act-1992-0-31•Pennsylvania Act 1992-31 — VEHICLE CODE (75 PA.C.S.) - OMNIBUS AMENDMENTS
Pennsylvania Act 1992-31 — VEHICLE CODE (75 PA.C.S.) - OMNIBUS AMENDMENTS
act-1992-0-311992 Pa. Act 31Law
Act text
VEHICLE CODE (75 PA.C.S.) - OMNIBUS AMENDMENTS
Act of Apr. 16, 1992, P.L. 169, No. 31 Cl. 75
Session of 1992
No. 1992-31
HB 1549
AN ACT
Amending Title 75 (Vehicles) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated
Statutes, increasing fines for fare evasions; further
defining "emergency vehicle"; further providing for vehicles
for which certificates of salvage have been issued, for the
operation of certain vehicles by holders of Class C and Class
M licenses, for disqualification for certain first offense
violations, for third-party contracts to administer skills
tests and for required financial responsibility; providing
for civil immunity; providing an exclusion for motorcycle
operators from the surcharges levied to support the
Catastrophic Loss Benefits Continuation Fund; and further
providing for certificates of salvage and for allocation and
appropriation of proceeds from taxes for highway maintenance
and construction.
The General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
hereby enacts as follows:
Section 1. The definitions of "emergency vehicle" and
"valueless except for junk" in section 102 of Title 75 of the
Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes are amended and the section
is amended by adding a definition to read:
§ 102. Definitions.
Subject to additional definitions contained in subsequent
provisions of this title which are applicable to specific
provisions of this title, the following words and phrases when
used in this title shall have, unless the context clearly
indicates otherwise, the meanings given to them in this section:
* * *
"Emergency vehicle." A fire department vehicle, police
vehicle, sheriff vehicle, ambulance, blood-delivery vehicle,
armed forces emergency vehicle, one vehicle operated by a
coroner or chief county medical examiner and one vehicle
operated by a chief deputy coroner or deputy chief county
medical examiner used for answering emergency calls, or any
other vehicle designated by the State Police under section 6106
(relating to designation of emergency vehicles by Pennsylvania
State Police), or a privately owned vehicle used in answering an
emergency call when used by any of the following:
(1) A police chief and assistant chief.
(2) A fire chief, assistant chief and, when a fire
company has three or more fire vehicles, a second or third
assistant chief.
(3) A fire police captain and fire police lieutenant.
(4) An ambulance corps commander and assistant
commander.
(5) A river rescue commander and assistant commander.
(6) A county emergency management coordinator.
(7) A fire marshal.
(8) A rescue service chief and assistant chief.
* * *
"Recovered theft vehicle." A vehicle other than an antique
or classic vehicle which was reported as stolen but subsequently
recovered for which a certificate of salvage was issued and
which would otherwise be regarded as a reconstructed vehicle,
except that the retail value of any repairs to restore the
vehicle to operating condition does not exceed $1,000.
* * *
"Valueless except for [junk] salvage." A vehicle which is
inoperable or unable to meet the vehicle equipment and
inspection standards under Part IV (relating to vehicle
characteristics) to the extent that the cost of repairs would
exceed the value of the repaired vehicle. The term does not
include a vehicle which would qualify as an antique or classic
vehicle except for its lack of restoration or maintenance.
* * *
Section 2. Sections 1117 and 1504(d)(3) and (4) of Title 75
are amended to read:
§ 1117. Vehicle destroyed [or junked], dismantled, salvaged or
recycled.
(a) Application for certificate of [junk] salvage.--Any
owner who transfers a vehicle [as scrap, or] to be destroyed or
[junked,] dismantled, salvaged or recycled shall assign the
certificate of title to the person to whom the vehicle is
transferred. The transferee shall immediately present the
assigned certificate of title to the department or an authorized
agent of the department with an application for a certificate of
[junk] salvage upon a form furnished and prescribed by the
department. An insurer, as defined in section 1702 (relating to
definitions), to which title to a vehicle is assigned upon
payment to the insured of the replacement value of a [wrecked]
vehicle, shall be regarded as a transferee under this
subsection. If an owner retains possession of a vehicle which is
damaged to the extent that it is valueless except for [junk]
salvage, the owner shall apply for a certificate of [junk]
salvage immediately. In this case, an insurer shall not pay
vehicle [repayment] replacement value until the owner produces
evidence to the insurer that the certificate of [junk] salvage
has been issued.
(b) Issuance and effect of certificate of [junk] salvage.--
Upon proper application for a certificate of [junk] salvage, the
department, or such agents as the department may designate,
shall issue to the transferee a certificate of [junk] salvage
which shall authorize the holder to possess, transport[,] or, by
endorsement, transfer ownership in the [junked] salvaged
vehicle, and a certificate of title shall not again be issued
for the vehicle except upon application containing the
information the department requires, accompanied by any
necessary documents or articles.
(c) Vehicles with defective or lost title.--Any person on
whose property is located a vehicle which is valueless except
for [junk] salvage and which has a faulty, lost or destroyed
title may transfer the vehicle to a salvor or to a salvage
program operated by a political subdivision for removal to a
suitable place of storage or for scrapping, provided the salvor
or salvage program complies with the requirements of section
7309 (relating to [junking] salvaging of vehicles valueless
except for [junk] salvage), except that the report to the
department that the vehicle is valueless except for [junk]
salvage shall be verified by the transferor of the vehicle
instead of the police department. The transferee shall return
the assigned certificate of title to the department immediately
with an application for certificate of [junk] salvage upon a
form furnished and prescribed by the department.
(d) Reconstructed [vehicle] and recovered theft vehicles.--
(1) If a vehicle, other than an antique or classic
vehicle, for which a certificate of [junk] salvage has been
issued is thereafter restored to operating condition, it
shall be regarded as a reconstructed vehicle.
(2) If a certificate of salvage has been issued for a
vehicle, other than an antique or classic vehicle, which was
reported as stolen and then recovered and restored to
operating condition, the vehicle shall be regarded as a
recovered theft vehicle, but only if the retail value of any
repairs does not exceed $1,000; otherwise, the vehicle shall
be regarded as a reconstructed vehicle.
(e) Transfer to scrap metal processor.--[When a scrap metal
processor obtains a destroyed or junked vehicle from a licensed
salvor, it shall be the duty of the salvor to obtain a
certificate of junk therefor. When a scrap metal processor
purchases a destroyed or junked vehicle from a person other than
a salvor, it shall be the duty of the scrap metal processor to
obtain the certificate of junk.]
(1) When a vehicle has been flattened, crushed or
processed to the extent that it is no longer identifiable as
a vehicle, its certificate of title or salvage shall be
attached to a form provided by the department and immediately
sent to the department. The form shall include such
information as the owner's name, date processed, vehicle
make, model, year and VIN number. A copy of the form shall be
retained for record in accordance with section 6308(d)
(relating to investigation by police officers). The vehicle
scrap material shall no longer be considered a vehicle and
shall be removed from department records and shall not be
retitled or reconstructed.
(2) Any owner who transfers a vehicle to a scrap metal
processor shall assign the certificate of title or salvage to
the processor. The processor shall attach the certificate to
the proper department form, immediately send it to the
department and retain a copy in accordance with the
provisions of paragraph (1).
(f) Penalty.--Any person violating the provisions of
subsections (a) or (e) is guilty of a summary offense and shall,
upon conviction, be sentenced to pay a fine of $200 for each
violation.
§ 1504. Classes of licenses.
* * *
(d) Number and description of classes.--Licenses issued by
the department shall be classified in the following manner:
* * *
(3) Class C.--A Class C license shall be issued to those
persons 18 years of age or older, except as provided in
section 1503 (relating to persons ineligible for licensing),
who have demonstrated their qualifications to operate any
single vehicle, except those vehicles requiring a Class M
qualification, with a gross vehicle weight rating of not more
than 26,000 pounds or any [such vehicle towing a vehicle if
the gross combination vehicle weight rating is not more than
26,000 pounds] combination of vehicles, except combination
vehicles involving motorcycles, that does not meet the
definition of either Class A or Class B of this section.
(i) Where required under this title, appropriate
endorsements must be obtained.
(ii) Any firefighter who is the holder of a Class C
license and who has a certificate of authorization from
his fire chief shall be authorized to operate any fire or
emergency vehicle registered to the fire department,
regardless of the other requirements of this section as
to the class of license required. No fire chief, fire
department, including any volunteer fire company, or
municipality shall be liable for any civil damages as a
result of the issuance of a certificate authorized under
this paragraph unless such act constituted a crime,
actual fraud, actual malice or willful misconduct.
(iii) The holder of a Class C license shall also be
authorized to drive a [motorized pedalcycle] motor-driven
cycle with an automatic transmission and cylinder
capacity not exceeding 50 cubic centimeters or a three-
wheeled motorcycle equipped with an enclosed cab, but not
a motorcycle unless the license is endorsed, as provided
in this title.
(4) Class M.--A Class M license shall be issued to those
persons who have demonstrated their qualifications to operate
a motorcycle [or motor-driven cycle]. A Class M license
accompanied by an endorsement shall be issued to those
persons who have demonstrated their qualifications to operate
a motor-driven cycle. If a person is qualified to operate
only a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle, he shall be issued
[a Class M license only] only a Class M license or a Class M
license with an endorsement, as applicable.
* * *
Section 3. Section 1607(a)(4) of Title 75 is repealed.
Section 4. Section 1611(a)(1) of Title 75 is amended to
read:
§ 1611. Disqualification.
(a) Disqualification for first violation of certain
offenses.--Upon receipt of a certified copy of conviction, the
department shall, in addition to any other penalties imposed
under this title, disqualify any person from driving a
commercial motor vehicle for a period of one year for the first
violation of:
(1) section [3731(i)] 3731 (relating to driving under
the influence of alcohol or controlled substance), where the
violation occurred while the person was operating a
commercial motor vehicle;
* * *
Section 5. Section 1786(g)(2) of Title 75 is amended and the
section is amended by adding a subsection to read:
§ 1786. Required financial responsibility.
* * *
(g) Defenses.--
* * *
(2) No person shall be penalized for maintaining a
registered motor vehicle without financial responsibility
under subsection (d) if the registration [and license plates
were surrendered to the Department of Transportation] plate
and card were voluntarily surrendered to the department or an
agent appointed by the department to issue temporary
registration cards and plates pursuant to regulations
promulgated by the department at the time insurance coverage
terminated or financial responsibility lapsed. The department
or the agent, as the case may be, shall issue a receipt
showing the date that the registration plate and card were
received. The agent shall return the registration plate and
card to the department accompanied by a copy of the receipt.
(h) Reinstatement of voluntarily surrendered registration
plate and card.--
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), the original
registration plate and card shall be canceled by the
department and destroyed. Any person who voluntarily
surrendered a registration plate and card pursuant to the
provisions of subsection (g)(2) may obtain a substitute
registration plate and card bearing a registration number
other than that originally issued from the department or an
agent, as the case may be. Proof of financial responsibility
in a form approved by the department shall be submitted.
(2) Any registration plate issued under sections 1340
(relating to antique and classic plates) and 1341 (relating
to personal plate) shall be returned by the department to the
owner of the motor vehicle upon receipt of proof of financial
responsibility.
(3) An agent appointed by the department to issue
temporary registration cards and plates pursuant to
regulations promulgated by the department shall be authorized
to issue substitute temporary registration plates provided
proof of financial responsibility is furnished. The fees
provided pursuant to sections 1929 (relating to replacement
registration plates) and 1932 (relating to duplicate
registration cards) shall not be charged if the original
registration plate and card were canceled pursuant to
paragraph (1).
Section 6. Title 75 is amended by adding a section to read:
§ 1829. Civil immunity.
No person shall be subject to civil liability for libel,
violation of privacy or otherwise by virtue of the filing of
reports or furnishing of other information in good faith and
without malice required by this subchapter.
Section 7. Sections 1902, 4729, 6110(b)(2), 6506(a), 7102,
7103, 7304, 7305 and 7309 of Title 75 are amended to read:
§ 1902. Exemptions from other fees.
No fee shall be charged under this title for or to any of the
following:
(1) A certificate of title returned to the department
for cancellation.
(2) The replacement of a registration card or plate,
driver's license, learner's permit or certificate of title
lost in the mail if the applicant files an affidavit of
nonreceipt within 90 days of the date of original issuance.
(3) A certificate of [junk] salvage.
(4) A certificate of rejection.
(5) A special hauling permit issued to any person
hauling equipment or materials for use on a Federal or State
emergency relief project.
(6) A manufacturer, jobber or dealer for a certificate
of title to a motor vehicle, trailer or semitrailer when
assignment of certificate of title accompanies the
application for certificate of title, and when the dealer,
manufacturer or jobber is possessed of current
manufacturer's, dealer's or jobber's registration plates.
(7) The transfer of title to a surviving spouse pursuant
to section 1114 (relating to transfer of vehicle by operation
of law).
§ 4729. Removal of certificate of inspection.
No certificate of inspection shall be removed from a vehicle
or a mass transit vehicle for which the certificate was issued
except to replace it with a new certificate of inspection issued
in accordance with the provisions of this chapter or as follows:
(1) The police officer may remove a certificate of
inspection in accordance with the provisions of section
4703(f) (relating to operation of vehicle without official
certificate of inspection).
(2) A person replacing a windshield or repairing a
windshield in such a manner as to require removal of a
certificate of inspection shall at the option of the
registrant of the vehicle or the owner of a mass transit
vehicle cut out the portion of the windshield containing the
certificate and deliver it to the registrant of the vehicle
or the owner of the mass transit vehicle or destroy the
certificate. The vehicle or the mass transit vehicle may be
driven for up to five days if it displays the portion of the
old windshield containing the certificate as prescribed in
department regulations. Within the five day period an
official inspection station may affix to the vehicle or mass
transit vehicle another certificate of inspection for the
same inspection period without reinspecting the vehicle or
mass transit vehicle in exchange for the portion of the old
windshield containing the certificate of inspection. A fee of
no more than $2 plus the fee paid to the department may be
charged for exchanging the certificate of inspection.
(3) A salvor shall remove and destroy the certificate of
inspection on every vehicle or mass transit vehicle in his
possession except vehicles used in the operation of the
business of the salvor.
(4) Every applicant for a certificate of [junk] salvage
pursuant to section 1117(a) (relating to vehicle destroyed
[or junked], dismantled, salvaged or recycled) shall remove
and destroy the valid certificate of inspection.
§ 6110. Regulation of traffic on Pennsylvania Turnpike.
* * *
(b) Penalties.--
* * *
(2) Any person violating any of the rules and
regulations of the commission prohibiting fare evasion or
attempted fare evasion commits a summary offense and shall,
upon conviction, be sentenced to pay a fine according to the
classification by the commission of the vehicle driven by
that person at the time of violation as follows:
(i) Class 1 through 2: [$25] $100.
(ii) Class 3 through 6: [$200] $500.
(iii) Class 7 and higher: [$300] $1,000.
* * *
§ 6506. Surcharge.
(a) Levy and imposition.--In addition to any fines, fees or
penalties levied or imposed as provided by law, under this title
or any other statute, a surcharge shall be levied for
disposition in accordance with subsection (b) as follows:
(1) Upon conviction for any violation of the provisions
of this title or other statute of the Commonwealth, or
regulations promulgated under this title, which is a traffic
violation and which is not included within the provisions of
paragraphs (2) through (7), exclusive of parking offenses, a
surcharge of $30.
(2) Upon conviction for a violation of the following
provisions of this title, a surcharge of $40:
(i) Section 3306(a)(1) (relating to limitations on
driving on left side of roadway).
(ii) Section 3745 (relating to accidents involving
damage to unattended vehicle or property).
(3) Upon conviction for a violation of section 3345(a)
(relating to meeting or overtaking school bus), a surcharge
of $50.
(4) Upon conviction for a violation of section 3362
(relating to maximum speed limits), the following applicable
surcharge:
(i) $30 for exceeding the maximum speed limit by 6
to 10 miles per hour or 11 to 15 miles per hour.
(ii) $40 for exceeding the maximum speed limit by 16
to 25 miles per hour.
(iii) $50 for exceeding the maximum speed limit by
at least 26 miles per hour.
(5) Upon conviction for violation of section 4902
(relating to restrictions on use of highways and bridges),
Subchapter C of Chapter 49 (relating to maximum weights of
vehicles) or Subchapter E of Chapter 49 (relating to
measuring and adjusting vehicle size and weight), a surcharge
of $150.
(6) Upon conviction for violation of Chapter 47
(relating to inspection of vehicles), by the owner or
operator or driver of a vehicle which is subject to the
provisions of Chapter 49 (relating to size, weight and load),
a surcharge of $30.
(7) Upon conviction of offenses under section 3731
(relating to driving under influence of alcohol or controlled
substance), or upon admission to programs for Accelerated
Rehabilitative Disposition for offenses enumerated in section
3731, a surcharge, respectively, of:
(i) $50 for the first offense.
(ii) $100 for the second offense.
(iii) $200 for the third offense.
(iv) $300 for the fourth and subsequent offenses.
The provisions of this subsection shall not apply to any
violation committed by the operator of a motorcycle, motor-
driven cycle, motorized pedalcycle or recreational vehicle not
intended for highway use.
* * *
§ 7102. Removal or falsification of identification number.
(a) Offense defined.--A person who willfully places a false
identification number on or removes, sells or falsifies an
existing identification number of a vehicle, engine,
transmission or any other vehicle part bearing an identification
number is guilty of a misdemeanor of the third degree.
(b) Fraudulent intent.--A person who willfully and with
intent to conceal or misrepresent the identity of a vehicle,
engine, transmission or any other vehicle part bearing an
identification number, places a false identification number
thereon or removes, sells or falsifies an existing
identification number thereof, is guilty of a misdemeanor of the
first degree.
(c) Exception.--This section does not apply to the removal
of a metal vehicle identification number plate from a vehicle
for which a certificate of [junk] salvage has been obtained in
accordance with section 1117 (relating to vehicle destroyed [or
junked], dismantled, salvaged or recycled). Neither does this
section prohibit the removal of a metal vehicle identification
number plate from a vehicle part that is damaged when such
removal is necessary for proper repair or matching
identification of a replacement vehicle part, but such removal
is only allowed if the proper matching metal vehicle
identification number plate is immediately and properly secured
to the repaired or replacement part.
§ 7103. Dealing in vehicles with removed or falsified numbers.
(a) Offense defined.--A person who buys, receives,
possesses, sells or disposes of a vehicle, engine, transmission
or any other vehicle part bearing an identification number,
knowing that an identification number has been removed, a false
identification number has been placed thereon or an existing
identification number has been falsified, is guilty of a
misdemeanor of the third degree.
(b) Knowledge of fraudulent intent.--A person who buys,
receives, possesses, sells or disposes of a vehicle, engine,
transmission or any other vehicle part bearing an identification
number with knowledge that an identification number has been
removed, a false identification number has been placed thereon
or an existing identification number has been falsified, with
intent to conceal or misrepresent the identity thereof, is
guilty of a felony of the third degree.
(c) Exception.--This section does not apply to the removal
of a metal vehicle identification number plate from a vehicle
for which a certificate of [junk] salvage has been obtained in
accordance with section 1117 (relating to vehicle destroyed [or
junked], dismantled, salvaged or recycled). Neither does this
section prohibit the removal of a metal vehicle identification
number plate from a vehicle part that is damaged when such
removal is necessary for proper repair or matching
identification of a replacement vehicle part, but such removal
is only allowed if the proper matching metal vehicle
identification number plate is immediately and properly secured
to the repaired or replacement part.
§ 7304. Reports to department of possession of abandoned
vehicles.
Any salvor taking possession of an abandoned vehicle pursuant
to section 7301(c) (relating to authorization of salvors) shall
within 48 hours after taking possession report to the department
the make, model, vehicle identification number and registration
plate number of the abandoned vehicle, and the name and address
of the owner or person who abandoned the vehicle, if known,
together with any other information or documents which the
department may by regulation require. The report shall include a
statement whether the vehicle is valueless except for [junk]
salvage. Where the report indicates the vehicle is valueless
except for [junk] salvage, the salvor shall include a photograph
of the vehicle to be prepared in a manner prescribed by the
department. A report by a salvor that a vehicle is valueless
except for [junk] salvage shall be verified by the police
department which authorized transfer of the vehicle to the
salvor.
§ 7305. Notice to owner and lienholders of abandoned vehicles.
(a) General rule.--Except as provided in section 7309
(relating to [junking] salvaging of vehicles valueless except
for [junk] salvage), the department, upon receipt of notice that
an abandoned vehicle has been taken into possession pursuant to
this chapter, shall notify by certified mail, return receipt
requested, the last known registered owner of the vehicle and
all lienholders of record that the vehicle is abandoned.
(b) Contents of notice.--The notice shall:
(1) Describe the make, model, title number, vehicle
identification number and registration plate number of the
abandoned vehicle, if known.
(2) State the location where the vehicle is being held.
(3) Inform the owner and any lienholders of their right
to reclaim the vehicle within 30 days after the date of the
notice at the place where the vehicle is being held by the
salvor, upon payment of all towing and storage charges and
the fee authorized in section 7306 (relating to payment of
costs upon reclaiming vehicle).
(4) State that the failure of the owner or lienholder to
reclaim the vehicle is deemed consent by the owner to the
destruction, sale or other disposition of the abandoned
vehicle and of all lienholders to dissolution of their liens.
(c) Notice by publication.--If the identity of the last
registered owner and of all lienholders cannot be determined
with reasonable certainty, the contents of the notice set forth
in subsection (b) shall be published one time in one newspaper
of general circulation in the area where the vehicle was
abandoned. The notice may contain multiple listings of abandoned
vehicles. Notice by publication locally shall be the
responsibility of the salvor. The notice shall have the same
effect as notice sent by certified mail.
§ 7309. [Junking] Salvaging of vehicles valueless except for
[junk] salvage.
(a) Application for certificate of [junk] salvage.--If an
abandoned vehicle is valueless except for [junk] salvage, the
salvor shall note that fact in the report to the department
required in section 7304 (relating to reports to department of
possession of abandoned vehicles) and shall apply for issuance
of a certificate of junk as provided for in section 1117
(relating to vehicle destroyed [or junked], dismantled, salvaged
or recycled).
(b) Notice and issuance of certificate.--If the identity of
the last registered owner cannot be determined with reasonable
certainty and it is impossible to determine with reasonable
certainty the identity and addresses of any lienholder, no
notice shall be required. Under such circumstances, the
department shall upon receipt of the report by the salvor
pursuant to section 7304 issue a certificate of [junk] salvage
as provided in section 1117.
(c) Reimbursement of expenses of salvor.--Upon receipt
within six months of evidence that a salvor has removed an
abandoned vehicle upon the request of a police department, the
department shall pay to the salvor from the Motor License Fund
the sum of $15 for the expenses incurred in the removal and
towing of the abandoned vehicle. No portion of $15 payment or
any separate consideration shall be reimbursed or paid to any
government agency or municipality by the salvor.
(d) Rights of owners and lienholders.--Issuance by the
department of a certificate of [junk] salvage for a vehicle
[junked] salvaged under this section shall operate as a
divestiture of all right, title and interest in the vehicle of
the owner and all lienholders.
Section 8. Section 9502(a)(2)(vi) of Title 75 is amended to
read:
§ 9502. Imposition of tax.
(a) General rule.--
* * *
(2) An additional 55 mills is hereby imposed on each
dollar of petroleum revenues the proceeds of which shall be
distributed as follows:
* * *
(vi) Fourteen percent for toll roads designated
pursuant to the act of September 30, 1985 (P.L.240,
No.61), known as the Turnpike Organization, Extension and
Toll Road Conversion Act, to be appropriated under
section 9511(h).
* * *
Section 9. Section 9511(a) of Title 75 is amended and the
section is amended by adding a subsection to read:
§ 9511. Allocation of proceeds.
(a) Deposit in Motor License Fund.--[All] Unless otherwise
provided in this title, all taxes, interest and penalties
imposed by this chapter shall be deposited in the Motor License
Fund.
* * *
(h) Allocation to Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission.--An
amount equal to 14% of the proceeds deposited in the Motor
License Fund pursuant to the oil company franchise tax for
highway maintenance and construction imposed under section
9502(a)(2), which amount is to be distributed under section
9502(a)(2)(vi) for toll roads designated under the act of
September 30, 1985 (P.L.240, No.61), known as the Turnpike
Organization, Extension and Toll Road Conversion Act, is hereby
appropriated monthly to the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission.
Section 10. This act shall take effect as follows:
(1) The amendment or addition of 75 Pa.C.S. § 1786(g)(2)
and (h) shall take effect in 120 days.
(2) The remainder of this act shall take effect in 60
days.
APPROVED--The 16th day of April, A. D. 1992.
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