Question juridique clé
Whether the self-recusal of judges Jantz and Oechslin and the appointment of substitute judge Baumann violated the constitutional right to a lawful, impartial judge.
Solution extraite
No. The recusal requests were objectively understandable and not shown to be pretexts to avoid an unwelcome case; appointing the substitute judge was therefore constitutionally unobjectionable.
Motifs extraits
A judge may seek recusal when prior sharply worded findings in a closely related dispute could reasonably create an appearance of bias, and friendship with a party representative is likewise a sufficient recusal ground absent concrete indications of abuse. The appellants did not substantiate any constitutional defect in the substitute appointment.