M4S: The CTD -- Safety

Administrative guidance, not enacted legislation. This captured publisher edition preserves the listed document and attachments; later developments are not independently consolidated.

https://fda-my.sharepoint.com/personal/jennifer_clampet_fda_gov/Documents/Desktop/Updated Guidances-Jan 2025/48_M4S The CTD
Safety/!4539S_Jan 2025 update.doc
01/31/25
Guidance for Industry
M4S: The CTD — Safety
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Food and Drug Administration
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)
August 2001
ICH

Guidance for Industry
M4S: The CTD — Safety
Additional copies are available from:
Office of Training and Communications
Division of Drug Information, HFD-240
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
Food and Drug Administration
5600 Fishers Lane
Rockville, MD 20857
(Tel) 301-827-4573
(Internet) http://www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/index.htm
or
Office of Communication, Training and
Manufacturers Assistance, HFM-40
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research
Food and Drug Administration
1401 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852-1448
Internet: http://www.fda.gov/cber/guidelines.htm.
Fax: 1-888-CBERFAX or 301-827-3844
Mail: the Voice Information System at 800-835-4709 or 301-827-1800
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Food and Drug Administration
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)
August 2001
ICH

i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 1
BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................... 2
The CTD .................................................................................................................................................. 2
Preparing and Organizing the CTD ..................................................................................................... 2
Module 4. Nonclinical Study Reports .................................................................................................. 4
Organization and Format of the ICH Guidances for Industry .......................................................... 7
Numbering............................................................................................................................................... 7
GENERAL PRINCIPLES ........................................................................................................... 8
Guidances Referenced ............................................................................................................................ 8
MODULE 2: NONCLINICAL OVERVIEW............................................................................ 8
General Aspects ...................................................................................................................................... 8
Content and Structural Format ............................................................................................................ 9
MODULE 2: NONCLINICAL WRITTEN AND TABULATED SUMMARIES................ 11
Guidance on Nonclinical Written Summaries ................................................................................... 11
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 11
General Presentation Issues................................................................................................................. 11
Guidance on Nonclinical Tabulated Summaries ............................................................................... 13
2.6. CONTENT OF NONCLINICAL WRITTEN AND TABULATED SUMMARIES...... 13
2.6.1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 13
2.6.2 PHARMACOLOGY WRITTEN SUMMARY ............................................................... 14
2.6.2.1 Brief Summary.......................................................................................................................... 14
2.6.2.2 Primary Pharmacodynamics ................................................................................................... 14
2.6.2.3 Secondary Pharmacodynamics ............................................................................................... 14
2.6.2.4 Safety Pharmacology ................................................................................................................ 14
2.6.2.5 Pharmacodynamic Drug Interactions .................................................................................... 14
2.6.2.6 Discussion and Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 15
2.6.2.7 Tables and Figures ................................................................................................................... 15
2.6.3 PHARMACOLOGY TABULATED SUMMARY (SEE APPENDIX B) ..................... 15
2.6.4 PHARMACOKINETICS WRITTEN SUMMARY ....................................................... 15
2.6.4.1 Brief Summary.......................................................................................................................... 15
2.6.4.2 Methods of Analysis ................................................................................................................. 15

ii
2.6.4.3 Absorption ................................................................................................................................. 16
2.6.4.4 Distribution ............................................................................................................................... 16
2.6.4.5 Metabolism (interspecies comparison) ................................................................................... 16
2.6.4.6 Excretion ................................................................................................................................... 16
2.6.4.7 Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions........................................................................................ 16
2.6.4.8 Other Pharmacokinetic Studies .............................................................................................. 16
2.6.4.9 Discussion and Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 16
2.6.4.10 Tables and Figures ................................................................................................................. 17
2.6.5 PHARMACOKINETICS TABULATED SUMMARY (SEE APPENDIX B) ............. 17
2.6.6 TOXICOLOGY WRITTEN SUMMARY ....................................................................... 17
2.6.6.1 Brief Summary.......................................................................................................................... 17
2.6.6.2 Single-Dose Toxicity ................................................................................................................. 18
2.6.6.3 Repeat-Dose Toxicity (including supportive toxicokinetic evaluation) ............................... 18
2.6.6.4 Genotoxicity .............................................................................................................................. 18
2.6.6.5 Carcinogenicity (including supportive toxicokinetics evaluations) ...................................... 18
2.6.6.6 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity (including range-finding studies and
supportive toxicokinetics evaluations) ................................................................................................ 18
2.6.6.7 Local Tolerance ........................................................................................................................ 19
2.6.6.8 Other Toxicity Studies (if available) ....................................................................................... 19
2.6.6.9 Discussion and Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 19
2.6.6.10 Tables and Figures ................................................................................................................. 19
2.6.7 TOXICOLOGY TABULATED SUMMARY (SEE APPENDIX B) ............................. 19
MODULE 4: NONCLINICAL STUDY REPORTS ................................................................ 19
4.1 TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... 19
4.2 STUDY REPORTS .............................................................................................................. 19
4.3 LITERATURE REFERENCES ......................................................................................... 20
APPENDIX A: EXAMPLES OF TABLES AND FIGURES FOR WRITTEN
SUMMARIES............................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
APPENDIX B: THE NONCLINICAL TABULATED SUMMARIES TEMPLATES
ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
APPENDIX C: THE NONCLINICAL TABULALTED SUMMARIES — EXAMPLES
ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

1
Guidance for Industry1
M4S: The CTD — Safety
INTRODUCTION
This is one in a series of guidances that provide recommendations for applicants preparing the
Common Technical Document for the Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (CTD) for
submission to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This guidance presents the agreed
upon common format for the preparation of a well-structured Safety section of the CTD for
applications that will be submitted to regulatory authorities. A common format for the technical
documentation will significantly reduce the time and resources used to compile applications for
registration of human pharmaceuticals and will ease the preparation of electronic submissions.
Regulatory reviews and communication with the applicant will be facilitated by a standard
document of common elements. In addition, exchange of regulatory information among
regulatory authorities will be simplified.
For information on the Quality and Efficacy sections of the CTD, see the individual guidances
for industry that discuss those parts of the CTD. For general information about the CTD, as well
as specific information about Module 1 (regional administrative information), see the guidance
for industry, General Considerations for Submitting Marketing Applications According to the
ICH/CTD Format.2 The CTD guidances are intended to be used together with other ICH and
1 This guidance was developed within the Expert Working Group (Safety) of the International Conference on
Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) and has been
subject to consultation by the regulatory parties, in accordance with the ICH process. This document was endorsed
by the ICH Steering Committee at Step 4 of the ICH process, November 2000. At Step 4 of the process, the final
draft is recommended for adoption to the regulatory bodies of the European Union, Japan, and the United States.
2 A draft version of the General Considerations guidance is currently available. Once it has been finalized, it will
represent the Agency's thinking on this topic.
This guidance represents the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) current thinking on this
topic. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind
FDA or the public. An alternative approach may be used if such approach satisfies the
requirements of the applicable statutes and regulations.

2
Agency guidances. Please refer to those guidances for detailed information about the contents of
an application.
BACKGROUND
The CTD
Through the ICH process, considerable harmonization has been achieved among the three
regions (Japan, Europe, and the United States) in the technical requirements for the registration
of pharmaceuticals for human use. However, until now, there has been no harmonization of the
organization of a submission. Each region has its own requirements for the organization of the
technical reports in the submission and for the preparation of the summaries and tables. In
Japan, the applicants must prepare the GAIYO, which organizes and presents a summary of the
technical information. In Europe, expert reports and tabulated summaries are required, and
written summaries are recommended. The U.S. FDA has guidance regarding the format and
content of the new drug application submission. To avoid generating and compiling different
registration dossiers, this guidance describes a format for the Safety section of the CTD that will
be acceptable in all three regions.
Preparing and Organizing the CTD
This guidance primarily addresses the organization of the information to be presented in the
Safety section of an application for new pharmaceuticals (including biotechnology-derived
products). Guidances also are available that discuss the Quality and Efficacy sections of the
CTD.
These guidances are not intended to indicate what studies are required. The guidances merely
indicate an appropriate format for the data that have been acquired. Applicants should not
modify the overall organization of the CTD. However, in the Nonclinical and Clinical
Summaries sections of the CTD, applicants can modify individual formats to provide the best
possible presentation of the technical information to facilitate the understanding and evaluation
of the results.
Throughout the CTD, the display of information should be unambiguous and transparent, to
facilitate the review of the basic data and to help a reviewer become quickly oriented to the
application contents. Text and tables should be prepared using margins that allow the document
to be printed on both A4 paper (E.U. and Japan) and 8.5" x 11” paper (U.S.). The left-hand
margin should be sufficiently large that information is not obscured through binding. Font sizes
for text and tables should be of a style and size that are large enough to be easily legible, even
after photocopying. Times New Roman, 12-point font is recommended for narrative text.
Acronyms and abbreviations should be defined the first time they are used in each module.
References should be cited in accordance with the current edition of the Uniform Requirements

3
for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, International Committee of Medical Journal
Editors (ICMJE).3
The CTD should be organized into five modules. Module 1 is region specific. Modules 2, 3, 4,
and 5 are intended to be common for all regions. Conformance with the CTD guidances should
help ensure that these four modules are provided in a format acceptable to the regulatory
authorities (see the figure and overall outline on the following pages).
Module 1. Administrative Information and Prescribing Information
This module should contain documents specific to each region; for example, application
forms or the proposed label for use in the region. The content and format of this module
can be specified by the relevant regulatory authorities. For information about this module
see the guidance for industry, General Considerations for Submitting Marketing
Applications According to the ICH/CTD Format.
Module 2. Common Technical Document Summaries
Module 2 should begin with a general introduction to the pharmaceutical, including its
pharmacologic class, mode of action, and proposed clinical use. In general, the
introduction should not exceed one page.
Module 2 should contain 7 sections in the following order:
• 	CTD Table of Contents
• 	CTD Introduction
• 	Quality Overall Summary
• 	Nonclinical Overview
• 	Clinical Overview
• 	Nonclinical Written and Tabulated Summaries
• 	Clinical Summary
The individual organization of the Module 2 summaries is described in three separate
documents:
• 	M4Q: The CTD — Quality
• 	M4S: The CTD — Safety
• 	M4E: The CTD — Efficacy
Module 3. Quality
Information on Quality should be presented in the structured format described in the
guidance, M4Q.
3 The first edition of the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals was conceived
by the Vancouver Group and was published in 1979.

4
Module 4. Nonclinical Study Reports
The Nonclinical Study Reports should be presented in the order described in the guidance
M4S.
Module 5. Clinical Study Reports
The human study reports and related information should be presented in the order
described in the guidance M4E .

5
Module 1
Regional
Administrative
Information
1
1.1 Submission
T of C
Quality
Overall
Summary
2.3
Nonclinical
Overview
2.4
Clinical
Overview
2.5
Nonclinical
Written and
Tabulated
Summaries
2.6
Clinical
Summary
2.7
Module 3
Quality
3
3.1 T of C
Module 4
Nonclinical
Study Reports
4
4.1 T of C
Module 5
Clinical
Study Reports
5
5.1 T of C
Module 2
Not Part of
the CTD
CTD
CTD Table of Contents
2.1
CTD Introduction
2.2
Diagrammatic Representation of the ICH Common Technical
Document

6
The CTD should be organized according to the following general outline.
Module 1: Administrative Information and Prescribing Information
1.1 	Table of Contents of the Submission Including Module 1
1.2 	Documents Specific to Each Region (for example, application forms, prescribing
information)
Module 2: Common Technical Document Summaries
2.1 	CTD Table of Contents
2.2 	CTD Introduction
2.3 	Quality Overall Summary
2.4 	Nonclinical Overview
2.5 	Clinical Overview
2.6 	Nonclinical Written and Tabulated Summaries
Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics
Toxicology
2.7 	Clinical Summary
Biopharmaceutics and Associated Analytical Methods
Clinical Pharmacology Studies
Clinical Efficacy
Clinical Safety
Synopses of Individual Studies
Module 3: Quality
3.1 	Module 3 Table of Contents
3.2 	Body of Data
3.3 	Literature References
Module 4: Nonclinical Study Reports
4.1 	Module 4 Table of Contents
4.2 	Study Reports
4.3 	Literature References
Module 5: Clinical Study Reports
5.1 	Module 5 Table of Contents
5.2 	Tabular Listing of All Clinical Studies
5.3 	Clinical Study Reports
5.4 	Literature References

7
Organization and Format of the ICH Guidances for Industry
Although the CTD is organized by modules, the guidances for industry that provide
recommendations for applicants on preparing the CTD have been organized by topic: Quality,
Safety, and Efficacy. As a result, guidance discussing Module 2 is divided among three
guidances.
• 	Guidance on the Quality section of the CTD (Module 2, Quality Overall Summary
(QOS), and Module 3) can be found in the guidance for industry M4Q: The CTD —
Quality.
• 	Guidance on the Safety section of the CTD (Module 2, the Nonclinical Overview and the
Nonclinical Written and Tabulated Summaries, and Module 4) can be found in the
guidance for industry M4S: The CTD — Safety
• 	Guidance on the Efficacy section of the CTD (Module 2, the Clinical Overview and the
Clinical Summary, and Module 5) can be found in the guidance for industry M4E: The
CTD — Efficacy.
Numbering
In the guidances for industry on the Quality, Safety, and Efficacy sections of the CTD, Arabic
numbers have been assigned to designate those specific sections that should be included in the
CTD. The Arabic numbers used in the guidances also should be used when assembling the CTD
for submission. For specific information on numbering the pages and volumes of the
submission, see the guidance for industry, General Considerations for Submitting Marketing
Applications According to the ICH/CTD Format. Sections in the guidance documents that are
not numbered provide guidance on how to prepare those sections. In this guidance for industry,
sections that should be included in Module 2 and Module 4 of the CTD have been numbered
using the Arabic numbers 2 and 4, respectively.

8
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
This guidance provides recommendations for the harmonization of the Safety section of the
CTD. It discusses the Nonclinical Overview, Nonclinical Written Summary, and Nonclinical
Tabulated Summaries.
The primary purpose of the Nonclinical Written and Tabulated Summaries should be to provide a
comprehensive, factual synopsis of the nonclinical data. The interpretation of the data, the
clinical relevance of the findings, cross-linking with the quality aspects of the pharmaceutical,
and the implications of the nonclinical findings for the safe use of the pharmaceutical (i.e., as
applicable to labeling) should be addressed in the Nonclinical Overview.
Guidances Referenced
The following ICH guidances are referenced in the Safety section:
M3 	Nonclinical Safety Studies for the Conduct of Human Cllinical Trials for
Pharmacaeuticals (November 1997)
S1C 	Dose Selection for Carcinogenicity Studies of Pharmaceuticals (March 1995)
S7 	Safety Pharmacology Studies for Human Pharmaceuticals (August 2000)
MODULE 2: NONCLINICAL OVERVIEW
The Nonclinical Overview should provide an integrated, overall analysis of the information in
the Common Technical Document. In general, the Nonclinical Overview should not exceed
about 30 pages.
General Aspects
The Nonclinical Overview should present an integrated and critical assessment of the
pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicologic evaluation of the pharmaceutical. Where
relevant guidances on the conduct of studies exist, these should be taken into consideration, and
any deviation from these guidances should be discussed and justified. The nonclinical testing
strategy should be discussed and justified. There should be comment on the good laboratory
practice (GLP) status of the studies submitted. Any association between nonclinical findings and
the quality characteristics of the human pharmaceutical, the results of clinical trials, or effects
seen with related products should be indicated, as appropriate.
Except for biotechnology-derived products, an assessment of the impurities and degradants
present in the drug substance and product should be included, along with what is known of their
potential pharmacologic and toxicologic effects. This assessment should form part of the
justification for proposed impurity limits in the drug substance and product and be appropriately
cross-referenced to the quality documentation. The implications of any differences in the

9
chirality, chemical form, and impurity profile between the compound used in the nonclinical
studies and the product to be marketed should be discussed. For biotechnology-derived products,
comparability of material used in nonclinical and clinical studies and proposed for marketing
should be assessed. If a drug product includes a novel excipient, an assessment of the
information regarding the excipient’s safety should be provided.
Relevant, scientific literature and the properties of related products should be taken into account.
If detailed references to published, scientific literature are to be used in place of studies
conducted by the applicant, this should be supported by an appropriate justification that reviews
the design of the studies and any deviations from available guidances. In addition, the
availability of information on the quality of batches of drug substance used in these referenced
studies should be discussed.
The Nonclinical Overview should contain appropriate reference citations to the Tabulated
Summaries in the following format: (Table X.X, Study/Report Number).
Content and Structural Format
The Nonclinical Overview should be presented in the following sequence:
2.4. 	NONCLINICAL OVERVIEW
2.4.1 Overview of the Nonclinical Testing Strategy
2.4.2 Pharmacology
2.4.3 Pharmacokinetics
2.4.4 Toxicology
2.4.5 Integrated Overview and Conclusions
2.4.6 List of Literature Citations
Studies conducted to establish the pharmacodynamic effects, the mode of action, and potential
side effects should be evaluated, and consideration should be given to the significance of any
issues that arise.
The assessment of the pharmacokinetic, toxicokinetic, and metabolism data should address the
relevance of the analytical methods used, the pharmacokinetic models, and the derived
parameters. It might be appropriate to cross-refer to more detailed consideration of certain issues
within the pharmacology or toxicology studies (e.g., impact of the disease states, changes in
physiology, antiproduct antibodies, cross-species consideration of toxicokinetic data).
Inconsistencies in the data should be discussed. Interspecies comparisons of metabolism and
systemic exposure comparisons in animals and humans (AUC, Cmax, and other appropriate
parameters) should be discussed and the limitations and utility of the nonclinical studies for
prediction of potential adverse effects in humans highlighted.
The onset, severity, and duration of the toxic effects, their dose dependency and degree of
reversibility (or irreversibility), and species- or sex-related differences should be evaluated and
important features discussed, particularly with regard to:

10
• 	Pharmacodynamics
• 	Toxic signs
• 	Causes of death
• 	Pathologic findings
• 	Genotoxic activity — the chemical structure of the compound, its mode of action, and its
relationship to known genotoxic compounds
• 	Carcinogenic potential in the context of the chemical structure of the compound, its
relationship to known carcinogens, its genotoxic potential, and the exposure data
• 	The carcinogenic risk to humans — if epidemiologic data are available, they should be
taken into account
• 	Fertility, embryofetal development, pre- and postnatal toxicity
• 	Studies in juvenile animals
• 	The consequences of use before and during pregnancy, during lactation, and during
pediatric development
• 	Local tolerance
• 	Other toxicity studies and/or studies to clarify special problems
The evaluation of toxicology studies should be arranged in a logical order so that all relevant
data elucidating a certain effect and/or phenomenon are brought together. Extrapolation of the
data from animals to humans should be considered in relation to:
• 	Animal species used
• 	Numbers of animals used
• 	Routes of administration employed
• 	Dosages used
• 	Duration of treatment or of the study
• 	Systemic exposures in the toxicology species at no observed adverse effect levels and at
toxic doses, in relation to the exposures in humans at the maximum recommended human
dose. Tables or figures summarizing this information are recommended.
• 	The effect of the drug substance observed in nonclinical studies in relation to that
expected or observed in humans
If alternatives to whole animal experiments are employed, their scientific validity should be
discussed.
The integrated overview and conclusions should clearly define the characteristics of the human
pharmaceutical, as demonstrated by the nonclinical studies, and arrive at logical, well-argued
conclusions supporting the safety of the product for the intended clinical use. Taking the
pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology results into account, the implications of the
nonclinical findings for the safe human use of the pharmaceutical should be discussed (i.e., as
applicable to labeling).

11
MODULE 2: NONCLINICAL WRITTEN AND TABULATED SUMMARIES
Guidance on Nonclinical Written Summaries
Introduction
This guidance is intended to assist authors in the preparation of nonclinical pharmacology,
pharmacokinetics, and toxicology written summaries in an appropriate format. This guidance is
not intended to indicate what studies are required. It merely indicates an appropriate format for
the nonclinical data that have been acquired.
The sequence and content of the Nonclinical Written Summary sections are described below. It
should be emphasized that no guidance can cover all eventualities, and common sense and a
clear focus on the needs of the regulatory authority assessor are the best guides to constructing a
document. Therefore, applicants can modify the format, if needed, to provide the best possible
presentation of the information and to facilitate the understanding and evaluation of the results.
Whenever appropriate, age- and sex-related effects should be discussed. Relevant findings with
stereoisomers and/or metabolites should be included, as appropriate. Consistent use of units
throughout the Nonclinical Written Summaries will facilitate their review. A table for
converting units might also be useful.
In the Discussion and Conclusion sections, information should be integrated across studies and
across species, and exposure in the test animals should be related to exposure in humans given
the maximum intended doses.
General Presentation Issues
Order of Presentation of Information Within Sections
When available, in vitro studies should precede in vivo studies. Where multiple studies of the
same type are summarized within the Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology sections, studies should
be ordered by species, by route, and then by duration (shortest duration first).
Species should be ordered as follows:
• 	Mouse
• 	Rat
• 	Hamster
• 	Other rodent
• 	Rabbit
• 	Dog
• 	Nonhuman primate
• 	Other nonrodent mammal
• 	Nonmammals

12
Routes of administration should be ordered as follows:
• 	The intended route for human use
• 	Oral
• 	Intravenous
• 	Intramuscular
• 	Intraperitoneal
• 	Subcutaneous
• 	Inhalation
• 	Topical
• 	Other
Use of Tables and Figures
Although the Nonclinical Written Summaries are envisaged to be composed mainly of text, some
information contained within them might be more effectively and/or concisely communicated
through the use of appropriate tables or figures. Examples of formats that might be included in
the Written Summaries are shown in Appendix A.
To allow authors flexibility in defining the optimal structure for the written summaries, tables
and figures should preferably be included within the text. Alternatively, they could be grouped
together at the end of each of the Nonclinical Written Summaries.
Throughout the text, reference citations to the Tabulated Summaries should be included in the
following format: (Table X.X, Study/Report Number).
Length of Nonclinical Written Summaries
Although there is no formal limit to the length of the Nonclinical Written Summaries, it is
recommended that the total length of the three Nonclinical Written Summaries in general not
exceed 100-150 pages.
Sequence of Written Summaries and Tabulated Summaries
The following order is recommended:
• 	Introduction
• 	Pharmacology written summary
• 	Pharmacology tabulated summary
• 	Pharmacokinetics written summary
• 	Pharmacokinetics tabulated summary
• 	Toxicology written summary
• 	Toxicology tabulated summary

13
Guidance on Nonclinical Tabulated Summaries
It is recommended that summary tables for the nonclinical information in the Common Technical
Document be provided in the format outlined in this guidance. Applicants can modify the
format, if warranted, to provide the best possible presentation of the information and to facilitate
the understanding and evaluation of the results.
This guidance is not intended to indicate what studies are requested, but solely to advise how to
tabulate study results if a study is performed. Applicants can add some items to or delete some
items from the cited format, where appropriate. One tabular format can contain results from
several studies. Alternatively, it may be appropriate to cite the data resulting from one study in
several tabular formats.
The recommended formats for the tables in the Nonclinical Tabulated Summaries are provided in
Appendices B and C, which follow. Appendix B contains templates for use in preparation of the
tables. The templates are annotated (in italics) to provide guidance on their preparation. (The
italicized information should be deleted when the tables are prepared.) Appendix C provides
examples of the summary tables. The purpose of the examples is to provide additional guidance
on the suggested content and format of the Tabulated Summaries. However, it is the
responsibility of the applicant to decide on the best possible presentation of the data for each
product. Authors should keep in mind that, in some regions, a review of the Tabulated
Summaries (in conjunction with the Written Summaries) represents the primary review of the
nonclinical information. Presentation of the data in the formats provided as templates and
examples should ensure that a sufficient level of detail is available to the reviewer and should
provide concise overviews of related information.
When a juvenile animal study has been conducted, it should be tabulated using the template
appropriate for the type of study.
The order of presentation given for the Nonclinical Written Summaries should be followed for
the preparation of the tables for the Nonclinical Tabulated Summaries.
2.6. CONTENT OF NONCLINICAL WRITTEN AND TABULATED SUMMARIES
2.6.1 INTRODUCTION
The aim of this section should be to introduce the reviewer to the pharmaceutical and to its
proposed clinical use. The following key elements should be covered:
• 	Brief information concerning the pharmaceutical’s structure (preferably, a structure
diagram should be provided) and pharmacologic properties
• 	Information concerning the pharmaceutical’s proposed clinical indication, dose, and
duration of use

14
2.6.2 PHARMACOLOGY WRITTEN SUMMARY
Within the Pharmacology Written Summary, the data should be presented in the following
sequence:
• 	Brief summary
• 	Primary pharmacodynamics
• 	Secondary pharmacodynamics
• 	Safety pharmacology
• 	Pharmacodynamic drug interactions
• 	Discussion and conclusions
• 	Tables and figures (either here or included in text)
2.6.2.1 Brief Summary
The principal findings from the pharmacology studies should be briefly summarized in
approximately two to three pages. This section should begin with a brief description of the
content of the pharmacologic data package, pointing out any notable aspects such as the
inclusion and/or exclusion of particular data (e.g., lack of an animal model).
2.6.2.2 Primary Pharmacodynamics
Studies on primary pharmacodynamicsa should be summarized and evaluated. Where possible, it
would be helpful to relate the pharmacology of the drug to available data (e.g., selectivity, safety,
potency) on other drugs in the class.
2.6.2.3 Secondary Pharmacodynamics
Studies on secondary pharmacodynamicsa should be summarized by organ system, where
appropriate, and evaluated in this section.
2.6.2.4 Safety Pharmacology
Safety pharmacology studiesa should be summarized and evaluated in this section. 	In some
cases, secondary pharmacodynamic studies can contribute to the safety evaluation when they
predict or assess potential adverse effects in humans. In such cases, these secondary
pharmacodynamic studies should be considered, along with safety pharmacology studies.
2.6.2.5 Pharmacodynamic Drug Interactions
If they have been performed, pharmacodynamic drug interaction studies should be briefly
summarized in this section.
a A draft ICH guidance S7 Safety Pharmacology Studies for Human Pharmaceuticals discusses this term in more
detail. This draft guidance published in August 2000 and is currently under revision. Once finalized, it will
represent the Agency’s current thinking on this topic.

15
2.6.2.6 Discussion and Conclusions
This section provides an opportunity to discuss the pharmacologic evaluation and to consider the
significance of any issues that arise.
2.6.2.7 Tables and Figures
Text tables and figures can be included at appropriate points throughout the summary within the
text. Alternatively, tables and figures can be included at the end of the summary.
2.6.3 PHARMACOLOGY TABULATED SUMMARY (SEE APPENDIX B)
2.6.4 PHARMACOKINETICS WRITTEN SUMMARY
The sequence of the Pharmacokinetics Written Summary should be as follows:
• 	Brief summary
• 	Methods of analysis
• 	Absorption
• 	Distribution
• 	Metabolism
• 	Excretion
• 	Pharmacokinetic drug interactions
• 	Other pharmacokinetic studies
• 	Discussion and conclusions
• 	Tables and figures (either here or included in text)
2.6.4.1 Brief Summary
The principal findings from the pharmacokinetics studies should be briefly summarized in
approximately two to three pages. This section should begin with a description of the scope of
the pharmacokinetic evaluation, emphasizing, for example, whether the species and strains
examined were those used in the pharmacology and toxicology evaluations, and whether the
formulations used were similar or identical.
2.6.4.2 Methods of Analysis
This section should contain a brief summary of the methods of analysis for biological samples,
including the detection and quantification limits of an analytical procedure. If possible,
validation data for the analytical method and stability of biological samples should be discussed
in this section. The potential impact of different methods of analysis on the interpretation of the
results should be discussed in the following relevant sections.

16
2.6.4.3 Absorption
The following data should be summarized in this section:
• 	Absorption (extent and rate of absorption, in vivo and in situ studies)
• 	Kinetic parameters, bioequivalence and/or bioavailability (serum/plasma/blood PK
studies)
2.6.4.4 Distribution
The following data should be summarized in this section:
• 	Tissue distribution studies
• 	Protein binding and distribution in blood cells
• 	Placental transfer studies
2.6.4.5 Metabolism (interspecies comparison)
The following data should be summarized in this section:
• 	Chemical structures and quantities of metabolites in biological samples
• 	Possible metabolic pathways
• 	Presystemic metabolism (GI/hepatic first-pass effects)
• 	In vitro metabolism including P450 studies
• 	Enzyme induction and inhibition
2.6.4.6 Excretion
The following data should be summarized in this section:
• 	Routes and extent of excretion
• 	Excretion in milk
2.6.4.7 Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions
If they have been performed, nonclinical pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies (in vitro
and/or in vivo) should be briefly summarized in this section.
2.6.4.8 Other Pharmacokinetic Studies
If studies have been performed in nonclinical models of disease (e.g., renally impaired animals),
they should be summarized in this section.
2.6.4.9 Discussion and Conclusions
This section provides an opportunity to discuss the pharmacokinetic evaluation and to consider
the significance of any issues that arise.

17
2.6.4.10 Tables and Figures
Text tables and figures can be included at appropriate points throughout the summary within the
text. Alternatively, there is the option of including tables and figures at the end of the summary.
2.6.5 PHARMACOKINETICS TABULATED SUMMARY (SEE APPENDIX B)
2.6.6 TOXICOLOGY WRITTEN SUMMARY
The sequence of the Toxicology Written Summary should be as follows:
• 	Brief summary
• 	Single-dose toxicity
• 	Repeat-dose toxicity
• 	Genotoxicity
• 	Carcinogenicity
• 	Reproductive and developmental toxicity
• 	Studies in juvenile animals
• 	Local tolerance
• 	Other toxicity studies
• 	Discussion and conclusions
• 	Tables and figures (either here or included in text)
2.6.6.1 Brief Summary
The principal findings from the toxicology studies should be briefly summarized in a few pages
(generally not more than six). In this section, the extent of the toxicologic evaluation can be
indicated by the use of a table listing the principal toxicologic studies (results should not be
presented in this table), for example:
Toxicology Program
Study type and
duration
Route of
administration
Species 	Compound
administered*
Single-dose toxicity
Single-dose toxicity
Repeat-dose toxicity
1 month
6 months
9 months
po and iv
po and iv
po
po
po
Rat and mouse
Rat and mouse
Rat and dog
Rat
Dog
Parent drug
Metabolite X
Parent drug
“ 	“
“ 	“
* This column should be included only if metabolites are investigated.

18
The scope of the toxicologic evaluation should be described in relation to the proposed clinical
use. A comment on the GLP status of the studies should be included.
2.6.6.2 Single-Dose Toxicity
The single-dose data should be very briefly summarized, in order by species and by route. In
some instances, it may be helpful to provide the data in the form of a table.
2.6.6.3 Repeat-Dose Toxicity (including supportive toxicokinetic evaluation)
Studies should be summarized in order by species, by route, and by duration, giving brief details
of the methodology and highlighting important findings (e.g., nature and severity of target organ
toxicity, dose (exposure) and/or response relationships, no observed adverse effect levels).
Nonpivotal studies can be summarized in less detail (pivotal studies are the definitive GLP
studies specified by ICH guidance M3).
2.6.6.4 Genotoxicity
Studies should be briefly summarized in the following order:
• 	In vitro nonmammalian cell system
• 	In vitro mammalian cell system
• 	In vivo mammalian system (including supportive toxicokinetics evaluation)
• 	Other systems
2.6.6.5 Carcinogenicity (including supportive toxicokinetics evaluations)
A brief rationale should explain why the studies were chosen and the basis for high-dose
selection. Individual studies should be summarized in the following order:
• 	Long-term studies (in order by species), including range-finding studies that cannot
appropriately be included under repeat-dose toxicity or pharmacokinetics)
• 	Short- or medium-term studies (including range-finding studies that cannot appropriately
be included under repeat-dose toxicity or pharmacokinetics)
• 	Other studies
2.6.6.6 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity (including range-finding studies
and supportive toxicokinetics evaluations)
Studies should be summarized in the following order, giving brief details of the methodology
and highlighting important findings:
• 	Fertility and early embryonic development
• 	Embryofetal development
• 	Prenatal and postnatal development, including maternal function

19
• 	Studies in which the offspring (juvenile animals) are dosed and/or further evaluated if
such studies have been conducted
If modified study designs are used, the subheadings should be modified accordingly.
2.6.6.7 Local Tolerance
If local tolerance studies have been performed, they should be summarized in order by species,
by route, and by duration, giving brief details of the methodology and highlighting important
findings.
2.6.6.8 Other Toxicity Studies (if available)
If other studies have been performed, they should be summarized. When appropriate, the
rationale for conducting the studies should be provided.
• 	Antigenicity
• 	Immunotoxicity
• 	Mechanistic studies (if not reported elsewhere)
• 	Dependence
• 	Studies on metabolites
• 	Studies on impurities
• 	Other studies
2.6.6.9 Discussion and Conclusions
This section should provide an opportunity to discuss the toxicologic evaluation and the
significance of any issues that arise. Tables or figures summarizing this information are
recommended.
2.6.6.10 Tables and Figures
Text tables and figures can be included at appropriate points throughout the summary within the
text. Alternatively, tables and figures can be included at the end of the summary.
2.6.7 TOXICOLOGY TABULATED SUMMARY (SEE APPENDIX B)

19
MODULE 4: NONCLINICAL STUDY REPORTS
This guidance presents an agreed upon format for the organization of the nonclinical reports in
the Common Technical Document for applications that will be submitted to regulatory
authorities. This guidance is not intended to indicate what studies are required. It merely
indicates an appropriate format for the nonclinical data that have been acquired.
The appropriate location for individual animal data is in the study report or as an appendix to the
study report.
4.1 TABLE OF CONTENTS
A Table of Contents should be provided that lists all of the Nonclinical Study Reports and gives
the location of each study report in the Common Technical Document.
4.2 STUDY REPORTS
The study reports should be presented in the following order:
4.2.1 Pharmacology
4.2.1.1 Primary Pharmacodynamics
4.2.1.2 Secondary Pharmacodynamics
4.2.1.3 Safety Pharmacology
4.2.1.4 Pharmacodynamic Drug Interactions
4.2.2 Pharmacokinetics
4.2.2.1 Analytical Methods and Validation Reports (if separate reports are
available)
4.2.2.2 Absorption
4.2.2.3 Distribution
4.2.2.4 Metabolism
4.2.2.5 Excretion
4.2.2.6 Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions (nonclinical)
4.2.2.7 Other Pharmacokinetic Studies
4.2.3 Toxicology
4.2.3.1 Single-Dose Toxicity (in order by species, by route)
4.2.3.2 Repeat-Dose Toxicity (in order by species, by route, by duration,
including supportive toxicokinetics evaluations)
4.2.3.3 Genotoxicity
4.2.3.3.1 In vitro
4.2.3.3.2 In vivo (including supportive toxicokinetics evaluations)
4.2.3.4 Carcinogenicity (including supportive toxicokinetics evaluations)
4.2.3.4.1 Long-term studies (in order by species, including range-finding
studies that cannot appropriately be included under repeat-dose toxicity or
pharmacokinetics)

20
4.2.3.4.2 Short- or medium-term studies (including range-finding studies
that cannot appropriately be included under repeat-dose toxicity or
pharmacokinetics)
4.2.3.4.3 Other studies
4.2.3.5 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity (including range-finding
studies and supportive toxicokinetics evaluations) (If modified study
designs are used, the following subheadings should be modified
accordingly.)
4.2.3.5.1 Fertility and early embryonic development
4.2.3.5.2 Embryofetal development
4.2.3.5.3 Prenatal and postnatal development, including maternal function
4.2.3.5.4 Studies in which the offspring (juvenile animals) are dosed
and/or further evaluated
4.2.3.6. Local Tolerance
4.2.3.7. Other Toxicity Studies (if available)
4.2.3.7.1 Antigenicity
4.2.3.7.2 Immunotoxicity
4.2.3.7.3 Mechanistic studies (if not included elsewhere)
4.2.3.7.4 Dependence
4.2.3.7.5 Metabolites
4.2.3.7.6 Impurities
4.2.3.7.7 Other
4.3 LITERATURE REFERENCES

21