OF CHAPTER 51.............................. 22
..................................................................... 22 Outline of the Wool Production Process
............................................................ 24 Outline of the Cashmere Production Process
..................................................................................................... 26 Other Animal Hairs
...................................................... 26 Notes on Yield and Conditioned Weight for Wool
................................................................................ 27 Table 3: Grades of Wool Fiber
COTTON FIBER & YARNS OF CHAPTER 52.......................................... 28
COTTON FIBER & YARNS OF CHAPTER 52.......................................... 29
............................................................................................. 29 Cotton Fiber Production
........................................................................... 30 A Note on “Harsh or Rough” Cotton
.......................................................... 31 Waste Products from Cotton Fiber Processing
............................... 32 Cotton Classifications and Quotas: HTSUS Chapters 52 and 99

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
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.............................................................................................................. 33 Cotton Yarns
VEGETABLE FIBERS & YARNS OF CHAPTER 53; PAPER YARNS.... 36
...................................................................................... 36 Classifying Vegetable Fibers
......................................................................... 37 Table 4: Products of Heading 5303
......................................................................... 38 Table 5: Products of Heading 5305
....................................... 39 Classifying Yarns, Braids, and Fabrics of Vegetable Fibers
................................................................................................................. 40 Paper Yarn
MAN-MADE FILAMENT, STRIP & STAPLE FIBERS, AND YARNS
THEREOF
.................................................................................................. 40
................................................................................ 40 Man-Made Filaments and Fibers
................................................................. 41 Man-Made Fiber and Filament Production
............................................................................ 42 Man-Made Staple Fiber Production
............................................................................................... 42 Man-Made Fiber Yarns
................................................................................... 43 INVOICING REQUIREMENTS
................................................................................... 44 INVOICING REQUIREMENTS
................................................................................... 45 INVOICING REQUIREMENTS
.......................................................................................................................... 45 Yarns
................................................................................ 46 Twine, Cordage, Rope, or Cable
......................................................................................................................... 46 Fibers
APPENDIX: USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS..................................... 48
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION................................................................... 49
................................................................................................................ 49 The Internet
................................................................................................. 49 Customs Regulations
........................................................................................................ 49 Customs Bulletin
................................................................................. 50 Importing into the United States
............................................................................. 50 Informed Compliance Publications
...................................................................................................... 51 Value Publications
................................................................................. 52 “Your Comments are Important”

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FIBER AND YARN CONSTRUCTION, NOMENCLATURE &
TERMINOLOGY

Fibers and yarns are classified in Chapters 50 through 58 of the Harmonized Tariff
Schedule. In order to properly classify them, it is necessary to understand their
construction, nomenclature and terminology.

Basic Definitions

The HTSUS provides a wealth of definitions of a wide variety of textile items, but it contains no general definitions of “fiber” or
“yarn,” or, for that matter, “textiles.” The textile trade defines a yarn generally as a strand of textile fibers, filaments, or material
suitable for knitting, weaving or otherwise forming a textile fabric. However, the HTSUS contains no such definition and implies
in several places that the use of yarn is not necessarily limited to making fabric. This may remain an open question until it is
resolved by an administrative or court ruling.

Except in a few cases where the tariff defines the term for a specific limited purpose,
there is no general definition for the term “textile.” Where there is no definition, it would
seem reasonable to consider any material that would be classified within Section XI as
a textile.

Yarns are generally made of fibers or filaments, which can come from various sources.
The key distinction between filament yarns and staple fiber (commonly known as
spun)
yarns is in the type of material making up the yarn:

Filaments consist of very long, thin cylinders of extruded material, either in single
strands (monofilament) or in grouped multiple strands (multifilament). For
purposes of Section XI, a filament is less than 1 millimeter in maximum cross
section (i.e., diameter, in most cases). A filament can be compared to a length of
wire or fishing line. Multifilament yarns may be, but need not necessarily be,
twisted.

Staple fiber yarns generally consist of much shorter lengths of material 25 to
180mm in length. Generally, to form yarn from such short fibers, the fibers must
be first aligned in a parallel fashion (carded, or carded and combed), then wound
together (“spun”) either clockwise or counter-clockwise so that the fibers adhere
to each other. A yarn made in this way is also called a
spun yarn. Spinning is a
twisting process wherein the fibers, which are first aligned in a parallel fashion,
are twisted together until they cling to each other well enough to remain in the
form of a yarn. This type of twisting is to be distinguished from the process of
taking two or more yarns and twisting them together to form a plied yarn (see
discussion of “Twist” below).

Silk is a naturally occurring filament; the silkworm produces a single filament of silk that
can be thousands of feet in length. Cotton and wool are examples of naturally occurring
staple fibers. The fibers removed from the cotton plant are an inch or two in length,
while the fibers cut from a sheep might be several inches in length.

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
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Yarns may also be made of flat strips of materials such as polypropylene that are folded
and twisted. If their “apparent width,” i.e., their width in the folded or twisted condition,
is 5 millimeters or less, they are classified in the appropriate textile provisions,
mentioned later in this booklet.

The term “yarn,” as it is used in this tariff, includes twine, cordage, rope and cable as
well. See later discussion on that subject.

Yarn Configurations: Single Versus Plied

Once a group of single filaments or a group of staple fibers is twisted or spun into a
yarn, it can be referred to as a single yarn.

Most basic yarns are either single or plied (the HTSUS calls plied yarns “multiple” or
“folded”). A single filament yarn could be a single
multifilament yarn, which is one
collection of parallel filaments grouped together, or twisted together in the same
direction, or a single filament (a
monofilament) intended for use in the production of a
fabric. A single staple fiber yarn would be a yarn that has been made by spinning
(winding) a collection of staple fibers all in the same direction.

Two or more single yarns can be twisted with each other to form a plied or multiple or
folded yarn. Generally, the direction of the twist in such a yarn would be the opposite of
the direction of the twist of the single yarns that make up the plied yarn. Two or more
plied yarns, when twisted together, in turn become a
cabled yarn.

Twist

A yarn can be twisted to form either a Z-twist (twisted in the counterclockwise direction),
or an S-twist (twisted in the clockwise direction). To look at it another way, you can
untwist a Z-twisted yarn by using your hands to untwist it clockwise, and you can untwist
an S-twisted yarn by using your hands to untwist it counterclockwise. If you view a yarn
under magnification, you could mentally superimpose a “Z” over the component yarns in
a Z-twisted yarn, or an “S” over the component yarns in an S-twisted yarn.

The single yarns that make up a three-ply yarn might, for example, each be twisted in
the “Z” direction, while the three plies would be twisted in the “S” direction. The
direction in which the plies are twisted in order to form the completed plied yarn is called
the
final twist.

Another significant factor for yarn is the amount of twist, usually expressed in either
“TPI” (turns per inch) or “TPM” (turns per meter).

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
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Measuring the “Linear Density” of a Yarn

Yarn Number, Denier, Decitex, Cotton Count and other terms are ways of expressing
the linear density, or weight per unit length, of a yarn. Industry, in purchasing yarns for
any particular use, is concerned with this property, and the HTSUS also makes certain
distinctions that relate to linear density.

For different types of yarn and for different fibers, there are different ways of expressing
this property. The following discussion is intended to address the most common
expressions of linear density as well as number of plies in a yarn.

Cotton Yarn Numbers

Normally used to describe spun (staple fiber) yarns, the English yarn number or English
cotton yarn number indicates the number of 840-yard lengths in a pound of yarn. The
lower the cotton yarn number, the heavier the yarn. Following is the conversion from
English yarn numbers, commonly provided on invoices, to
metric yarn numbers required
by the HTSUS:

English yarn no. x 1.6933 = Metric yarn no.
= Number of 1000 meter lengths in a kilogram of yarn

The yarn number is usually shown in conjunction with the number of plies, e.g., 60/1
indicates yarn size 60, one ply (also referred to as “60's”), while 60/2 indicates two size-
60 yarns, plied (also referred to as “60's two”).

For plied yarns, for purposes of classifying yarns in HTSUS chapter 52, we take the
yarn number of the individual singles yarns that make up a plied yarn, & convert it to
metric. We do not use the “equivalent” yarn number of the plied yarn, e.g., a 60/2 yarn
would be classified under the subheading for plied 60's yarns, not under the subheading
for plied 30's yarn.

Denier and Decitex

Normally used to describe filament-type yarns, denier indicates the weight in grams of
9,000 meters of yarn. Like the cotton yarn number, it is an expression of
linear density
for a yarn. But unlike the cotton yarn number, the higher the denier is, the heavier is the
yarn. Following is the conversion from denier, commonly given on invoices, to
decitex,
which is required by the HTSUS:

Decitex = 1.1111 x Denier
= weight in grams of 10,000 meters of yarn

For a plied yarn, denier count may be followed by a specific statement regarding
number of plies, e.g., 100D. - 3 Ply.

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
September 2011

For tariff purposes, however, we are interested in the “singles equivalent," i.e., the
denier (or decitex) of the overall plied yarn. In the above example, the singles
equivalent denier would be 300 denier (or 333 decitex).

Tenacity

Tenacity is the amount of force (in pounds, grams, centinewtons or other units) needed
to break a yarn, divided by the (unstrained) denier, decitex, or some other measure of
weight per unit length.

Following are some common conversions related to tenacity:

Grams/denier x 8.827 = Centinewtons per tex

Millinewtons/decitex = Centinewtons per tex

(“Burst strength” or “bursting strength” is a characteristic of fabric that measures how
much pressure can be applied to the surface before it bursts. It is often used to assess
parachute material. Although you might be given this figure for a fabric, it has no direct
relationship to, and cannot be used to calculate, the tenacity of the yarns within the
fabric.)

Identifying High-Tenacity and Non-High-Tenacity Yarns

The HTSUS defines high-tenacity yarn as yarn having a tenacity, expressed in cN/tex
(centinewtons per tex), greater than the following:

• for single yarn of nylon or other polyamides, or of polyesters: 60 cN/tex

• for multiple (folded) or cabled yarn of nylon or other polyamides, or of polyesters: 53
cN/tex

• for single, multiple (folded) or cabled yarn of viscose rayon: 27 cN/tex.

The surest way to distinguish high-tenacity yarns from those that are not high-tenacity is
to have them tested in a laboratory. A laboratory will measure linear density (in denier
or decitex) and then subject the yarn to controlled tension until the breaking point. The
force exerted at the breaking point is then divided by the linear density to calculate the
tenacity.

However, this cannot practically be done on every importation of filament yarns. If invoices are in conformity with section
141.89 of the Customs Regulations (quoted later in this booklet), they will indicate whether or not such a yarn is high-tenacity;
such invoice statements can be verified by lab testing on a selective basis.

Absent the above information, however, there are several guidelines which, although
not conclusive, may suggest whether a yarn is high-tenacity:

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
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• Industrial yarns would seldom be bleached or colored or dyed.

• Filament “textile yarns” (the term the trade uses for yarns made for apparel and
furnishings) generally would not exceed 900 denier (990 decitex), while “industrial
yarns
” (the trade term for yarns for industrial applications such as tires) would
generally be 1100 denier (1210 decitex) and higher.

• Textile yarns would generally be shipped in protective cartons because of their
fragility, while tubes of the tougher industrial yarns may be stacked directly on skids
and shrink-wrapped in plastic.

• If a yarn can be easily pulled apart by hand, it is probably not a high-tenacity yarn.

• The ultimate consignees or end-users of high-tenacity industrial yarns would
normally be tire or rubber product manufacturers or converters. The automotive
sector is by far the largest end-use market for these yarns. Another major
application is in reinforcing automotive and appliance belts. High-tenacity yarn also
has some other minor end uses such as thread for shoes, webbing or strapping, and
ballistics fabrics used to make bulletproof clothing.

The above are merely guidelines to assist you in screening industrial yarns from textile
yarns, the latter being less likely to be high-tenacity. Only lab testing can conclusively
distinguish high-tenacity from non-high-tenacity yarns.

Sewing Thread

Sewing thread, as used in headings 5204, 5401 and 5508, means multiple (folded) or
cabled yarn (a) put up on supports (for example, reels, tubes) of a weight (including
support) not exceeding 1,000 g; (b) dressed for use as sewing thread; and (c) with a
final Z-twist (Section XI, Note 5).

While most elements of this definition are easy to determine, the question of whether a
yarn is “dressed” is problematic. The Explanatory Notes simply indicate that dressed
sewing thread has been “given a finishing treatment,” and say nothing about the amount
of dressing that should be present.

Industry seems to have no universally accepted standard that dictates the amount of
dressing that must be present. The American Cotton Handbook states, “Each
manufacturer develops through research and constant experimentation the processing
techniques and formulations which are found to be most suitable for each type of thread
and the use the trade makes of it.”

On January 5, 1996, Note 5 to Section XI was supplemented to make clear that sewing
thread be “dressed for use as sewing thread.” The rationale for this change was the
possibility that without an explicit statement specifying that sewing thread be dressed for
use as such, yarns not intended for the manufacture of sewing thread would be wrongly

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
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classified as sewing thread. This would be the case where such yarns met the criteria
stipulated in paragraphs (a) and (c) of the Note and contained only a small residue of
finishing agents derived from the initial stage of the manufacturing process, rather than
from a finishing treatment, such as that found on sewing thread. Thus, the presence of
only a small quantity of finishing agents might lead users to falsely believe that the yarn
is dressed and, therefore, fulfilled all three criteria of Note 5 to Section XI.

Table 1: Yarns Put Up for Retail Sale

This table, for purposes of certain headings of Chapters 50, 51, 52, 54 and 55,
summarizes the classification of yarns that are “put up for retail sale.” It is adapted from
the Explanatory Notes, and is subject to the exceptions listed below.
Explanatory Notes © Customs Co-operation Council (World Customs Organization)

1
Way in which put up Type of yarn () Conditions under which the
yarn is to be regarded as put
up for retail sale

On cards, reels, tubes or similar
supports
(1) Silk, waste silk or man-made
filament yarns
Weighing 85 g or less (including
support)
(2) Wool, fine animal hair,
cotton or man-made staple
yarns
Weighing 125 g or less
(including support

Weighing 85 g or less
In balls, hanks or skeins (1) Man-made filament yarn of
less than 3,000 decitex, silk or
waste silk yarns

Weighing 125 g or less
(2) Other yarns of less than
2,000 decitex

Weighing 500 g or less
(3) Other yarns

In hanks or skeins comprising
several smaller hanks or skeins
separated by dividing threads
which render them independent
one of the other (
(1) Silk, waste silk, or
man-made filament yarns
Each of the smaller skeins to be
of a uniform weight of 85 g or
less

(2) Wool, fine animal hair,
cotton or man-made staple fiber
yarns
Each of the smaller skeins to be
of a uniform weight of 125 g or
less
2
)

Exceptions:
The following yarns are never deemed to be put up for retail sale:
(a) Single yarn of silk, waste silk, cotton or man-made fibers, however put up.
(b) Single yarn of wool or of fine animal hair, bleached, dyed or printed, measuring 5,000 decitex
or less, however put up.
(c) Multiple (folded) or cabled yarn of silk or waste silk, unbleached, however put up.
(d) Multiple (folded) or cabled yarn of cotton or man-made fibers, unbleached, in hanks or skeins.
(e) Multiple (folded) or cabled yarn of silk or waste silk, bleached, dyed or printed, measuring
133 decitex or less.
(f) Single, multiple (folded) or cabled yarn of any textile material, in cross-reeled hanks or skeins
(Cross-reeling indicates that in building up the hank the thread crosses diagonally as the hank is
being wound, preventing the hank from being split. Cross-reeling is the method usually adopted
when the hanks are for dyeing.)
(g) Single, multiple (folded) or cabled yarn of any textile material, put up on supports (e.g., cops,
twisting mill tubes, pirns, conical bobbins or spindles) or in some other manner (for example, I
in the form of cocoons for embroidery looms, cakes made by centrifugal spinning) indicating its

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
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use in the textile industry.

Table 1 Notes:
(
1
) References to the various textile materials apply also to such mixtures as are classified therewith
under the provisions of Note 2 to Section XI (see Part (I)(A) of the General Explanatory Note to Section
XI).

(
2
) The hanks or skeins comprising several smaller hanks or skeins separated by dividing threads are
formed of one continuous length of yarn which, on being cut, allows the component hanks or skeins to be
readily separated. One or more dividing threads pass between the skeins and keep them separate from
each other. These smaller hanks and skeins are often wrapped round with paper bands. Other hanks and
skeins of one continuous length, or yarn with dividing threads which do not separate the main hank or
skein into smaller hanks or skeins of uniform weight, but are simply intended to prevent tangling during
processing (e.g., dyeing), are not regarded as put up for retail sale.

The chart on the following page, “Classifying Textile Yarns (Overview),” is an
abbreviated look at the portions of the HTSUS that pertain to the classification of textile
yarns. For specific information it is advisable to consult the tariff schedule itself.

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
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SPECIALTY YARNS

Gimped Yarn

A gimped yarn (heading 5606) consists of a yarn, around which is wrapped another
yarn or filament or strip. It is distinguished from a twisted yarn in that the core yarn
does not twist with the yarn that is wrapped around it; the surrounding yarn could be
unwrapped and the core yarn would remain intact.

Core-Spun Yarn

Core-spun yarns are often confused with gimped yarns. They differ in that they consist
of a core (usually a monofilament or multifilament yarn), around which fibers (not yarns)
are wrapped. A common example is a spandex filament core with a wrapping of cotton
fibers. Since it is sometimes difficult for the unaided eye to distinguish fibers wrapped
around a core from yarn wrapped around a core, it may be necessary to request
laboratory analysis to identify such yarns. Core-spun yarns are not classified as gimped
yarns but rather as basic yarns in the appropriate provisions in chapters 50-55
(depending on chief weight, generally).

Boucle Yarn

A Boucle yarn might or might not be a gimped yarn, depending on how it is made. The
term comes from the French word for “buckled” and refers to a yarn which has a rough
appearance with “slubs” at random intervals through the yarn's length. This effect can
be created by using an outer gimping yarn to gather the core yarn unevenly, leaving the
core yarn exposed at intervals (known as a “corkscrew” construction). A similar effect
can be achieved by varying the tension between two yarns as they are being twisted
together. If a boucle yarn is created by gimping, it would most likely be classified under
heading 5606; if not, it would most likely be classified in the appropriate provision in
chapter 50-55.

Chenille Yarn

A
chenille yarn (heading 5606) is one that has a pile effect, i.e., it has pile yarns or
fibers protruding from the yarn. It can be created by cutting certain woven fabrics
lengthwise along a pair of warp yarns, so that the remaining pieces of weft yarn create
the pile effect; or it can be created by twisting yarns together and catching the
protruding fibers in the twist.

Loop Wale-Yarn

Loop wale-yarn, sometimes known as "chainette" or "loop and wale" yarn, is created by
knitting a fabric that is narrow enough to have the appearance of a yarn. Close

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
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examination reveals the successive interlocking loops typical of knit construction. It is
covered by HTS 5606. The Explanatory Note to 5606 refers to it as loop wale-yarn and
describes it as “a tubular yarn made on a circular knitting machine [that] is 1.5 to 2 mm
wide when pressed flat.”

Texturized Yarn

Texturized yarns, also known as textured yarns or bulked yarns, are normally filament
yarns of chapter 54, in which the component filaments have been crimped (i.e., a
regular pattern of wrinkles has been imparted to the filaments) to create a softer look
and feel. This crimping is achieved by any one of a number of methods, such as
knitting a fabric, heat setting it and then “de-knitting” it to yield crimped yarns, or running
the yarns through a “stuffer box” which crimps and sets the yarn. They are normally
classified in the appropriate subheadings of chapter 54 (see flowchart later in this
publication).

Metalized Yarns

Metalized yarns can take many forms. Some examples:

• Metal wire combined with textile.

• Metalized strip, consisting of a core of metal foil or of plastic (often polyester) film
coated with metal dust, sandwiched by means of adhesive between two layers of
plastic film (e.g., “Lurex”).

• Gimped (“supported”) yarn, consisting of a man-made fiber yarn, often elastomeric,
around which is wrapped a metalized strip.

• Plied yarns, in which one or more of the plies is metalized strip, and others are
man-made fiber.

All of these are metalized yarns classifiable under HTSUS 5605.

Often, the actual amount of metal present is quite small in relation to the weight of the
textile fibers. However, in general, any of these yarns that have metal present,
whatever the proportion of metal present, is classified as a metalized yarn under
heading 5605. See Note 2(B)(a) to Section XI.

When classifying a fabric, etc., made from such metalized yarn, we count the entire
weight of the metalized yarn as “other” textile fibers when making any “chief weight”
determination (reference: HQ 084861 and HTSUS Section XI, Note 2(B)(a)).

TO SUMMARIZE: for classification purposes, metalized yarns are considered “other”
textile fibers, and these yarns are treated that way no matter how little metal is present.

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
September 2011

Following are guidelines for classifying decorative metalized yarns and braids, with
outer wrap of metalized strip/yarn, and inner core of some other material (of the type
normally sold for gift-wrapping or crafts):

Core of rubber thread, outer covering of braided metalized strip/yarn: Heading 5604.
The Explanatory Note indicates that 5604 includes rubber thread covered by “plaiting”
(braiding). The Headnote and Explanatory Note for heading 5605 do not include
plaiting or braiding construction. Heading 5808 (“braid in the piece”) does not include
braid with a core of rubber thread or cord; heading 5604 (“rubber thread and cord,
textile covered”) is more specific, per HQ 951886, GRI 3(a). NY 873047.

Core of rubber thread, outer covering of gimped metalized strip/yarn i.e., metalized
strip/yarn is wrapped, not braided, around the rubber core): Heading 5605. Both
headings 5604 and 5605 appear to describe the item with equal specificity. In both
cases the Explanatory Notes allow a gimped construction. GRI 3(c). NY 871525.

Core of textile yarn, outer covering of braided metalized strip/yarn: Heading 5808.
Heading 5605 does not include braided constructions, since they are not mentioned in
the heading or the Explanatory Note. HQ 967830.

Core of textile yarn, outer covering of gimped metalized strip/yarn (i.e., metalized
strip/yarn is wrapped, not braided, around the core): Heading 5605. Explanatory Note
specifically describes metalized yarn constructed by gimping. HQ 952801.

CORDAGE, BRAID, ETC., OF HEADINGS 5607 AND 5808

Identifying Twine, Cordage, Rope, and Cable

The classification table found in the General Explanatory Note for Section XI,
reproduced below, provides the most useful guide available on when yarns are
classified in heading 5607 versus other places in Section XI. It is notable that:

• Gimped, chenille, loop wale, metalized, wool, and animal hair, as well as paper
yarns of twisted construction, are
never classified under heading 5607.

• Multifilament yarn without twist or with a twist of less than 5 turns per meter, and
monofilament, of Chapter 54, are
never classified in heading 5607.

• Yarns that are of twisted construction and made of silk, flax, true hemp, coir, cotton,
other vegetable fibers and man-made fibers are classified in heading 5607 if they
meet certain minimum decitex requirements.

• Braid is classified in either heading 5607 or in heading 5808, depending on its
structure (see further discussion below). If braid is tightly plaited and has a compact
structure, it is classified in heading 5607 regardless of its decitex.

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
September 2011

In a twisted yarn, the component single plies which make up the final product are simply
twisted, either clockwise or counterclockwise, to combine the various plies and to add
strength to the yarn. In a braided yarn, the various yarns which make up the final
product are interlaced in a diagonal manner. It can sometimes be easily identified by
compressing the cord lengthwise (grasping the cord in two places that are close
together and pushing those two segments of the cord closer together). This causes the
braid structure to loosen and increase in diameter so that the plaited structure is more
obviously visible.

Braid: Heading 5607 versus Heading 5808

As noted above, the distinction between braid of heading 5607 and braid of heading
5808 is primarily in the structure of the braid. Braid that is tightly plaited and has a
compact structure is to be classified in heading 5607, while the less compact, not tightly
plaited braid is to be classified in heading 5808. This guideline leaves much room for
interpretation. In administrative rulings and informal opinions given to Customs field
officers, flat braids (such as certain types of shoelace material) have generally been
considered as not having a compact structure and thus have been classified in heading
5808. Braids for which it is difficult to say whether they are tight and compact, but which
are primarily decorative in nature (for instance, those having decorative-type metalized
threads) have been classified in heading 5808, which is judged also to cover materials
that are more decorative in nature.

Braid which is classified in heading 5808 is considered to be a fabric. This becomes
significant when deciding where to classify articles made up of such materials.

“Of Wide Nonfibrillated Strip”

HTSUS 5607.41.10 and 5607.49.10 provide for rope, etc., made of wide nonfibrillated
strip. The term “wide” means that the strip is more than 25.4 mm (1”) wide in its
unfolded, untwisted and uncrimped condition. But there has been some question of
what is meant by “nonfibrillated.”

Headquarters Ruling HQ 083629 establishes that a fibrillated strip is one that is split into
visible interconnecting fibrils (fiber-like tears or splits that run along the lengthwise
direction of the material).

Non-fibrillated strip is strip (over 1” wide) which, when carefully untwisted, is found to be
intact, i.e., not split into visible interconnecting fibrils. Merely having its molecules
oriented does not make a strip “fibrillated” (HQ 083894 follows the same principle). The
term “of wide nonfibrillated strip,” when applied to twine, cordage, rope or cable, refers
to that which contains more than 65 percent by weight of nonfibrillated strip.

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
September 2011

Table 2: Classifying Textile Yarns, Twine, Cordage, Rope, and Cable

Yarns are classified according to their characteristics (measurement, whether or not
polished or glazed, number of plies) in those headings of Chapters 50 to 55 relating to
yarns: as twine, cordage, rope or cables under heading 5607, or as braids under
heading 5808. This E.N. table shows the correct classification in each individual case:

Type (
1
C
l
a
s
s
if
i
c
a
ti
o
n
) Characteristics

determining
classification

Reinforced with metal thread In all cases Heading 5607

Of metalized yarn In all cases Heading 5605

Gimped yarn, other than those of
headings 51.10 and 56.05, chenille
yarn and loop wale yarn
In all cases Heading 5606

Braided textile yarn (1) Tightly plaited and
with a compact
structure
Heading 5607

(2) Other Heading 5808

Other: (1) Measuring 20,000
decitex or less
Chapter 50
- Of silk or waste silk (
2
)
(2) Measuring more than
20,000 decitex
Heading 5607

In all cases Chapter 51
- Of wool or other animal hair

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
September 2011

- Of flax or true hemp (1) Polished or glazed:
Heading 5607
(a) Measuring 1,429
decitex or more

(b) Measuring less than
1,429 decitex
Chapter 53

(2) Neither polished nor
glazed:

Chapter 53
(a) Measuring 20,000
decitex or less

(b) Measuring more
than 20,000 decitex
Heading 5607

(1) Of one or two plies Heading 5308
- Of coir
(2) Of three or more plies Heading 5607

- Of cotton or other vegetable fibers (1) Measuring 20,000
decitex or less
Chapter 52 or
53
(2) Measuring more than
20,000 decitex
Heading 5607

- Of man-made fibers (including
those yarns of two or more
monofilaments of Chapter 54 (
(1) Measuring 10,000
decitex or less
Chapter 54 or
55
2
(2) Measuring more than
10,000 decitex
)) Heading 5607

Explanatory Notes © Customs Co-operation Council (World Customs Organization)

Table 2 Notes.
1
() References to the various textiles materials apply also to such mixtures as are
classified therewith under the provisions of Note 2 to Section XI (see Part (I)(A)
of the General Explanatory Note to Section XI).

2
) Silk worm gut of heading 5006, multifilament yarn without twist or with a twist of
less than 5 turns per metre, and monofilament, of Chapter 54, and man-made
filament tow of Chapter 55 do not in any circumstances fall in heading 5607.
(

SILK FILAMENTS, FIBERS, & YARNS OF CHAPTER 50

Silk is the only organic fiber that is in the form of a filament, and it is produced by the
silkworm. In spinning its cocoon for its metamorphosis from the chrysalis state, the
silkworm forms in its internal glands a glutinous liquid composition of fibroin and sericin
which it discharges through two external orifices called “spinnerets” located below its
mouth. When emitted, the two threads combine into a single thread and harden
immediately upon exposure to air. The filaments adhere to each other to form the
cocoon shell.

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
September 2011

After the cocoons are harvested, they are “reeled” by placing them in a basin of hot
water to loosen the filaments, pulling the filament ends of several cocoons (typically 4 to
20 of them) together, and winding them up onto a “reel.” In this process, the several
filaments twist together slightly, and adhere to each other because of the natural gum
on their surface. This reeling process results in a single “thread” of silk, which is
classified as raw silk in heading 5002. It appears to the unaided eye to be a single
filament, but in actuality it is composed of several very fine filaments.
Thrown silk (of
heading 5004) consists of yarns obtained by twisting (either singly or two or more
together) the raw silk threads of heading 5002.

WOOL & HAIR FIBERS & YARNS OF CHAPTER 51

Outline of the Wool Production Process

Following is a summary of the usual steps in the processing of first quality wool from
sheep to yarn. Not every type of wool or hair will go through all of these steps; this is
intended as more of a generic listing of the possible steps:

(1) Shearing is cutting the wool from the sheep by hand or mechanical means. Wool at
this stage is called “grease” wool because the natural oil of the sheep remains in the
wool. “Shorn” wool is cut in this manner from either the live sheep or from the pelt of
the dead animal; “pulled” wool is pulled from the pelt of the dead animal after
fermentation or appropriate chemical treatment.

Tariff classification at the end of this stage would be somewhere in the following
range: 5101.11.-5101.19

(2) Trimming is cutting off the poorer quality edges so the grade that is to be shipped is
roughly uniform.

This stage of processing would not change the tariff classification from what it was
after shearing.

(3) Separation according to quality, in some cases, is done at the time of shearing.

This stage of processing would not change the tariff classification from what it was
after shearing and trimming.

(4) Packaging of the raw shorn wool consists of rolling it up, tying and packing it loosely
in sacks weighing about 225 to 300 pounds, for shipment to mills.

This stage of processing would not change the tariff classification from what it was
after shearing, trimming and separation.

(5) Sorting and Grading is done by skilled workers who determine grades by type,
length, fineness, elasticity and strength.

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
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This stage of processing would not change the tariff classification from what it was
after shearing, trimming, separating and packaging.

Scouring
(6)
consists of a thorough washing in warm water, soap and a mild solution of
soda ash or other alkali, to remove natural oils (grease, also known as “yolk”) and
vegetable matter. This causes the raw wool to lose from 20 to 80 percent of its
original weight. After scouring, rollers are used to squeeze out water.

Alternatives to scouring include
washing in hot water only, to remove most grease
and dirt;
treatment with volatile solvents such as benzene to remove grease; or
frosting to freeze the wool and remove the grease in a brittle state.

This stage of processing, if it does not include degreasing (see below) would not
change the tariff classification from what it was after shearing, trimming, separating,
packaging,
sorting, and grading.

(7) The degreasing process contemplated by the tariff may occur in step (6), above, in
the water, detergent and alkaline baths, and would be fully completed at the time of
the water rinse, or it may be a separate process. After the degreasing process is
completed, optional mothproofing and/or bleaching agents may be introduced; they
are, in other words, steps that advance the wool beyond the degreased condition.

Tariff classification at the end of the degreasing stage: 5101.21 – 5101.29

(8) Carbonizing occurs if the wool is not sufficiently clear of vegetable matter after
scouring, and consists of a dilute acid bath that burns out the foreign matter.

Tariff classification at the end of this stage: 5101.30.

Drying
(9)
is controlled so that the wool retains about 12 to 16 percent of the moisture
that was added, to condition it for further handling.

This stage of processing would not change the tariff classification from what it was
after carbonizing.

(10)
Oiling consists in treating the wool with various oils, to keep it from becoming brittle
and to lubricate it for the spinning operation.

Tariff classification at the end of this stage: 5101.30.65 or 5101.30.70.

(11) Dyeing may be done after oiling and before further processing, but in some cases
wool may be dyed at the top, yarn, or fabric stages.

Tariff classification at the end of this stage: 5101.30.65 or 5101.30.70.

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
September 2011

(12) Blending of different grades of wool may be done (optionally) at the next stage.

This tariff classification at the end of this stage may or may not change, depending
on which types of fiber are blended (see Chapter 51 Additional U.S. Note 2(e)
regarding unimproved wool).

(13) Carding serves to disentangle the fibers to prepare them for spinning, and is done
by passing the fibers between rollers covered with fine wire teeth. This stage
produces wool in the form of loose, untwisted, rope-like
sliver, ready for spinning into
yarn. Yarn that is spun from carded wool is known as woolen yarn.

Tariff classification at the end of this stage: 5105.10.

(14) Gilling and Combing are additional processes used only in the production of
smoother worsted yarns. It consists of further drawing of the fibers along fine-
toothed combs, to remove the shorter fibers and further align the longer ones, to
produce tops, a smoother, more uniform sliver suitable for spinning into worsted
yarns.

Tariff classification at the end of this stage: 5105.21-5105.29.

Outline of the Cashmere Production Process

Let us take a look at a variation on the wool process involving a fine animal hair such as
cashmere:

(1) Shearing or Combing serve to remove the wool from the cashmere goat. Shearing
consists simply of cutting the hair off the animal with shears. Under this method,
both the desirable underdown and the undesirable coarser “guard” hair are removed
in the same proportion in which they existed on the animal.

The more commonly used combing method removes hair by pulling a comb through
the animal's hair; this tends to remove a larger proportion of underdown and leave
more of the coarser hair on the animal. Thus, combing results in a product which
has a higher percentage of underdown than does shearing.

Tariff classification at the end of this stage: 5102.11.10.

(2) Separation according to quality, in some cases, is done at the time of shearing. The
sorting is generally according to:

• the color (the whiter the color, the higher the value),

• length of staple fiber (longer length has higher value),

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
September 2011

• fiber fineness (the lower the fiber diameter in microns, the higher the grade, the finer
the fiber and the higher the value), and

• the percentage yield of underdown (higher percentage yield has higher value -
cashmere removed by combing generally has a yield in the range of 50%, while that
removed by shearing has a yield of around 25%).

Tariff classification at the end of this stage: 5102.11.10.

(3) Scouring consists of washing the hair in a series of four baths to remove grease and
other foreign matter. There generally are three sequential baths of detergent and
hot water, followed by a final rinse bath with water only. If desired by the customer,
bleaching is added during one of the baths. These four baths achieve disinfecting
as well as physical cleaning, although sometimes if there is a danger of anthrax, a
fifth bath of formaldehyde is used.

Tariff classification at the end of this stage: 5102.11.10.

(4) Pre-opening

Tariff classification at the end of this stage: 5102.11.10.

(5) Dehairing serves to separate the coarser guard hairs from the desirable underdown
hairs. Dehairing machines are modified carding type machines that operate
primarily on the principle that the coarse guard hairs are heavier than the fine
underdown. When the co-mingled mass of fine and coarse fibers are presented to
the dehairing machine, the centrifugal force of the high RPM carding rolls throws the
heavier coarse hairs underneath the de-hairer while the finer underdown travels
through the machine. After dehairing, the expected coarse hair content is only 0.1%
to 3.0%.

Because of the type of process that occurs, some would argue that dehairing is a
carding process, but Customs' position (HQ 950906) is that it is not. The process
does, however, advance the fiber beyond the de-greased or carbonized condition. It
also greatly increases the value or price of the fiber.

Tariff classification at the end of this stage: 5102.11.90.

(6) There is generally no carding process for cashmere (although some would argue
that dehairing is a process similar to carding). Combing follows dehairing, and
consists of further drawing the fibers along fine-toothed combs, to remove the
shorter fibers and further align the longer ones, to produce “tops,” suitable for
spinning into yarns. The shorter fibers that are thrown off in this process are known
as “noils.”

Tariff classification at the end of this stage: 5105.31.00.

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
September 2011

Other Animal Hairs

Camel hair, produced chiefly in China, Mongolia and various Central Asian republics, is
subject to similar processes as cashmere; valuable underdown must be separated from
coarser hairs. It must be scoured and dehaired for commercial use.

Cashgora is a hybrid goat fiber resulting from the crossbreeding of cashmere and
mohair-type goats, produced commonly in New Zealand, Central Asian republics,
Turkey, and Mongolia. It is subject to similar processes as cashmere and camel hair.

Angora rabbit hair is produced in China, and is different from cashmere in that its coarse
hairs are not necessarily objectionable, so that in most cases the fiber is used without
dehairing.

Pashmina is the hair of the inner coat of the goat capra hircus which at this time is not
listed as an endangered species. The hair is finer yet warmer than even cashmere and
is harvested from live animals. Since the goat is native to the Himalayas, source
countries are generally India, Nepal, and possibly China.

Mohair is the lustrous hair of the Angora goat, native to Turkey but now more widely
raised. Mohair fibers are relatively coarse, with no natural crimp. Due to its natural
durability, it is frequently used for upholstery fabrics

Notes on Yield and Conditioned Weight for Wool

Certain duties in Chapter 51 are based on the “clean kg.” which is the clean yield in
kilograms. The HTSUS defines “clean yield,” except for purposes of carbonized fibers,
as the absolute clean content (i.e., all that portion of the merchandise which consists
exclusively of wool or hair free of all vegetable and other foreign material, containing by
weight 12 percent of moisture and 1.5 percent of material removable from the wool or
hair by extraction with alcohol, and having an ash content of not over 0.5 percent by
weight), less an allowance, equal by weight to 0.5 percent of the absolute clean content
plus 60 percent of the vegetable matter present, but not exceeding 15 percent by weight
of the absolute clean content, for wool or hair that would ordinarily be lost during
commercial cleaning operations. For purposes of carbonized fibers, the term clean
yield means in the condition as entered.

Wool is often bought on the basis of
conditioned weight, which is the dry weight plus a
fixed percentage of expected moisture content by percent of weight, or
moisture regain.
This is usually 15% to 18% depending on the system employed. A term such as
“conditioned at 17%” for a wool purchase would indicate that the fiber was bought on
the basis of a moisture regain of 17%. Under CIE 1235/57 (which, although written
under the previous valuation system and before the HTSUS, still is instructive),
valuation was based on the price per conditioned kilogram, while any specific duty rate
was assessed against the actual landed net weight in kilograms, adjusted for clean
yield.

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
September 2011

Table 3: Grades of Wool Fiber

The HTSUS has separate provisions for wool based on its grade, which is a number
which expresses the fineness of the fibers. The grade is a standard unit of
measurement which is
not the same as the fiber diameter in microns. It can be related
to the fiber diameter in microns as shown on the following table.

Grade Average Fiber Diameter, Max Standard Deviation,
in microns
in microns

Finer than 80s under 17.70 3.59

80s 17.70 to 19.14 4.09

70s 19.15 to 20.59 4.59

64s 20.60 to 22.04 5.19

62s 22.05 to 23.49 5.89

60s 23.50 to 24.94 6.49

58s 24.95 to 26.39 7.09

56s 26.40 to 27.84 7.59

54s 27.85 to 29.29 8.19

50s 29.30 to 30.99 8.69

48s 31.00 to 32.69 9.09

46s 32.70 to 34.39 9.59

44s 34.40 to 36.19 10.09

40s 36.20 to 38.09 10.69

36s 38.10 to 40.20 11.19

Coarser than 36s over 40.20

(Based on the Official Standards of the United States for Grades of Wool as
promulgated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, effective January 1, 1966.)

The chart on the following page, “Chapter 51: Wool Fibers and Fine or Coarse Animal
Hair,” shows the means by which wool fiber sand fine or coarse animal hair are
classified in Chapter 51 of the HTSUS. For specific information it is advisable to consult
the tariff schedule itself.

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
September 2011

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
September 2011

COTTON FIBER & YARNS OF CHAPTER 52

Cotton Fiber Production

Cotton fiber that has not been carded or combed is generally classified according to
staple length. In some cases, the variety of cotton is also significant. Before we
discuss the complex scheme of classifications and quotas that apply to raw cotton, it
might be helpful to summarize the usual steps in the process of making cotton yarn from
raw fiber:

(1) Harvesting: Cotton is picked in the form of bolls from the cotton plant. At this point
the cotton is in small clusters 1 to 12 inches in diameter, which include seeds and
other undesired plant material, and is referred to as
seed cotton.

Tariff heading at the end of this stage: 5201.

(2) Ginning: The next step in cotton processing is to remove the seeds, using a cotton
gin. The product of this process is sometimes referred to as lint cotton or ginned
cotton.

After separation from the cotton fibers by ginning, the seeds are still covered with a
fine down formed of very short fibers (usually less than 5 mm long), known as cotton
linters. Linters are too short for spinning, but are used in the manufacture of
man-made fibers (e.g., rayon), cellulose plastics, certain varieties of paper, filter
blocks and as a filler in the rubber industry.

Tariff heading at the end of this stage: 5201. Linters in subheading 1404.20.

(3) Baling: Lint cotton is baled at the cotton gin after the seeds have been removed.
The bale supplied to textile mills averages 500 pounds in weight.

Tariff heading at the end of this stage: 5201.

(4) Blending: Cotton taken from a number of bales is blended together and separated
into large tufts.

Tariff heading at the end of this stage: 5201.

(5) Cleaning: In the step cleaner, large tufts of cotton are reduced in size and quantities
of trash (stems, leaf, and seed fragments, etc.) are removed. In the opener-cleaner,
tufts are further reduced in size and fluffed, and large quantities of trash are
removed.

Tariff heading at the end of this stage: 5201.

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
September 2011

(6) Picking: Trash removal is continued, and small tufts are formed into a continuous
sheet known as picker laps, which are approximately 40 inches wide and 1 inch thick
and weigh about 40 pounds each.

Tariff heading at the end of this stage: 5201.

(7) Carding: The picker lap is processed into a thin mist-like sheet that is formed into a
loose rope-like strand of fibers known as
card sliver.

Tariff heading at the end of this stage: 5203.

(8) Combing: If the fiber is intended for finer yarns, it is put through an additional
straightening, in which fine-toothed combs continue straightening the fibers until they
are highly parallel. This process results in
comb sliver, which appears smoother and
finer than card sliver.

Tariff heading at the end of this stage: 5203.

(9) Drawing: A number of card slivers are brought together and drawn out to form a
single rope-like strand known as drawn sliver, having straightened fibers and
improved uniformity.

Tariff heading at the end of this stage: 5203.

(10) Roving: The drawn sliver is further drawn out into a smaller strand of fibers known
as roving.

Tariff heading at the end of this stage: 5203.

(11) Spinning: The roving is still further drawn out into a tiny strand of fibers and twisted
into a yarn on either a ring spinning system or an open-end spinning system.

Tariff heading at the end of this stage: 5204-7.

A Note on “Harsh or Rough” Cotton

Despite much research, going back to hearing reports by the U.S. Tariff Commission in
the 1920's and also into various trade and industry publications (some crumbling and
yellowing with age), we have been unable to find a definition for
harsh or rough cotton.
The variety of harsh or rough cotton that has a staple length of 29.36874 mm (1-5/32
inches) (see HTSUS 5201.00.24 and 5201.00.28) is identified in the background
documents as Peruvian Tanguis cotton. But the harsh or rough cotton that has a staple
length under 19.05 mm (3/4 inch) classified under HTSUS 5201.00.05, is apparently a
different variety and is not defined or described in the background documents.

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
September 2011

Even contacts in the USDA could provide no definition of this term. Based on what little
information is available, it appears that the term “harsh or rough” has nothing to do with
impurities, and something to do with the crinkliness of the fibers. However, USDA
contacts did indicate that cotton with a staple length of less than 3/4” is extremely rare,
and would probably be found only in the Indian subcontinent. Since the term was
created by USDA in 1939, without any apparent definition or guidelines, and since there
was mention in the 1958 Tariff Commission study to the effect that USDA will test for
this, our approach, as far as lab-testing is concerned, should be to leave the
determination up to USDA in all cases by having Customs labs refer that type of testing
to Agriculture Department labs.

Waste Products from Cotton Fiber Processing

At each of the above stages of processing, there are cotton fibers and other byproducts
which are thrown off and recovered for other uses. Except for cotton linters discussed
above, they are generally classified under heading 5202.

Gin motes, sometimes referred to simply as motes, are a by-product of the cotton
ginning process, and consist of reclaimable cotton lint mixed with bits of leaves and bark
( 5202.99.50) (Note:
regins are gin motes that have been put through a willowing and
cleaning process, and are generally classified not as waste, but as cotton fiber of
heading 5201).

Picker motes are the waste materials extracted during the opening, cleaning and picking
processes. This waste contains the heavier trash such as stems, seeds, seed coat
fragments, etc., and some fiber (5202.99.50). It is marketable and usually used for
padding.

Picker lap waste or lap waste occurs as the ends of the laps are removed from
machines to ensure even and uniform splicing when replenishing the supply package
fed later to the carding machinery. Lap waste is good cotton and is later blended in
predetermined amounts with the regular mix (5202.99.05, 5202.99.10, or 5202.99.30).

Card strips are a waste byproduct of the carding process. They include:

• Card cylinder and doffer strips which are the fibers that gradually collect between the
wires of the card clothing on the carding machine. This waste has to be removed
periodically from the machine. It is used primarily by makers of coarse industrial
yarns and fabrics.

• Card flat strips, which include fibers, neps (small knotted or tangled fiber fragments)
and dirt that accumulate in the wire clothed flats during carding. As the flats revolve,
the waste is removed so that a clean surface is presented to the carding cylinder.
This waste is used primarily by makers of coarse yarns and fabrics.

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
September 2011

• Card motes and fly are waste removed from the picker lap by the combing action of
the card. It is a much lower form of waste than the card strips described above, and
is composed of very short fibers, seed coat fragments, dirt, etc. It is used in
padding, mattresses and is occasionally used for blending into mixes for low-grade
coarse industrial yarns (5202.99.50).

• Sliver waste is a clean white waste that occurs at the carding, combing and drawing
processes, during the “piecing-up" or splicing operations (5202.99.05, 5202.99.10, or
5202.99.30). It can be reworked by blending with raw stock in predetermined
amounts.

• Noils or comber noils are a byproduct of combing, and they are the short fibers
which are combed out and completely separated from the longer fibers. It is used in
blends for the manufacture of yarns and fabrics (5202.99.50).

• Roving waste is a clean white waste resulting from replenishing the supply packages
in the spinning frame. It is re-workable by blending with the raw stock mix in small
amounts (5202.99.05, 5202.99.10, or 5202.99.30).

Cotton Classifications and Quotas: HTSUS Chapters 52 and 99

Cotton fiber and waste are currently subject to a system of tariff-rate quotas, which will
be slowly phased out over time. In addition, the Secretary of Agriculture, under certain
market conditions, announces “Special” quotas for Upland Cotton. Following are
outlines of the various types of cotton quotas, based on the Harmonized Tariff Schedule
of the United States (HTSUS), as they apply to imports entered for the 2000
calendar/quota year and later.

• Under NAFTA, there are no longer textile quota restrictions for Mexico.

• Under the
Uruguay Round Agreements Act, Section 22 absolute quotas were
replaced by tariff-rate quotas (TRQ’s) on January 1, 1995. TRQ’s are a two-tier tariff
system under which a specified “in-quota” quantity of an article enters at lower in-
quota tariff rates, and “over-quota” quantities enter at substantially higher over-quota
rates. The in-quota quantity excludes imports from Mexico and from countries that
are not members of the World Trade Organization (WTO), or that are not specifically
listed in the quota. The in-quota TRQ quantities for cotton are listed under
Additional U.S. Notes 5, 6, 7, and 8 of HTSUS chapter 52.

• Under the
Special Cotton Import Quota, a special quota on UPLAND cotton is
triggered when the price conditions set forth in section 103B(a)(5)(F) of the
Agricultural Act of 1949, as amended, are met, and the United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA) issues an announcement which specifies a quantity that may be
entered under HTSUS 9903.52.01 - 9903.52.26 during a 180-day period following
the effective date of such determination and announcement. Announcements may
be made on a weekly basis. Imports must be accompanied by: (1) an original

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certificate from a foreign government agency official of the country of origin attesting
that the cotton is of a variety of Gossypium Hirsutum (also known as Upland Cotton);
(2) an importer certification that the cotton was purchased not later than 90 days
after the quota was established; and (3) be entered under the terms and conditions
in US Note 6(a) of Subchapter III of Chapter 99 of the HTSUS. See last paragraph,
below, on General Note 15 of the HTSUS.

• Under the Special Limited Global Import Quota, a special quota on UPLAND cotton
is triggered when the price conditions set forth in section 103B(n) of the Agricultural
Act of 1949, as amended, are met, and USDA issues an announcement which
specifies that quantity that may be entered under HTSUS 9903.52.00 during a 90-
day period following the effective date of such determination and announcement.
Imports must be accompanied by: (1) an original certificate from a foreign
government agency official of the country of origin attesting that the cotton is of a
variety of Gossypium Hirsutum (also known as Upland Cotton); (2) an importer
certification that the cotton was purchased not later than 90 days after the quota was
established; and (3) be entered under the terms and conditions in US Note 6(b) of
Subchapter III of Chapter 99 of the HTSUS. See last paragraph, below, on General
Note 15 of the HTSUS.

• General Note 15 of the HTSUS states that whenever a product of chapter 52 is (1)
subject to a TRQ (the NAFTA or Uruguay Round quotas), and (2) subject to
provisions of subchapter IV of Chapter 99 HTSUS (the Secretary of Agriculture's
“Special” quotas), entries of such products
shall not be counted against the
quantities specified as the in-quota TRQ quantity. General Note 15(e) specifically
lists as an exclusion “cotton entered under the provisions of US Note 6 to
Subchapter III of Chapter 99 and subheadings 9903.52.00 through 9903.52.26
inclusive.” Such imports count against the special quota quantity of HTSUS
9903.52.00 through 9903.52.26 which are in the USDA announcement(s). Imports
are dutiable at the tariff rates under 5201.00.12, 5201.00.22, or 5201.00.55
depending on staple length.

See the current HTSUS and the latest version of the Informed Compliance Publication
What Every Member of the Trade Community Should Know About: Raw Cotton: Tariff
Classification and Import Quotas, for more details.

Cotton Yarns

Most of the types of distinctions that matter in classification of cotton yarns have already
been discussed. This includes the (metric) cotton yarn number, whether or not the yarn
is sewing thread, whether or not it is put up for retail sale, and whether or not it is plied.
The remaining question is whether a yarn is uncombed or combed.

Uncombed cotton yarns are those made from the carded fibers described above.
These fibers have been subjected to carding which serves to roughly align the fibers.

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
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Under magnification, these yarns will appear to have rough edges with some stray
fibers and some which are not quite parallel.

Combed cotton yarns are those made from the combed cotton fibers. These fibers
have been subjected to an additional process which removes the shorter fibers and
more perfectly aligns the fibers that remain. This results in a smoother appearance than
that of carded yarns.

The chart on the following page, “Chapter 52: Cotton Yarns,” shows the means by
which cotton yarns are classified in Chapter 52 of the HTSUS. For specific information
it is advisable to consult the tariff schedule itself.

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
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VEGETABLE FIBERS & YARNS OF CHAPTER 53; PAPER YARNS

Classifying Vegetable Fibers

It is very important to recognize that headings 5301-5305 are not uniform as to what
types of vegetable materials are covered. Some vegetable materials are covered
throughout the full range, from plants as harvested to fibers ready for spinning; while
other materials are more limited, as follows:

Headings 5301-5302 (flax or true hemp) may be either in the condition as harvested
(raw), or processed somewhat beyond the raw state. They may be in condition ready
for spinning, but they may not be spun (see yarns, below).

Heading 5303 (jute and other textile bast fibers except for flax, true hemp and ramie),
covers the stalks of these plants, as well as more advanced products (but not spun
yarns). Generally (see exception below for broom fibers), the products of heading 5303
may be the raw stalks removed from the stems, or may be crushed, carded or combed
in preparation for spinning. Included in this group, as listed in the Explanatory Note
(alphabetized here for convenience), are:

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
September 2011

Table 4: Products of Heading 5303

Abroma augusta Julburpur jute
Abutilon hemp Kenaf
Abutilon avicennae Kenaf
Ambari hemp King-ma
Aramina Madagascar jute
Benares hemp Madras hemp
Bimlipatam Malva roxa
Bimli jute Malva blanca
Bombay hemp Malvaisco
Cadillo Meshta
Caesarweed Nettles
Calcutta hemp Paka
Carapicho Papoula de Sao Francisco
China jute Polompon
Ching-ma Punga
Clappertonia ficifolia Queensland hemp
Congo jute Red jute
Corchorus olitorius Rosella hemp
Corchorus capsularis Roselle
Crotalaria juncea Siam jute
Cuba jute Siam jute
Dah Sida
Devil's cotton Sunn
Escobilla Thespesia
Gambo hemp Tien-Tsin
Guaxima Tossa
Guaxima Triumfetta
Hibiscus cannabinus True jute
Hibiscus hemp Urena sinuata
Hibiscus sabdariffa Urena lobata
White jute

Indian flax
Indian
Java jute

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September 2011

Heading 5303 also includes broom fibers, from the bast of the Spanish broom (Spartium
junceum) or common broom (Cytisus scoparius), except that broom fibers and other
bast fibers that are NOT of a kind usually used for textiles are covered in chapter 14;
they fall in 5303 ONLY IF they have been crushed, carded or combed in preparation for
spinning (see "spinning" guidelines in discussion of heading 5305, below).

Heading 5305 covers certain vegetable materials obtained from the leaves of Sisal,
genus Agave, Abaca, Coconut and various other plants, as well as ramie, which is
obtained from the stalk of its plant. Included in this group (alphabetized here for
convenience), as listed in the Explanatory Note, are the following (those asterisked, and
any other vegetable materials not enumerated in the Explanatory Note, go in these
headings only if they are treated in a manner indicating their use for textile purposes):

Table 5: Products of Heading 5305

Abaca Green ramie bast
Agave lechugilla * Haiti hemp
Agave cantala Henequen
Agave tequilana IfehempIstle *
Agave funkiana * Ixtle *
Agave americana KaratesMaguey
Agave fourcroydes Manila hemp
Agave sisalana Mauritius hemp
Agave foetida Mexican hemp *
Alfa * Musa textilis Nee
Aloe fiber New Zealand flax
Arghan New Zealand hemp
Berandine * Peat fiber *
Beraudine peat * Phormium tenax
Boehmeria nivea bast Pina
Boehmeria-tenacissima bast Pineapple fibers
Bowstring hemp Pita floja
Bromeliaceae family Pita
Cantala Piteira
Caroa Ramie
Cattail plant fiber* Rhea bast
China grass bast Sansevieria
Coconut Silkgrass
Coir Sisal
Colombia pita Tampico *
Curana Typha *
Esparto * White ramie bast
Furcraea gigantea

Yucca

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
September 2011

These headings cover fibers obtained from leaves, or, in the case of ramie, fibers
obtained from the stalks. (The plants themselves or the untreated leaves would remain
in chapter 14.) Processes differ for the various plants, but in all cases the raw material
must be broken down into fiber form to be classified here (these fibers may be relatively
short like cotton or wool, or they may be filaments several meters long). However, it
must be repeated that certain materials (those asterisked in the above list, and any
other vegetable materials not enumerated in the Explanatory Note) go in these
headings
only if they are treated in a manner indicating their use for textile purposes.
Generally, this would mean that they have been carded or combed in preparation for
spinning. This means that the stalks or leaves have been (1) broken down into fine
fibers; and (2) carded, combed or aligned in parallel fashion (in a form commonly known
as tow, rovings or sliver).

Classifying Yarns, Braids, and Fabrics of Vegetable Fibers

Vegetable fiber yarns of headings 5306-5308 must be made of spun vegetable fibers.
To be “spun,” the stalks or leaves must have been (1) broken down into fine parallel
fibers, commonly known as tow, rovings or sliver; (2) carded, combed or aligned in
parallel fashion in some manner, and (3) caused to adhere to each other by means of
spinning. Spinning is a twisting process whereby the materials which have been broken
down into fibers and aligned in a parallel fashion are twisted together until they cling to
each other well enough to remain in the form of a yarn. This type of twisting is
distinguished from the process of taking two or more finished yarns or other materials
and twisting them together to form a plied yarn.

So-called yarns that are made of twisted unspun vegetable materials, but not of spun
vegetable fibers, are not classified as yarn, but remain in headings 5301-5305 (or in
chapter 14, as appropriate). Because they are not yarns, these twisted vegetable
materials cannot be classified as twine, cordage, rope or cable in heading 5607, even if
they meet the decitex requirements. Note the distinction in the preceding paragraph
between spinning and twisting.

Spun vegetable fibers (yarns) that meet the definition of twine, cordage, rope or cable
are classified in heading 5607. Otherwise they fall in headings 5306-5308.

Spun vegetable fibers (yarns) that are
braided would be classified in headings 5607 or
5808, depending on the tightness of the braid.

Other (i.e.,
unspun) vegetable materials that are braided would probably be classified in
chapter 46.

Similarly, if a fabric is woven from
spun yarns of headings 5306-5308, it would be
classified in headings 5309-5311. If a fabric is woven from unspun vegetable material
of headings 5301-5305, it cannot be classified in chapter 53.

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September 2011

Paper Yarn

Paper yarns are separately provided for in subheading 5308.90.10, by means of a
separate description in the heading language, after a semicolon, for “paper yarn.”
According to the Explanatory Notes, paper yarns are obtained by twisting/rolling
lengthwise strips of moist paper, but not simply by folding paper one or more times
lengthwise. Note that these criteria are entirely different from those for vegetable fiber
yarns and products thereof, discussed above. Paper yarn is not considered yarn of
vegetable fibers; it just happens to have been placed in the same chapter as vegetable
fibers. Do not confuse the criteria for vegetable fiber yarns (must be made of
spun
vegetable fibers), with those for paper yarns (must be made by twisting/rolling
lengthwise strips of moist paper).

MAN-MADE FILAMENT, STRIP & STAPLE FIBERS, AND YARNS
THEREOF

Man-Made Filaments and Fibers

Note 1 to Chapter 54 defines “man-made fibers” as staple fibers and filaments of
organic polymers produced either by polymerization of organic monomers or by
chemical transformation of natural organic polymers.

Man-made fibers are further subdivided into two broad classes based on the production
process used to obtain them.
Synthetic man-made fibers are produced by
polymerization of organic monomers (an organic molecule is a chemical that contains
carbon and was derived originally from living matter). In general these monomers are
derived from petroleum distillates and the process involves the linking together of the
monomers by chemical means. For example the organic monomer ethylene is
connected in a continuous chain of repeating ethylene monomers to form polyethylene
that is extruded through a spinneret to form a polyethylene fiber.

The second class of man-made fibers is the artificial man-made fibers. These fibers are
produced by transforming natural organic polymer. In other words, these products
existed as polymers in the natural state such as cellulose in wood and are broken down
and reassembled in artificial fibers. Since they had a pre-existence as polymers, their
manufacturing process is distinctly different.

The Explanatory Notes to chapter 54 provides a list of the most common synthetic fibers
which include acrylic, modacrylic, polypropylene, nylon and other polyamides, polyester,
polyethylene, polyurethane, trivinyl, and vinylal. Among the artificial fibers are three
subclasses. Artificial cellulosic fibers include viscose rayon, cuprammonium rayon, and
cellulose acetate including tri-acetate. Bamboo has recently proved to be an important
source for cellulosic artificial fibers. The second subclass of artificial man-made fibers is
derived from protein from plant and animal sources. These include casein, a derivative
of milk, and fibers produced from corn, soya bean, and nut proteins. The last subclass

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
September 2011

of artificial man-made fibers is the alginate fibers that are derived from seaweed and are
based on calcium alginate.

Man-made fibers are also differentiated by their physical form. Chapter 54 provides for
man-made filaments and Chapter 55 man-made staple fibers. Man-made staple fibers
are in general short fibers usually measuring 25 to 180 millimeters in length that have
been cut from continuous filament man-made fibers. The short fibers are then in most
cases spun into yarns. Man-made filaments are continuous fibers that have been
produced by extruding the polymerized chemical through spinnerets and are often miles
in length.

Since only organic polymers may be considered man-made fiber, several types of yarn
and fabric which one might think of as man-made fiber are not considered such under
the HTSUS. The most obvious examples of this are glass fiber yarns and fabrics and
carbon fiber yarns and fabrics. Note 1(r) of Section XI excludes glass fibers and articles
of glass fibers from the textile section. Similarly Note 1(q) of Section XI excludes
carbon fibers and articles of carbon fiber from the textile section. Note that since 2007,
strip and the like of headings 5404 and 5405 are not considered to be man-made fibers,
meaning that they are neither synthetic nor artificial, but, where required, they would be
classified as “other.”

Man-Made Fiber and Filament Production

Generally, production of man-made fibers or filaments begins with bringing the raw
materials to a liquid state. In the case of synthetic polymers, this is done by subjecting
them to high temperatures. In the case of cellulosic materials, the method generally
involves creating a solution of the cellulosic raw materials such as wood pulp and a
solvent. The materials in this liquid state are then subject to an extrusion process.

The process of extrusion is sometimes called spinning, a term borrowed from the
sericulture industry because it finds its analogue in the process employed by the
silkworm in spinning its cocoon. The silkworm forms in its internal glands a liquid
solution that it discharges through two external orifices called spinnerets located below
its mouth. When emitted, the two threads combine into a single thread and harden
immediately upon exposure to air. In much the same way, the spinning solution is
conveyed to the so-called spinning frame that consists of rows of jetholders carrying
spinning nozzles at their extremities. These nozzles consist of metal caps made of a
hard, noncorrosive, lightweight, precious metal or alloy. They are perforated with
circular, concentrically arranged openings of almost microscopic size, ranging from
three to five one-thousandths of an inch in diameter. Corresponding as they do to
orifices of the silkworm, they are also called spinnerets.

The apertures of the spinnerets vary in shape according to whether filaments or ribbon-
like bands are to be produced. If the former, they vary in size according to the denier of
the yarn or fibers desired. By varying the number and size of the spinneret openings,

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
September 2011

there are produced fine yarns and spinning yarns on the one hand, and coarse
monofilaments on the other.

For some materials, the liquid or the solution is forced through the tiny holes of
spinnerets into an acid bath, which causes the material to solidify (regenerate) into
continuous filament. Other materials will solidify upon exposure to water or to air, or to
lower temperatures.

After extrusion, washing and finishing, filaments are generally wound onto spools and
may later be put up on warp beams to be used in weaving.

Man-Made Staple Fiber Production

Man-made staple fibers are generally made by cutting filaments into shorter lengths.
The filament is first produced in the form of
tow, which is a large group of untwisted
strands (tariff definition: “Headings Nos. 55.01 and 55.02 apply only to man-made
filament tow, consisting of parallel filaments of a uniform length equal to the length of
the tow, meeting the following specifications: (a) Length of tow exceeding 2 m; (b) Twist
less than 5 turns per meter; (c) Measuring per filament less than 67 decitex; (d)
Synthetic filament tow only: the tow must be drawn, that is to say, be incapable of being
stretched by more than 100% of its length; (e) Total measurement of tow more than
20,000 decitex.”). If the tow meets all of these criteria except length, it would be
classified in heading 5503 or 5504.

The tow is then either cut or broken into shorter lengths, the length depending on what
is required for the particular lot of staple fiber being produced. The staple fiber that
results then needs to be further processed in order to become yarn. It is notable,
however, that there is a tow-to-top process for man-made fibers, whereby the normal
carding and combing steps are skipped and a sliver-like product (
tops) is produced
directly. Whatever the method by which these tops are produced, the material will then
be subjected to processes similar to those that either cotton or wool fibers undergo in
order to become yarns.

Man-Made Fiber Yarns

Filament or staple fiber yarns are produced from man-made filaments or man-made
staple fibers, in much the same way that silk yarns are twisted from grouped silk
filaments, or cotton or wool yarns are produced from carded or combed fibers. Refer to
discussions earlier in this booklet for definitions of the key terms. All of the key terms
found in the man-made filament and man-made fiber chapters have been defined earlier
in this booklet.

The charts on the following pages, “Chapter 54: Man-Made Filament Yarns and Strip,”
and “Chapter 55: Man-Made Staple Fiber Yarns,” shows the means by which man-
made filament yarns and strip and staple fiber yarns are classified in Chapter 54 and 55
of the HTSUS. For specific information it is advisable to consult the tariff schedule itself.

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
September 2011

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
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INVOICING REQUIREMENTS

Yarns

19 CFR 141.89 specifies invoice requirements for yarns as follows:

(1) All yarn invoices should show:
(a) Fiber content by weight;
(b) Whether single or plied;
(c) Whether or not put up for retail sale (See Section XI, Note 4, HTSUS);
(d) Whether or not intended for use as sewing thread;

(2) If chief weight of silk -- show whether spun or filament;

(3) If chief weight of cotton -- show:
(a) Whether combed or uncombed
(b) Metric number (mn)
(c) Whether bleached and/or mercerized;

(4) If chief weight of man-made fiber -- show:
(a) Whether filament, or spun, or a combination of filament and spun
(b) If a combination of filament and spun -- give percentage of filament and spun by
weight.
(4) If chief weight of filament man-made fiber -- show:

(a) Whether high tenacity (See Section XI, note 6 HTSUS).
(b) Whether monofilament, multifilament or strip
(c) Whether texturized
(d) Yarn number in decitex
(e) Number of turns per meter
(f) For monofilaments -- show cross sectional dimension in millimeters
(g) For strips -- show the width of the strip in millimeters (measure in folded or
twisted condition if so imported).

Although 19 CFR provides no specific invoicing requirements for fiber or for twine,
cordage, rope or cable, or for textile fibers, 19 CFR 141.86(3) requires:

A detailed description of the merchandise, including the name by which
each item is known, the grade or quality, and the marks, numbers, and
symbols under which sold by the seller or manufacturer to the trade in the
country of exportation, together with the marks and numbers of the packages
in which the merchandise is packed . . .

19 CFR 141.87 further requires that: Whenever the classification or
appraisement of merchandise depends on the component materials, the

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invoice shall set forth a breakdown giving the value, weight, or other
necessary measurement of each component material in sufficient detail to
determine the correct duties.

Based on these general requirements, the following (non-regulatory) invoicing
guidelines have been developed:

Twine, Cordage, Rope, or Cable

(1) State fiber content (sisal, polypropylene, nylon, etc.).
(2) State whether braided or twisted. If twisted, provide weight per unit length in
decitex and direction of twist (“S” or “Z”).
(3) If the item is twisted or braided around a core, describe the core material (e.g.,
rubber strands, braided cord, etc.)
(4) Provide diameter in millimeters or centimeters.
(5) Describe in what condition the item will be imported (i.e., length, in rolls, coils or
bales).
(6) If the item is made of strip, state the width of that strip in both its folded and
unfolded condition and state whether or not that strip is fibrillated.
(7) If the item is single, Z-twisted and of sisal or other textile fibers of the genus
agave, provide the minimum twine breaking force.
(8) If the item is single, Z-twisted, of polyethylene or polypropylene and stabilized
against degradation by sunlight, provide the minimum twine breaking force and
the average minimum knot breaking force.
(9) Indicate whether there are loops, hooks or other fittings on one or both ends of
the item.
(10) If the item is dedicated for some special use (such as mountain climbing), state
that use and indicate how the item is so dedicated (e.g., length etc.).

Fibers

Similarly, the following guidelines have been developed for fibers:

(1) All invoices for fibers should state the fiber content by percentage by weight.
(2) All invoices for wool and animal hair should state:
(a) the animal source from which the fiber is obtained
(b) the condition (greasy, shorn, unimproved, degreased, scoured, fleece washed,
carbonized, carded, combed etc.) of the fiber
(c) the grade (finer than 40's but not finer than 44's, etc.) of each lot of wool,
specifying the standards used (U.S. official standards, etc.)
(d) the net weight of each lot of wool or hair in the condition in which it is shipped,
and the shipper's estimate of the clean yield of each lot by weight or percentage.
(3) All invoices for raw cotton should state:
(a) whether harsh or rough cotton
(b) the staple length
(c) the variety of cotton, such as Karnak, Gisha, Pima, Tanguis, etc.

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(4) All invoices for raw vegetable fibers should state:
(a) the type of fiber (flax, jute, hemp, etc.)
(b) whether the fiber is raw, retted, broken, scutched, or otherwise processed.
(5) All invoices for man-made staple fibers should state:
(a) fiber content
(b) whether the fiber is carded, combed, or otherwise processed for spinning.

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APPENDIX: USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS

WEIGHT
1 kilogram = 2.2046 pounds
1 ounce = 28.35 grams

FORCE
1 pound-force = 4.448 Newtons
1 kilogram-force = 9.807 Newtons
1 kilogram-force = 2.2046 pounds-force

DISTANCE
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters
1 yard = 0.9144 meters
1 kilometer = .6214 miles

LINEAR DENSITY
Decitex = number of grams per 10,000 meters
*NM Metric cotton yarn number = 1.6933 x *NE English cotton yarn number
NM = 10,000 / Decitex
NM = 9,000 / Denier
Decitex = 10 x Tex
Decitex = 10,000 / NM
Decitex = 5,900 / NE
Decitex = 1.111111 x Denier
Decitex = 14,880,000 / number of feet per pound

TENACITY
1 gram/denier = 8.827 centinewtons/tex
1 millinewton/decitex = 1 centinewton/tex

Note: NE=English Number; NM=Metric Number

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

The Internet

The home page of U.S. Customs and Border Protection on the Internet’s World Wide
Web, provides the trade community with current, relevant information regarding CBP
operations and items of special interest. The site posts information -- which includes
proposed regulations, news releases, publications and notices, etc. -- that can be
searched, read on-line, printed or downloaded to your personal computer. The web site
was established as a trade-friendly mechanism to assist the importing and exporting
community. The web site also links to the home pages of many other agencies whose
importing or exporting regulations that U.S. Customs and Border Protection helps to
enforce. The web site also contains a wealth of information of interest to a broader
public than the trade community. For instance, the “Know Before You Go” publication
and traveler awareness campaign is designed to help educate international travelers.

The web address of U.S. Customs and Border Protection is http://www.cbp.gov

Customs Regulations

The current edition of Customs and Border Protection Regulations of the United States
is a loose-leaf, subscription publication available from the Superintendent of
Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402; telephone (202)
512-1800. A bound edition of Title 19, Code of Federal Regulations is also available for
sale from the same address. All proposed and final regulations are published in the
Federal Register, which is published daily by the Office of the Federal Register, National
Archives and Records Administration, and distributed by the Superintendent of
Documents. Information about on-line access to the Federal Register may be obtained
by calling (202) 512-1530 between 7 a.m. and 5 p.m. Eastern time. These notices are
also published in the weekly Customs Bulletin described below.

Customs Bulletin

The Customs Bulletin and Decisions (“Customs Bulletin”) is a weekly publication that
contains decisions, rulings, regulatory proposals, notices and other information of
interest to the trade community. It also contains decisions issued by the U.S. Court of
International Trade, as well as customs-related decisions of the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit. Each year, the Government Printing Office publishes bound
volumes of the Customs Bulletin. Subscriptions may be purchased from the
Superintendent of Documents at the address and phone number listed above.

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Classification of Fibers and Yarns under the HTSUS
September 2011

Importing into the United States

This publication provides an overview of the importing process and contains general
information about import requirements. The current edition of Importing Into the United
States contains much new and revised material brought about pursuant to the Customs
Modernization Act (“Mod Act”). The Mod Act has fundamentally altered the relationship
between importers and U.S. Customs and Border Protection by shifting to the importer
the legal responsibility for declaring the value, classification, and rate of duty applicable
to entered merchandise.

The current edition contains a section entitled "Informed Compliance." A key component
of informed compliance is the shared responsibility between U.S. Customs and Border
Protection and the import community, wherein CBP communicates its requirements to
the importer, and the importer, in turn, uses reasonable care to assure that CBP is
provided accurate and timely data pertaining to his or her importation.

Single copies may be obtained from local offices of U.S. Customs and Border
Protection, or from the Office of Public Affairs, U.S. Customs and Border Protection,
1300 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20229. An on-line version is
available at the CBP web site. Importing into the United States is also available for
sale, in single copies or bulk orders, from the Superintendent of Documents by calling
(202) 512-1800, or by mail from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, P.O. Box 979050, St. Louis, MO 63197-9000.

Informed Compliance Publications

U.S. Customs and Border Protection has prepared a number of Informed Compliance
publications in the “What Every Member of the Trade Community Should Know
About:...” series. Check the Internet web site http://www.cbp.gov for current
publications.

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Value Publications

Customs Valuation under the Trade Agreements Act of 1979 is a 96-page book
containing a detailed narrative description of the customs valuation system, the customs
valuation title of the Trade Agreements Act (§402 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended
by the Trade Agreements Act of 1979 (19 U.S.C. §1401a)), the Statement of
Administrative Action which was sent to the U.S. Congress in conjunction with the TAA,
regulations (19 C.F.R. §§152.000-152.108) implementing the valuation system (a few
sections of the regulations have been amended subsequent to the publication of the
book) and questions and answers concerning the valuation system.

Customs Valuation Encyclopedia (with updates) is comprised of relevant statutory
provisions, CBP Regulations implementing the statute, portions of the Customs
Valuation Code, judicial precedent, and administrative rulings involving application of
valuation law. A copy may be purchased for a nominal charge from the Superintendent
of Documents, Government Printing Office, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-
7054. This publication is also available on the Internet web site of U.S. Customs and
Border Protection.

The information provided in this publication is for general information
purposes only. Recognizing that many complicated factors may be
involved in customs issues, an importer may wish to obtain a ruling under
CBP Regulations, 19 C.F.R. Part 177, or obtain advice from an expert
(such as a licensed Customs Broker, attorney or consultant) who
specializes in customs matters. Reliance solely on the general
information in this pamphlet may not be considered reasonable care.

Additional information may also be obtained from U.S. Customs and Border Protection
ports of entry. Please consult your telephone directory for an office near you. The
listing will be found under U.S. Government, Department of Homeland Security.

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“Your Comments are Important”

The Small Business and Regulatory Enforcement Ombudsman and 10 regional
Fairness Boards were established to receive comments from small businesses about
Federal agency enforcement activities and rate each agency’s responsiveness to small
business. If you wish to comment on the enforcement actions of U.S. Customs and
Border Protection, call 1-888-REG-FAIR (1-888-734-3247).

REPORT SMUGGLING 1-800-BE-ALERT OR 1-888-NO-DROGA

Visit our Internet web site: http://www.cbp.gov

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